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and  have  procured  their  introduction  into  most  ofjhe  school-"  in  this  county. 
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Stoddard's  Series  of  Arithmetics 

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AN 


OUTLINE   HISTORY 


OF  THE 


UNITED  STATES, 


FOR  PUBLIC  AND  OTHER  SCHOOLS; 


FROM    THE    EARLIEST    PERIOD    TO    THE    PRESENT   TIME. 


BY 


BENSON   J-'LOSSING,  LL.D., 

AUTHOR  OF  THE  FIELD  BOOKS  OF  "  THE  REVOLUTION,"    u  THE  WAR  OF  l8l2, 

AND  THE  "CIVIL  WAR;"  THE  u  HOME  OF  WASHINGTON," 

"LIFE  AND  TIMES  OF  PHILIP  SCHUYLER,"  ETC. 


COPIOUSLY   ILLUSTRATED   BY   MAPS  AND   OTHER   ENGRAVINGS, 


NEW    YORK: 

SHELDON   &   COMPANY, 

No.    677     BROADWAY. 

1875. 


LOSSING'S    SCHOOL    HISTORIES 

OF    THE 

UNITED     STATES. 


I,    LOSSING'S   PRIMAEY  UNITED  STATES  HISTOEY.    For 
the  Youngest  Children.     Elegantly  Illustrated.       Price  $1.00. 

H,  LOSSING'S  OUTLINE  UNITED  STATES  HISTOEY,  A 
Complete  History  of  our  Country  in  a  Condensed  but  Attrac- 
tive form.  For  Public  and  Private  Schools.  It  is  the  most 
elegantly  illustrated  School  History  ever  published. 

Price  $1.25. 

Ill  LOSSING'S  COMMON  SCHOOL  HISTOEY.  A  Full,  Com- 
plete, and  Attractive  History  of  our  Country.  For  Private 
Schools  and  more  advanced  Scholars.  Elegantly  Illustrated. 
Over  400  pages.  Price  $1.75. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1875,  by 

SH  ELDON    &    CO., 
In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


Electrotyped  by  SMITH  &  McDoUGAL,  82  Beekman  St.,  N.  Y. 


INTRODUCTION. 

THIS  book  has  been  prepared  to  meet  the  demands  of 
Teachers  and  Pupils,  and  the  conditions  of  our  Common 
School  Teaching.  They  require  a  book  clear  and  concise 
in  all  its  statements  of  facts  concerning  the  more  prominent 
events  in  the  History  of  the  United  States,  with  helps  for 
the  inemoi*y.  They  require  a  book  that  shall  be  full,  and 
accurate,  and  attractive,  and  at  the  same  time  to  occupy, 
in  its  study  and  the  recitations,  as  little  time  as  possible  in 
the  routine  of  the  school-work.  To  answer  these  require- 
ments the  Author  has  bestowed  the  most  careful  thought  and 
labor  on  this  work,  and  has  given  to  it  prominent  features, 
which  may  be  defined  as  follows  : 

1.  As  few  words  as  possible  have  been  used  in 
giving  it  a  pleasing  narrative  form.     Ideas   are   not 
smothered  in  words  ;   nor  is  the  living  interest  in  the  story 
dulled  by  the  dryness  of  a  mere  chronological  form. 

2.  The  narrative  is  divided  into  six  distinct  periods, 
in  the  natural  time  and  order  which  events  suggest,  namely : 
Discoveries,  Settlements,  Colonies,  The  Revolution,  The 
Nation,  and  The  Civil  War  and  its  Consequences.    This 
is  the  general  arrangement  of  the  whole  series  of  the  author's 
Histories  of  the  United  States  for  Schools  and  Families. 

3.  The  work  is  arranged  in  short  sentences,  so 
that  the  substance  of  each  may  be  easily  comprehended  by 
an  ordinary  effort  of  memory. 

4.  The  most  important  events  are  indicated  in  the 
text  by  heavy-faced  letter,  so  as  to  impress  the  vision, 
and  thereby  give  to  the  memory  powerful  aid  in  the  retention 


VI  INTR  OD  UCTION. 

of   facts.      For   the   same   reason    all  proper  names  are 
printed  in  italic  letter. 

5.  Full  questions  are  framed  for  every  verse. 

6.  A  pronouncing  vocabulary  is  furnished  in  foot- 
notes wherever  required,  giving  to  the  teacher  and  pupil  an 
ever-present  index  to  the  method  of  pronouncing  the  proper 
names  used  in  the  book. 

7.  A  brief  synopsis  of  topics  is  given  at  the  close  of 
each  section. 

8.  An  outline  history  of  important  events  is  given 
at  the  close  of  every  chapter,  affording  a  review  of  the  pre- 
vious studies,  and  texts  for  the  exercise  of  the  pupil  in  his- 
torical tabulation  or  more   elaborate   composition,  as   illus- 
trated on  pages  32  and  33  of  the  text.     At  the  close  of  the 
volume  are  Topical  Review  Questions. 

9.  The  work  is    profusely  illustrated   by  Maps, 
Charts,  and  Plans  explanatory  of  the  text,  and  by  carefully- 
drawn  pictures   of   objects   and  events.      These  are  very 
numerous  and  useful,  and  give  powerful  help  to  the 
memory  in  the  comprehension  of  the  narrative,  for  the  eye 
seldom  forgets.     The   Colonial   Seals  have  been   copied 
from  impressions  taken  from  the  originals,  and  are  accurate 
representations  of  those  originals. 

The  National  Constitution,  which,  with  its  several 
amendments,  forms  the  supreme  law  of  the  land,  is  intro- 
duced as  a  part  of  the  lessons  of  prime  importance.  It 
being  the  guarantee  for  all  the  privileges  of  American  citi- 
zenship, a  knowledge  of  it  should  be  deeply  impressed  upon 
the  minds  of  the  young. 

With  these  remarks  concerning  the  general  character  of 
this  book  it  is  submitted  to  the  public. 


ft\  ^Ir 

|)tttthut  fctorg  of  tfe 


CHAPTER     I, 

(DISCOVERERS  AJJfo   (DISCOVERIES. 


SECTION    I. 

NORTHMEN,   COLUMBUS,   AND    INDIANS. 

1.   Our   Country,    called  the  United   States  of 

America,  extends  in  a  broad,  irregular  belt  across  the 
continent  of  North  America,  from  jthe  Atlantic  Ocean 
to  the  Pacific  .Ocean. 

£.  This  great  belt  of  country  is  divided  into  States  and 
Territories,  and  contains  about  forty  million  inhabitants. 
Their  government  is  called  a  Representative  one.  The 
people  choose  a  few  of  their  number  to  make  laws  for  the 
whole.  When  these  representatives  meet  for  that  business, 
they  form  the  Congress.  The  people  also  choose  one  man 
to  enforce  the  laws  of  Congress,  who  is  called  the  President 
of  the  United  States. 

3.  The  President  and  Congress  choose  a  certain  number 
of  lawyers  to  explain  the  laws,  and  these  form  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States.    The  Government  therefore 
consists  of  three  separate  departments,  but  working  together. 

4.  One  is  the  Executive   Department,  composed  of 

QUESTIONS.— 1.  Define  the  extent  of  the  United  States.  2.  What  can  you  tell 
about  the  divisions  and  Government  of  our  country?  3.  How  is  the  Supreme  Court 
formed  ?  Of  what  does  the  Government  consist  ? 


DISCOVERERS  AND    DISCOVERIES. 


departments  of  Government. 


The  Northmen. 


the  President  and  his  advisers,  called  the  Cabinet.  An- 
other is  the  Legislative  Department,  and  is  composed  of 
a  Senate  chosen  by  the  State  legislatures,  and  a  House  of 
Representatives  chosen  by  the  people  of  the  several  States. 
A  third  is  the  Judiciary  Department,  composed  of  the 
judges  or  members  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

5.  This  form  of  government  seems  to  be  the  best  ever 
known  on  the  earth.  Here,  where  it  exists,  the  whole  coun- 
try, less  than  three  hundred  years  ago,  was  inhabited  by 
copper-colored  barbarians  and  wild  beasts,  and  nearly  all  cov- 
ered with  forests.  You  may  ask,  How  has  it  come  to  pass  that 
such  a  people  as  we  are,  and  such  an  excellent  form  of  gov- 
ernment, have  appeared  in  this  land,  so  lately  a  wilderness  ? 
The  wonderful  story  before  us  will  answer  the  question. 

6.  About  nine  hun- 

• 

dred  years  ago,  sea- 
men from  Iceland, 
far  toward  the  north 
pole,  came  to  this  coun- 
try in  small  vessels  and 
tried  to  make  a  settle- 
ment in  New  Eng- 
land. How  long  they 
stayed  we  cannot  tell. 
The  story  of  their  discoveries,  if  it 
ever  went  abroad,  had  long  been  for- 
gotten. An  old  tower  at  Newport, 
Rhode  Island,  is  supposed  to  have 
been  built  by  these  Northmen.  TOWEK  AT  NEWPORT> 

QUESTIONS. — 4.  Of  what  or  whom  are  the  Departments  composed  ?  5.  What  can 
you  say  of  our  form  of  Government  and  its  place  of  existence  ?  6.  What  can  you  tell 
about  early  discoveries  and  discoverers  ? 


NORTHMAN. 


DISCOVERERS  AND  DISCOVERIES. 


Trade  of  European  merchants. 


TRACK  OP  THE  NORTHMEN  FROM  ICELAND  AND  GREENLAND. 

7.  About  four  hundred  years  ago,  the  merchants  of 
Europe  carried  on  a  profitable  trade  with  India  or  East- 
ern Asia.  The  people  of  Italy  had  lately  obtained  the 
mastery  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  over  which  mer- 
chants had  gone  to  Asia  from  Western  Europe.  The 

QUESTIONS.— 7.  What  can  you  tell  about  Italian  and  Western  merchants,  and  their 
trade  with  India  ? 


10 


DISCOVERERS     AND     DISCOVERIES. 


Columbus  and  his  theories. 


Isabella. 


COLUMBUS. 


Italians  would  no  longer  allow  their  rivals  of   Western 

Europe  to  go  over  that  sea,  and  the  Western  merchants 

sought  for  another  way.     It  was  found  by  a  Portuguese 

sailor.     It  was   around  the    Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and   so 

across  the  broad  Indian  Ocean. 

8.  At  that  time  learned  men 
believed  the  earth  to  be  round, 
like  an  orange,  and  not  flat,  like  a 
pancake.  Among  these  was  Chris- 
topher Columbus,  of  Genoa,  in 
Italy,  who  had  been  a  seaman 
ever  since  his  boyhood.  He  made 
a  voyage  to  Iceland,  where  he 
probably  heard  of  the  discovery 
of  a  western  continent  hundreds 
of  years  before. 
9.  Believing  that  Eastern  Asia  might  be  reached  sooner 

by  sailing  westward  than  by  any  other  way,  Columbus  was 

anxious  to  go  in  search  of  India  in 

that   direction.     He  was  poor.     His 

countrymen  refused  to  help  him.   Af- 
ter much  wandering  and  many  trials, 

he  found  Queen  Isabella  of  Spain 

willing  to  fit  out  vessels  for  him  to 

sail  over  the  Atlantic   Ocean   on   a 

voyage  of  discovery. 

1C.  Isabella  was    a    Christian 

and   a  patriot.     She  wished  to  send  ISABELLA. 

the  gospel  to  the  heathen,  and  to  gain  fame  and  riches  tW 

QUESTIONS.-- 8.  What  did  the  learned  believe  ?  Name  one  of  them  ?  What  had  he 
done  ?  9,  What  was  the  belief  of  Columbus  ?  What  did  he  do  and  find  ?  10.  What 
was  Queen  Isabella,  what  her  desires,  and  what  did  she  do  ? 


DISCOVERERS  AND  DISCOVERIES. 


11 


Sailing  of   Columbus. 


discovery  of  Land. 


Spain.  Columbus  promised  to  carry  Christianity  to  the 
pagans  and  win  honor  and  wealth  for  Spain.  The  pious  and 
patriotic  Queen  said,  "  I  will  furnish  you  with  vessels  if  I 
have  to  sell  the  jewels  in  my  crown  to  pay  for  them." 

11.  Three  vessels 
were  prepared,  and  on 
the  3d  of  August,  1492,  . 
they  sailed  from  Pa- 
los,1  in  Andalusia, 
under  the  oomn-nd  of 

Columbus.-    They     ^^^^HStm 
touched  at  the  Cana- 
ry Islands*      After  a  THE  FLEET  or  COLUMBUS. 

stormy  and  perilous  passage  across  the  At- 
lantic Ocean,  the  navigators  were  greeted 
with  the  perfumes  of  flowers  at  the  even- 
ing twilight.  At  dawn  the  next  morning, 
the  12th  of  October,  they  saw  land. 

12.  The  ships  had  arrived  at  the  Ba- 
hama  Group   of   islands,  many  leagues 
eastward  of  Florida.    Naked  inhabitants, 
of  a  copper  color,  were  seen  on  the  beach, 
and  fled  to  the  woods  on  the  approach  of 
the  Europeans.     Columbus,  supposing  he 
was  on   the   shores   of   Farther  India, 
called  the  people  Indians. 

13.  Dressed  in  scarlet,  and  carrying  the  banner  of  the 
expedition,  Columbus  landed.    He  was  followed  by  a  priest 
with  a  cross  and  the  men  of  the  ships.     All  knelt  upon  the 

QUESTIONS.— 11.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  first  voyage  of  Columbus  ?   12.  What 
did  he  discover?    13.  Describe  the  scene  when  Columbus  landed. 

1  pah'los. 


COLUMBUS  ON  SAN 
8ALVADOB. 


DISCO  VERERS     AND     DISCO  VERIES. 


13 


Landing  of  Coluinbtis. 


COLUMBUS   DISCOVERING  LAND. 

sandy  shore  and  thanked  God  for  his  goodness.  Then 
Columbus  took  possession  of  the  land  in  the  name  of  the 
sovereigns  of  Spain,  Ferdinand  and  Isabella. 

14.  The  land  was  an  island,  to  which  Columbus  gave 
the  name  of  San  Salvador,  or  Holy  Saviour.  It  is  now 
called  Cat  Island.  He  visited  other  islands  of  the 

QUESTIONS.— 14.  What  was  the  land  that  Columbus  first  discovered,  and  what  else 
did  he  do? 


DISCOVERERS  AND   DISCOVERIES.  15 

Discoveries  by  Columbus.  The  Indians  and  their  dwellings. 

Bahama  group.  Going  southward,  he  discovered  Cuba 
and  Hayti  or  San  Domingo,  and  then  sailed  for  Spain. 
Believing  these  islands  to  be  a  part  of  India,  and  as  they 
lay  westward  of  Europe,  he  gave  them  the  name  of  West 
Indies. 

15.  Columbus  did  not  then  see  the  Continent  of  Amer- 
ica, which  was  thinly  inhabited  by  a  copper-colored  race, 
who  were  savages  and  barbarians,  such  as  he  saw  on  San 
Salvador.  Their  general  appearance  was  the  same  every- 
where. Their  habits  varied  with  circumstances. 

16.  The  Indians,  in  the 
colder  parts  of  America,  were 
dressed  in  the  skins  of  beasts, 
and  in  the  warmer  parts  they 
were  almost  naked.  They  got 
their  food  by  hunting  and  fish- 
SOUTHERN  INDIANS.  ing.  They  also  raised  grain, 

which  we  call  Indian  corn,  and  a  few  vegetables. 

17.  The  Indians  were  divided  into  large  and  small  fami- 
lies.    The  larger  families  were  known  as  Nations,  and  spoke 
different  languages.     The   smaller  were  known  as  Tribes, 
and  the  languages  of  these  also  some- 
times differed.     They  lived  in  huts  made 

of  poles   and  covered  with   barks   and 
skins,  which  they  called  wigwams. 

18.  The  Indians   had  no  written 
language  excepting  rude  picture- writ-  A  WIGWAM. 
ings,  and  these  were  confined  to  records  of  war,  of  alliances, 

QUESTIONS.— 15.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  continent  of  America  and  its  inhabi- 
tants ?  16.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  dress  and  food  of  the  Indians  ?  17.  How 
were  the  Indians  divided,  and  how  did  they  live  ?  18.  What  can  you  tell  about  their 
writing  and  the  transmission  of  their  history  ? 


16 


DISCOVERERS  AND  DISCOVERIES. 


The  Writing,  Money,  and  War-Making  of  the  Indians. 

and  brave   deeds.      Their 

history  was  transmitted  by 

memory. 
19.    Their 

money    was 

made  of  parts  of  shells  in  the  form  of  short 
tubes,  arranged  in  strings  or  belts,  and  was 
called  wampum.  These  were  used  in  traffic, 
and  between  nations  and  tribes,  as  tokens  of 
alliance  or  affection.  Wampum  belts  were 
held  by  sachems,  or  chief  men,  as  records  of  public  acts. 


INDIAN  PICTURE-WRITING. ' 


INDIAN  CHIEF  IN  MILITARY  DRESS. 


INDIAN  WEAPONS. 

20.  War  was  the 
principal  business  of 
the  men.  The  women 
performed  all  other 
labor.  They  fought 
with  bows  and  arrows, 
clubs,  hatchets  of  stone 
and  iron  called  toma- 
hawks, and  knives. 
They  made  peace  by 
the  action  of  the  chief 


QUESTIONS.— 19.  What  can  you  tell  about  their  money  and  its  uses?     20.  What 
have  you  to  say  about  the  men  and  their  way  of  making  war  or  peace  ? 

1  This  is  part  of  a  record  of  a  war  expedition.    The  figures  on  the  right  and  left— 


DISCOVERERS  AND  DISCOVERIES. 


The  "Reliction,  "Burials,  and  Government  of  the  Indians. 

men  of  both  parties,  who  would  sit  around  a 
large  fire  after  the  terms  were  agreed  upon,  and 
smoke  the  calumet,  or  pipe  of  peace. 

21.  The  religion  of  the  Indians  was  sim- 
ple. '  They  believed  in  a  great  Good  Spirit  and 
a  great  Evil  Spirit  ;  and  anything  which  they 
could  not-  understand  or  control,  such  as  the 
sun,  moon  and  stars,  lightning,  wind,  fire  and 

water,  they  thought  to  be  a  kind  of  god.  CALUMETS. 

22.  They  believed   that   at  death,  each  one  went   to  a 
beautiful  land,  where  there  was  plenty  of  game.     When  a 
man  was  buried  they  placed  by  the  side  of  his  dead  body, 

bows  and  arrows  for  use  in  the  spirit 
land.  Sometimes  the  body  was  laid 
in  a  shallow  grave  ;  sometimes  placed 
in  the  ground  in  a  sitting  posture  and 
covered,  and  sometimes  laid  upon  a 
scaffold  out  of  the  reach  of  wild  beasts. 

SCAFFOLD  BUKIAL-PLACB.  r»O       rrn  /•  ^1         T      T 

23.   Ihe  government  01  the  Indians 

was  simple.      The  head  ruler,  or  President,  was  called  Sa- 
chem, and  the  head  warrior,  Chief.     The  Sachem  was  at  the 
head   of    civil   affairs.      The   warriors   followed    the   Chief 
wherever  he  might  lead.     Both  were  chosen  by  the  people. 
24.  Marriage  among  the  Indians  was  a  contract  that 

QUESTIONS.—  21.  What  can  yon  tell  about  the  religion  of  the  Indians?  22.  What 
can  you  tell  about  the  death  and  burial  of  Indians  ?  23.  Tell  about  the  government 
of  the  Indians. 

one  with  a  gun,  and  the  other  with  the  hatchet—  denote  prisoners  taken  by  a  warrior. 
The  one  without  a  head,  and  holding  a  bow  and  arrow,  denotes  (hat  one  was  killed  ; 
and  the  figure  with  a  shaded  part  below  the  cross  indicates  a  feminine  prisoner.  Then 
he  goes  in  a  war  canoe,  with  nine  companions,  denoted  by  the  paddles,  after  which 
a  council  is  held  by  the  chiefs  of  the  Bear  and  Turtle  tribes,  indicated  by  rude 
figures  of  these  animals  on  each  side  of  a  firct 


18 


DISCOVERERS  AND   DISCOVERIES. 


Marriage  Ceremonies. 


Character  and  fate  of  the  Indians •. 


INDIANS  IN  BUPFALO-SKIN  BOAT. 

might  be  broken  by  the  husband,  who  had  a  right  to  take 
and  dismiss  a  wife  at  pleasure.  Women  were  the  slaves  of  men. 
They  were  never  permitted  to  engage  in  any  games,  but  were 
allowed  to  be  present,  with  their  children,  at  the  war-dances. 
25.  The  Indians  were  nearly  all  wanderers,  and  left  the 
vast  continent  in  an  uncultivated  state.  In  this  condition 
the  Europeans  found  our  country.  They  brought  with 
them  the  arts  of  civilization.  Where  the  Indians  hunted 
and  fished,  are  now  seen  farms,  villages,  and  cities.  The 
race  of  red  or  copper-colored  men,  who  have  played  an 
important  part  in  the  history  of  the  United  States,  is 
rapidly  passing  away,  and  the  white  or  pale-faced  men  are 
taking  their  places. 

QUESTIONS.— 24.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  marriages  of  the  Indians,  and  the 
condition  of  the  women  ?  25.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  Indians  when  Euro- 
peans first  came  ?  What  is  their  fate  ? 


DISCOVERERS  AND   DISCOVERIES. 


19 


Indian  Nations. 


Meeting  of  White  Men  and  Indians. 


'  SG&j 

-^•53 

MEETING  OF  WHITE  MEN  AND  INDIANS.1 

26.    When  Europeans  came   to  America,  they  found 
here  eight  distinct  nations  of  Indians,  named  respectively : 

1  This  represents  the  meeting  of  General  Oglethorpe,  the  founder  of  Georgia,  with 
the  Indians,  at  Savannah.  To-mo-chi-chi,  the  famous  Chief  Sachem  of  the  Creek 
Indians,  presented  to  Oglethorpe  the  skin  of  a  buffalo,  on  which  was  spread  out  an 
eagle.  He  desired  Oglethorpe  to  accept  it,  because  the  eagle  was  an  emblem  of 
speed  and  the  buffalo  of  strength,  and  the  English,  he  said,  were  as  swift  as  the  bird  and 
strong  as  the  beast.  They  flew  in  their  ships  to  the  uttermost  parts  of  the  earth,  and 
were  too  sharp  for  all  other  people.  The  feathers  of  the  eagle,  being  soft,  repre- 
sented love;  the  buffalo  skin  was  warm,  and  represented  protection.  "  Therefore," 
he  said,  "  I  hope  the  English  will  love  and  protect  our  families." 


20  DISCOVERERS  AND  DISCOVERIES. 

Names  of  the  Indian  Nations.  Yoyages  of  Columbus. 

Huron-Iroquois,1  Algonquins,2  Mobilians,3  Cher- 
okees,4  Catawbas,5  Uchees,6  Natchez,7  and  Daco- 
tahs.8  There  was  one  of  those  nations,  the  Tuscaroras, 
who  belonged  to  the  Huron-Algonquin  people,  then  located 
in  NoHh  Carolina.  For  the  position  of  these  nations  in 
our  country,  see  the  frontispiece  map. 
27.  In  this  section  we  have  considered— 
(1)  The  extent  of  our  country  and  its  form  of  govern- 
ment ;  (2)  its  discovery  by  the  Northmen  and  by  Colum- 
bus ;  and  (3)  the  character,  habits  and  destiny  of  the 
native  inhabitants. 

SECTION  II. 

SPANISH  DISCOVERERS  AND  DISCOVERIES. 

1 .  On  his  return  to  Spain,  Columbus  was  received  with 
great  applause  by  the  sovereigns  and  the  people.     The  report 
of  his   discoveries,   printed   soon   afterward,    caused    other 
exploring  expeditions  to  be  fitted  out  in  Spain.     Columbus 
himself  made  three  other  voyages  across  the  Atlantic  and 
back,  in  search  of  other  lands. 

2.  The   second  voyage  of    Columbus  was  made  in  the 
autumn  of  1493.     The  third  voyage  was  undertaken  in  May, 
1498,  and  on  the  first  day  of  August  he  discovered  the  con- 
tinent of  South  America,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Orinoco 
River,  a  few  days  after  Sebastian  Cabot  had  discovered 
NoHh  America.   The  fourth  voyage  was  begun  in  May,  1502. 

QUESTIONS.— 26.  Give  me  the  names  of  the  eight  Indian  nations.  27.  What  have 
you  learned  in  this  section  ?  Give  a  general  account  of  these  facts. 

QUESTIONS. — 1.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  return  of  Columbus  and  his  other 
voyages  ?  2.  What  other  discoveries  did  he  make  ? 

1  e-re-kwd.  2  ahl-gon-kin.  3  mo-oeel'-yun.  *  cher-o-kees'.  5  ka-taw' '-bah$. 
"  u'-vhees,  7  nat'-chez.  8  dah-ko-tahs. 


SPANISH  DISCOVERERS  AND  DISCOVERIES. 


21 


f)eath   of  Isabella  and   Columbus. 


ylnterieus   T<"espucciug. 


3.  The  fourth  voyage  of  Columbus  was  made  for  the 
purpose  of  discovering  a  strait  through  which  ships  might 
pass  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  into  the  Indian  Ocean. 
It  was  not  found,  arid  the  now  aged  navigator  returned  to 
Spain.  Queen  Isabella  died  a  few  days  after  his  arrival. 
Neglected  and  poor,  the  great  discoverer  died  the  next  year, 
with  the  belief  that  he  had  seen  the  continent  oi.Asia  on  its 
Eastern  side.  He  did  not  suspect  that  he  had  discovered  an 
unknown  continent. 

4.  Americus    Vespuccius,1   a 
Florentine,  was  in  Spain  when 
Columbus  made  his  second  and 
third  voyages.     He  went  with  a 
former  companion  of   Columbus 
to  South  America  in  1499  ;  and  a 
year  after  the  great  navigator  had 
discovered  that  continent,  Vespu- 
cius  saw  it  for  the  first  time. 

5.  In  a  fraudulently  dated  let- 
ter, written   in    1504,  Americus 

claimed  the  honor  of  the  first  discovery.  A  German  friend 
of  his,  in  a  printed  work,  suggested  the  name  of  America 
for  the  new-found  continent,  in  compliment  to  the  Floren- 
tine. Thus  it  was  that  our  country  received  its  title,  and 
Columbus  was  cheated  out  of  the  deserved  honor  of  having 
it  bear  his  name. 

6.  Immediately  after  Columbus  discovered  the  West 
India  Islands,  Spanish  settlements  were  made  on  some 

QUESTIONS.— 8.  Give  an  account  of  Columbus  after  his  last  voyage.  4.  What  can 
you  tell  about  Americus  Veepuccius  ?  5.  How  came  America  to  be  named  in  his 
honor ? 

1  ves-pu '-she-us. 


AMERICUS  VESPUCCIUS. 


DISCOVERIES  FROM   1492  TO   1609. 


SPANISH  DISCOVERERS  AND   DISCOVERIES.  23 

Discovery  of  Florida  and  the   "Pacific  Ocean.     Conquest  of  Mexico. 

of  them,  and  expeditions  were  soon  sent  out  from  them  in 
search  of  other  lands.  Yucatan 1  was  discovered  ;  and  in 
1510  a  settlement  was  made  on  the  isthmus  of  Darien? 

7.  John  Ponce  de  Leon?  an  old  Spanish  soldier  in  Porto 
Rico,  having  heard  of  a  marvellous  fountain  in  an  island  at 
the  northward,  whose  waters  would  restore  youth  and  make 
it  perpetual,  sailed  in  quest  of  it  in  1512.     He  did  not  find 
the  fountain,  but  he  discovered  a  land  fragrant  with  spring 
flowers,  which  he  called  Florida.     It  is  yet  so  called. 

8.  The  next  year  (1513)  Vasco  Nunez  de 
Balboa 4  ascended  the  highlands  of  the  isth- } 
mus   of    Darien,   and   discovered    a   great 
ocean,   which  he  took  possession  of  in  the 
name  of  Spain,  and  called  it  the  South  Sea. 
Six  years  later  (1519)  Magellan?  a  Portu- 
guese, sailed  through  the  straits  that  bear 
his  name,  and  over  that  sea,  which  he  called 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  because  it  was  so  free 
from  storms. 

9.  Meanwhile   Spanish  adventurers  had 
explored  portions  of  Yucatan  and  Mexico, 

and  thought  they  discovered  evidences  of  much  gold  in  the 
interior.  Hernando  Cortez,  with  a  fleet  and  soldiers,  went 
to  conquer  Mexico  in  1519.  He  was  successful.  In  1521 
Mexico  became  a  Spanish  province,  and  remained  so  just 
three  hundred  years. 

QUESTIONS.— 6.  What  followed  the  discoveries  of  Columbus  ?  7.  What  can  you 
tell  about  the  discovery  of  Florida?  8.  Tell  about  the  discovery  of  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  and  it?  name.  9.  What  had  other  Spanish  adventurers  done  ?  Tell  about  the 
conquest  of  Mexico. 

*  yu-ka-tan' .  •  day -re-en'.  *  pone'-tha-da-la-on.  *  vasco-noon-yez  da  bohl-bo'-a. 
1  ma-gel'-lan. 


SPANISH  DISCOVERERS  Afrb  DISCOVERIES.  25 

yidventuret  of  Cortez.  D'aiyllon  and  Narvaez. 

10.  The  conquest  of  Mexico  led  to  explorations  north- 
ward of  it,  along  the  Pacific  coast.     Cortez,  it  is  believed, 
discovered  the  Gulf  of  California;  and  in  the  course  of  a 
few  years  Spanish  adventurers  penetrated  to  New  Mexico, 
up  the  Colorado  1  to  the  Gila,2  and  along  the  Pacific  coast 
to  Oregon? 

11.  In    1520    a    planter    of    San    Domingo,    named 
D'Ayllon,^  went  to  the  coast  of  South  Carolina  to  kidnap 
natives  for  slaves.     He  treacherously  carried  away  many  of 
them.     Whilst  he  was  there  a  second  time,  and  was  preparing 
to  make  a  settlement,  the  Indians,  exasperated  by  his  con- 
duct, acted  as  treacherously  as  he,  and  murdered  D'Ayllon 
and  a  large  number  of  his  followers. 

12.  Eight     years    later    (1528)    an     adventurer    named 
Narvaez 5  went  from  Cuba  with  ships  and  troops  to  conquer 
Florida.     His  cruel  treatment  of  the  Indians  made  them 
unite  in  efforts  to  expel  him.    He  was  obliged  to  leave  the 
country  in  an  open  boat,  and  while  on  the  waters  of  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  he  and  most  of  his  companions  perished. 

13.  The  bad  conduct  of  Narvaez  made 
the  expedition  of  De  Soto6  to  conquer 
Florida,  a  perilous  and  unsuccessful  under- 
taking. De  Soto  was  a  rich  Spanish 
cavalier  and  bold  soldier,  who  had  assisted 
Pizarro  in  conquering  Peru,  and  shared 
with  him  in  the  plunder  of  the  Incas. 

14    Dp  Soto  had  a  Spien(jid  retinue  of 

QUESTIONS.— 10.  What  did  the  conquest  of  Mexico  lead  to  ?  11.  What  can  you 
tell  about  a  kidnapper  from  San  Domingo  ?  12.  Give  an  account  of  Narvaez  ia 
Florida  and  his  fate.  13.  What  can  you  tell  about  De  Soto  ? 

1  kol-a-rah'-do.  a  he'-lah.  *  or-e-gon',  *  da-ile-y&ne'.  *  nar'-vah  etK.  *  da-so'-to. 


SPANISH  DISCOVERERS  AND  DISCOVERIES.  #1 

rtdventures  of  Be  Soto.     "Discovery  of  the  Mississippi  and  California. 

several  hundred  Spaniards,  many  of  them  mounted  on 
horses.  After  wandering  in  the  region  bordering  on  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  far  into  the  interior,  for  about  two 
years,  from  1539,  fighting  the  Indians  and  searching  for 
gold,  he  discovered  the  Mississippi  River. 

15.  Crossing  that  great  stream,  De  Soto,  with  the  num- 
ber of  his  followers  greatly  diminished,  penetrated  the  coun- 
try westward  far  toward  the  Rocky  Mountains.    Return- 
ing to  the  Mississippi  in  1542,  De  Soto  died  there.     His 
body  was  buried  beneath  the  muddy  waters  of  that  stream. 
The  remnant  of  his  followers  made  their  way,  in  a  small 
vessel,  to  Mexico,  taking  with  them  some  beautiful  young 
Mobilian 1  women,  their  captives. 

16.  The  same  year  in  which  De  Soto  died  (1542)  Cabrillo* 
first  explored  the  coast  of  the  present  State  of  California, 
up  to  the  borders  of  Oregon.     It  is  believed  that  he  discov- 
ered the  Bay  of  San  Francisco.     Forty  years  afterward 
(1582)     Espejo*     explored    New    Mexico     and    founded 
Santa  Fe.4 

17.  In  this  section  -we  have  considered — 

(1)  the  return  of  Colujnbus  to  Spain  and  his  three  other 
voyages;  (2)  his  impressions  concerning  his  discovery; 

(3)  the  voyage  of  Americas  Vespuccius  and  his  claims  ; 

(4)  discovery    of     Yucatan,  Florida  and    the    Pacific 
Ocean ;    (5)    the   conquest  of   Mexico    and   explorations 
northward;  (6)  events  on  the  coast  of  South  Carolina; 

QUESTIONS.— 14.  Give  an  account  of  De  Soto  in  Florida,  and  his  discovery  of  the 
Mississippi.  15.  Give  an  account  of  his  wanderings  and  death,  and  the  fate  of  his 
followers.  16.  What  have  you  to  say  about  explorations  of  California  and  New 
Mexico  ?  17.  What  have  you  learned  in  this  section  ?  Give  a  general  account  of  the 
facts. 

1  mo-beel-yvn.    *  kab-reel-you.    *  e?-pay'-ho.    *  santafay. 


28  ENGLISH  AND  FRENCH  DISCOVERERS. 

Cabot's  discovery  of  North  Carolina. 

(7)  the   attempts  of   Narvaez  and  De  Soto  to    conquer 
Florida ;  and  (8)  the  discovery  of  the  Mississippi  River. 

SECTION  III. 

ENGLISH  AND  FRENCH  DISCOVERERS  AND  DISCOVERIES. 

1.  Sebastian  Cabot,1  son  of  a  Venetian  merchant  in 
England,  sailing  from  Bristol  in  search  of  a  northwest 
passage  to  India  beyond  Greenland,  discovered  the  conti- 
nent of  North  America,  on  the  coast  of  Labrador,  late 
in  June  or  early  in  July,  1498.  That  was  a  little  while  before 
Columbus  discovered  the  continent  of  South  America. 

2.  Cabot  did  not  land  on  Lab- 
rador. He  sailed  far  up  the  coast, 
and  then  turning  southward,  he 
discovered  Newfoundland  and  the 
coasts  of  Nova  Scotia  and  Maine. 
He  probably  went  as  far  South  as 
North  Carolina.  Then  he  returned 
to  England  and  told  of  his  great 
SEBASTIAN  CABOT.  discovery. 

3.  Cabot  was  only  about  twenty-one  years  of  age  when 
he  discovered  America.  That  made  him  famous,  and  he 
made  other  voyages  of  discovery  from  England  and  Spain. 
He  had  told  of  the  great  number  of  codfishes  seen  off  the 
coast  of  Newfoundland.  English  and  French  fishermen 
soon  went  there  to  catch  them,  and  this  led  to  discoveries  and 
settlements  on  the  adjacent  shores. 

QUESTIONS.— 1.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  discovery  of  America  by  Sebastian 
Cabot  ?  2.  What  portion  did  he  discover  ?  3.  What  were  the  effects  of  hia  discoveries  ? 

1  kah'-bot. 


ENGLISH  AND  FRENCH  DISCOVERERS. 


29 


discoveries  of  Verazzani. 


4.  A  Florentine  named  VerazzaniJ- 
employed  by  the  King  of  France,  crossed 
the  Atlantic  in  1524,  and  touched  the 
American  Continent  near  Cape  Fear, 
in  North  Carolina.  He  sailed  northward 
as  far  as  Nova  Scotia,  entering  bays  and 
rivers  on  his  way,  took  possession  of  the 
country  in  the  name  of  the  French  King, 
and  called  the  country  New  France. 


VERAZZANI. 


BANKS  OF  THE  ST.  LAWRENCE. 


QUESTIONS.— 4.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  discoveries  of  Veraszani  ? 
1  ver-at-sah'-ne. 


30  ENGLISH  AND  FRENCH  DISCOVERERS. 

"Discovery  of  the  St.  £awrence.  Founding  of  Quebec. 

5.  Ten  years  after  Verazzani's  voyage,  Jaques  Cartier J- 
of  St.  Malo,  in  France,  sailed  for  America.  He  first 
landed  on  Newfoundland,  and  there  discovered  and  named 
the  Gulf  and  River  St.  Lawrence,  the  discovery  having 
been  made  on  the  festival  of  that  saint.  He,  also,  took  pos- 
session of  that  region  in  the  name  of  the  French  monarch. 
He  was  thus  the  discoverer  of  Canada. 

6,  In  the  following  spring  (1535) 
Cartier  made  another  voyage  to  the 
St.  Lawrence.  From  the  site  of  Que- 
bec 2  he  went  up  the  river  in  a  boat  to 
Hochelajja,  an  Indian  town.  Charmed 
with  the  view  from  a  great  hill  near, 
he  called  it  Mont  Real  (Royal  Moun- 
tain), and  the  French  city  built  on  the 
site  of  Hochelaga 3  was  called  Mon- 
treal. 

7.  Cartier  made  a  third  voyage  to  the  St.  Lawrence  in 
1541,  with  some  men,  to  settle  there.     He  had  carried  off 
the  Indian  "King  of  Canada"  on  his  last  visit,  and  the 
natives  were  unfriendly.     The  Frenchmen  built  a  fort  near 
Quebec,  spent  a  hard  winter  there,  and  in  the  spring  of  1542, 
at  about  the  time  De  Soto  was  dying  on  the  Mississippi, 
they  abandoned  the  country. 

8,  France  was  now  disturbed  by  bitter  quarrels  between 
the  Roman  Catholics  and  the  Protestants.     As  the  Roman 
Catholics  were  the  most  numerous,  they  deprived  the  Prot- 

QTTESTIONS.— 5.  What  can  you  tell  of  the  discoveries  of  Cartier?  6.  What  did  Car- 
tier  do  on  the  St.  Lawrence  ?  7.  What  did  he  do  on  the  St.  Lawrence  on  a  third 
voyage  ?  8.  What  can  you  tell  ahout  two  parties  in  France  ? 

ke-bek'.    3  hosh-e-lah'-ga. 


ENGLISH  AND  FRENCH  DISCOVERERS.  31 

Huguenots  in  South  Carolina  and  Florida. 

estants  of  many  privileges  in  Church  and  State,  and  made 
them  discontented. 

9.  Admiral  Coligny,1  an  eminent  soldier  of  France,  was 
a  Protestant.     He  wished  to  have  his  friends  settled  where 
they  might  not  be  molested.     In  the  spring  of  1562  he  sent 
a  colony  of  them  to  America  to  found  a  settlement  to  which 
others  might  go.     They  were  led  by  a  worthy  man  named 
Ribault? 

10.  The  Huguenots ,3as  the  FrenchProt- 
estauts  were  called,  landed  on  an  island  near 
the  shores  of  South  Carolina,  where  they 
built  a  fort.     Ribauit  returned  to  Europe 
for  supplies.     Many  of  the  settlers  died,  and 
the  remnant,  fearing  starvation,  started  for 
home  in  a  weak  vessel. 

11.  These  colonists  suffered  from  starva- 
tion at  sea,  and  the  few  who  were  left  were 

about  to  perish,  when  they  were  picked  up  FBENCHMAN  ™  156° 
on  the  ocean  and  taken  to  England.  Their  story  of  the 
beautiful  land  they  had  abandoned  caused  Englishmen  to 
make  attempts  to  settle  in  that  region. 

12.  In  1564   Coligny  sent  over  another  colony,  in  three 
ships,  under  Laudonnieret    They  settled  on  the  St.  Johns 
River,  in  Florida,  and  built  a  fort  there.     Spain  claimed 
ownership  of  all  that  region  by  right  of  discovery,  and  sent 
Melendez,5  or  Menendez,  a  brave  naval  officer,  to  drive 


QUESTIONS.— 9.  Who  was  Admiral  Coligny,  and  what  did  he  do?  10.  What  were 
the  French  Protestants  called?  Where  did  they  settle,  and  what  did  they  do? 
11.  What  happened  to  the  Huguenots  ?  12.  What  can  you  tell  about  another  colony 
sent  by  Coligny  ?  What  happened  to  them  ? 

1  JcoJeen'-ye.    *  re'-bo.    3  hug'-nots,    *  law-don '-e-a,    f  ma-len'-cleth. 


32 


ENGLISH  AND  FRENCH  DISCOVERERS. 


Massacre  of  Huguenots  in  Florida. 


'Retaliation. 


BUILDING  THE  TORT. 


FRENCH     SOLDIER    IN 
FLORIDA. 


away  the  Frenchmen.  He  laid  the  foun- 
dations of  the  city  of  St.  Augustine,1  and 
then  proceeded  to  murder  the  Huguenots 
on  the  St.  Johns. 

13.  The  French  King  did  not  resent  this 
cruel  massacre.     One  of  his  subjects,  named 
De  Gourdes?  did.     He  came  with  ships  and 
soldiers,  in  1567,  and  destroyed  nearly  all  the 
Spaniards.     So  ended,  for  a  time,  all  at- 
tempts of  Frenchmen  to  colonize  America. 

14.  Again  English  navigators  tried  to 


QUESTION.— 13.  What  did  a  French  soldier  do  ? 
•  da-goorg'. 


ENGLISH  AND  FRENCH  DISCOVERERS. 


33 


Discoveries  by   *Drake. 


Toy  ages  of  Gilbert. 


find  the  northwest  passage  for  which  Cabot  sought.  Mar- 
tin Frobisher  made  three  voyages  on  that  errand,  but  failed. 

15.  In  1578  Francis  Drake  went  through  the  Straits 
of  Magellan;    sailed  up  the  Pacific   Coast;    plundered 
Spanish  settlements  in   Peru;    discovered  the  coasts  of 
California,   Oregon,  and  Washington  Territory  (1579), 
and  made  a  voyage  around  the  world.    He  named  our  West- 
ern coast  New  Albion. 

16.  Walter     Raleigh,1     a 
wealthy    and    energetic    young 
Englishman,  who  had  been   a 
soldier  under  Coligny,  in  France, 
was   now   a  favorite    of   Queen 
Elizabeth.    He  procured  for  his 
step-brother,     Sir     Huinphrey 
Gilbert,  the   Queen's  permission 
to  plant  a  colony  in  the  warmer 
regions  of  America. 

17.  Early   in    1579,    Gilbert, 

who  was  an  eminent  navigator,  sailed  for  America  with  a 
number  of  followers.  Storms  and  Spanish  cruisers  drove 
him  back.  He  sailed  again,  with  emigrants,  four  years  later 
(1583),  stayed  awhile  at  Newfoundland,  and  on  a  voyage 
off  the  coast  of  Nova  Scotia  he  and  his  ship  perished  in  a 
storm. 

18.  Raleigh  now  fitted  out  two  ships   at  his  own  ex- 
pense,  and    sent   them  to   America.      They  reached  the 
coast  of  North  Carolina  in  July,  1584.     The  people  landed 

QUESTIONS.— 14.  What  did  English  navigators  do  ?  15.  What  can  you  tell  about 
Sir  Francis  Drake?  16.  Who  was  Sir  Walter  Ralei-rh,  and  what  did  he  do?  17. 
What  can  you  tell  about  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert  ?  18.  What  can  you  tell  about  an 
expedition  sent  out  by  Raleigh  ? 

1  raw'-le. 


'if/,-/ 

WALTER  RALEIGH. 


1 J  \  f 


SITUATION  OF  KOANOIiE. 


ENGLISH  AND   FRENCH  DISCOVERERS. 


35 


^Raleigh's  Expeditions. 


Virginia  Named. 


on  Roanoike  Island,  and  after  trading  with  the  Indians 
and  exploring  the  country  near,  they  returned  to  England, 
accompanied  by  two  native  chiefs. 

19.  When  Barlow  and  ,/Lmidas,1  com- 
manders of  the  vessels,  told  Raleigh  of  the 
beauty  and  grandeur  of  the  region  they  had 
visited,  he  was  delighted.     So  -  also  was  the 
Queen  ;   and  she  gave  the  name  of  Vir- 
ginia to  this  region  which  Verazzani  had 
called  New  France  sixty  years  before. 

20.  The  following  year  (1585)  Raleigh 
sent     five    ships     to    America     under    Sir 

ENGLisli  GENTLEMAN,  Richard  Grenville,  with  one  hundred 
emigrants,  and  Ralph  Lane  as  governor. 
They  and  their  governor  were  gold-seekers,  and  did  not  cul- 
tivate the  soil.  They  oflended  the  Indians  by  bad  conduct, 
and  were  in  great  peril. 

21.  When  they  were  on  the  point  of  perishing  from  star- 
vation or  the  weapons  of  the  Indians,  Sir  Francis  Drake 
appeared  at  Roanoke  Island,  and 

bore  the  emigrants  back  to  England. 
This  was  in  1586. 

22.  Learning  wisdom  by  experi- 
ence, Raleigh  sent  out  mechanics 
and  farmers,  with  their  families,  to 
plant  a  colony.     This  was  in  1587. 
John    White  was  their  governor. 
His    daughter    and    her    husband, 

QUESTIONS.— 19.  What  effect  did  the  report  of  the  sailors  have  ?  20.  What  can  you 
tell  about  another  expedition  sent  by  Raleigh?  21.  How  wae  a  colony  paved  ? 
22.  What  can  you  tell  about  a  third  expedition  sent  by  Raleigh  ?  What  happened  in 
the  colony  ? 

1  am'-i-das,  ' 


RALEIGH'S   SHIP. 


36 


ENGLISH  AND  FRENCH  DISCOVERERS. 


Virginia  flare. 


End  of  Raleigh's  Expeditions. 


named  Dare,  were  with  him.  There  she  gave  birth  to  a 
girl,  whom  they  named  Virginia.  Virginia  Dare  was  the 
first  English  child  born  in  America. 

23.  Governor  White  went  to  England  for  supplies.  He 
was  gone  very  long,  and  when  he  returned  the  colonists  had 
disappeared,  and  were  never  heard  of  afterward.  JRaleitjh 
did  not  send  any  more  colonies  to  America. 


MAP  OP  GOSNOLD'S  EXPEDITION. 
QUESTIONS.— 23.  What  was  the  fate  of  Raleigh's  last  colony? 


ENGLISH  AND  FRENCH  DISCOVERERS.  37 

"Discoveries  by  Englishmen.  French   Settlements. 

24,  In  1602,  Bartholomew  Gosnold  crossed  the  ocean 
and  visited  a  part  of  the  coast  of  Massachusetts.     He  dis- 
covered  a  long  cape,  and  because  of    the  many  codfishes 
which  he  saw  there,  he  named  it  Cape  Cod.     On  one  of  a 
group  of  islands,  which  he  named  Elizabeth,  in  honor  of  his 
Queen,  he  attempted  to  plant  a  colony,  but  failed. 

25,  In  1603,  Martin  Pring,  an  English  sailor,  discovered 
the   coast   of    Maine  and  explored   the   shores   of    New 
England  westward  to   Martha's   Vineyard.     In   1605, 
Captain    Weymouth,   another  sailor,   visited  Maine,  and 
there   kidnapped   some   Indians.      This   crime    made    the 
natives  hate  the  white  people,  and  they  gave  the  English 
much  trouble  afterward. 

26,  At  this  time  the  French  tried  again  to  make  settle- 
ments in  America.     De  Monts,1   a  wealthy  Protestant, 
obtained  a  grant  from  his  King  for  that  purpose,  and  in  1604 
and  1605  he  planted  a  colony  on  what  is  now  Nova  Scotia, 
and  called  the  country  Acadia.2 

27,  De  Monts    sent    Samuel  Champlain  to  the  St. 
Lawrence  in   1608.      There  he  planted   a  settlement   and 
named  the  place  Quebec,     It  is  the  oldest  French  settle- 
ment in  America,  for  the  others  were  short-lived.     In  1609, 
Champlain  discovered  the  lake  that  bears  his  name. 

28,  In  1607,  some  London  merchants  sent  Henry  Hud- 
son to  search  for  a  northwest  passage  to  India.     He  made 
two  voyages,  but  failed,  and  the  project  was  abandoned. 

29,  In  1609,  Hudson  offered  his  services  to  the  Dutch 

QUESTIONS. — 24.  What  can  you  tell  about  Gosnold's  voyage  and  discoveries? 
25.  What  can  you  tell  about  other  English  sailors  ?  26.  What  can  you  tell  about 
French  settlements  in  America  ?  27.  Tell  about  the  voyage  and  discoveries  of 
Champlain.  28.  What  can  you  tell  about  Hudson  ? 

1  deh-mong'.       *  ah-ka'-de-a. 


38 


ENGLISH  AND  FRENCH  DISCOVERERS. 


'Discoveries  tn  America  by  Hudson. 


East  India  Company,  at  Am- 
sterdam, in  searching  for  a  passage 
to  India  around  the  north  of  Eu- 
rope. They  sent  him  in  a  small 
vessel  called  the  Half  Moon.  Ice 
covered  the  sea  in  that  direction, 
and  he  sailed  westward  to  America. 
30.  Early  in  September,  1609, 
Hudson  entered  New  York  Har-  HUDSON. 

bor.  He  explored  the  river  that  bears 
his  name  as  far  up  as  the  site  of  Albany. 
This  discovery  led  to  a  traffic  in  furs 
between  the  Dutch  and  the  Indians, 
and  then  to  the  founding  of  a  settle- 
ment on  the  site  of  New  York. 

31.  Hudson  afterward  discovered 
the  great  bay  in  the  far  north  which 
bears  his  name.  There  some  of  his  sailors,  who  rebelled, 
put  Hudson  and  his  son,  with  seven  sick  companions,  in  an 
open  boat,  and  set  them  adrift  to  perish  on  the  deep  with 
cold  and  hunger. 

32,  In  this  section  we  have  considered — 
(1)  The  discovery  of  America  by  Cabot  and  Verazzani ; 
(2)  the  discovery  of  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Canada  by  Car- 
tier  ;  (3)  the  attempts  of  Coligny  to  found  a  colony  in 
Florida,  and  the  cruelty  of  the  Spaniards  there ;  (4)  the 
voyages  of  Frobisher  and  Drake,  the  latter  to  the  Pacific 
coast ;  (5)  the  failures  of  Raleigh  to  make  settlements  ; 

QUESTIONS.— 29.  What  else  did  Hudson  attempt  ?  30.  What  discoveries  did  he  make, 
and  what  did  they  lead  to  ?  31.  What  did  Hudson  afterward  discover,  and  what  was 
hie  fate  ?  32.  What  have  we  considered  in  this  section  ? 


HALF-MOON. 


DISCOVERIES 

rom  M92jto  1614 

THE"^-" 
NATIONS 


":  : 

, 


ENGLISH  AND  FRENCH  DISCOVERERS.  39 

Outline     of  Important  Events. 

(6)  explorations  of  the  New  England  coasts;  (7)  the 
French  settlements  in  Acadia  and  in  Canada ;  and  (8) 
the  discovery  of  the  Hudson  River. 

OUTLINE  OF  IMPORTANT  EVENTS  FROM  1002  TO  1609.* 

1002.  America  discovered  by  Northmen. 

1493.  American  islands  discovered  by  Columbus. 

1498.  North  American  Continent  discovered  by  Sebastian  Cabot. 

1498.  South  American  Continent  discovered  by  Columbus. 

1499.  The  American  Continent  first  seen  by  Americus  Vespuccius. 
1504.  The  name  of  America  given  to  our  Continent  in  honor  of  Americus 

Vespuccius. 
1510.  Settlement  made  on  the  Isthmus  of  Darien. 

1512.  Florida  discovered  by  John  Ponce  de  Leon. 

1513.  The  Pacific  Ocean  discovered  by  Vasco  Nunez  de  Balboa. 
1517-1518.  Coasts  of  Yucatan  and  Mexico  explored. 

1519.  Straits  of  Magellan  discovered. 
1519-1521.  Mexico  conquered  by  Cortez. 

1520.  D'Ayllon  visits  the  coasts  of  South  Carolina  and  kidnaps  Indians. 
1524.  Verazzani  explores  the  coasts  of  North  America  from  the  Caro- 

linas  to  Nova  Scotia. 

1528.  Narvaez  attempts  to  conquer  Florida. 

1534.  Cartier  discovers  the  Gulf  and  River  St.  Lawrence. 

1535-1541.  Cartier  explores  the  St.  Lawrence  and  winters  at  Quebec. 

1539-1541.  De  Soto  attempts  to  conquer  Florida. 

1542.  Cabrillo  explores  the  coasts  of  California  and  Oregon. 

1562.  Coligny  attempts  to  settle  French  Protestants  in  Florida. 

1564>  Coligny  sends  another  colony  to  Florida.  They  are  massacred 
by  the  Spaniards. 

1567.  De  Gourges  destroys  the  Spaniards  in  Florida. 

1579.  Francis  Drake  visits  the  coasts  of  California,  Oregon  and  Wash- 
ington Territory. 

1582.  Espejo  explores  New  Mexico. 

1584-  Walter  Raleigh  sends  an  expedition  to  the  coasts  of  North  Caro- 
lina. The  country  named  Virginia. 

1585.  Raleigh  plants  a  settlement  on  Roanoke  Island. 

*  This  outline  is  for  the  use  of  the  teacher  and  pupil.  The  teacher  may  find  in 
each  topic,  suggestions  for  queries,  to  which  answers,  without  reference  to  the  text, 
may  be  given  by  the  pupil,  orally  or  in  writing  on  paper  or  on  the  blackboard.  The 
written  exercise  is  recommended  as  the  best  for  giving  essential  aid  to  the  memory 
in  retaining  facts.  A  pattern  may  be  found  on  the  next  page. 


40  ENGLISH  AND  FRENCH  DISCOVERERS. 

Outline    of  Important  Events,  Pattern  for  a  Synopsis. 

1586.  The  Roanoke  settlers  return  to  England. 

1587,  Raleigh  sends  another  colony  to  Virginia,    It  was  lost. 

1602,  Gosnold  discovers  the  coasts  of  Massachusetts  and  names  Cape 

Cod. 

1603-1604,  Martin  Pring  explores  the  New  England  coasts, 
1604-1605,  The  French  plant  a  colony  in  Nova   Scotia  and  call  the 

country  Acadia. 
1605,  Captain  Weymouth  visits  New  England  and  kidnaps  Indians. 

1608,  Champlain  founds  Quebec. 

1609,  Champlain  discovers  Lake  Champlain. 

1609,  Henry  Hudson  discovers  the  Bay  of  New  York  and  the  North  or 
Hudson  River. 

The  following  is  a  pattern  for  the  pupil  in  making  a  synop- 
sis or  outline  sketch  of  a  subject  : 

TOPIC :  SIR  WALTER  RALEIGH. 

f  A  young  Englishman, 

PERSONAL  NOTES.      "I  A  soldier  under  Coligny,  in  France. 
I  A  favorite  of  Queen  Elizabeth. 
Receives  a  commission  from  Queen  Elizabeth, 


iTEP-BRO-  I  gail8  for  America  in  1579. 


]  Driven  back  by  storms  and  Spanish  cruisers. 
[  Visits  America  and  perishes  in  a  storm  at  sea. 

(Amidas  and  "Barlow  sail  for  America  in  1584. 
Land  on  Roanoke  Island  and  explore  the  neighbor- 
ing regions. 
Return  to  England  with  a  good  report. 
f  Raleigh  and  the  Queen  delighted. 
EFFECT  OF  THE  NAV-  I  The  Queen  names  a  portion  of  New  France,  Yir~ 

IGATORS'  REPORT.         ^  ginia 

f  Five  ships  under  Sir  Richard    Grenrille   sail  for 

Roanoke  in  1585. 
OTHER  PERSONS  SENT      Emigrants  land  on  Roanoke  Island  and  search  for 

TO  AMERICA  BY          -  gold. 

RALEIGH.  They  offend  the  Indians,  and  are  in  great  peril. 

They  are  taken  back  to  England  by   Sir  Francis 
,         Vralte. 

f  Raleigh  sends  farmers  and  mechanics  to  plant  a  colony 
in  America  in  1587. 


v  n         forever. 


John  White  governor  of  the  colony. 

Tirr/inia  ?>are,  grand-daughter  of  Governor  Wlrite} 


END     OF     RALEIGH'S  -Roanoke  Island. 

EFFORTS  TO  PLANT  A 
COLONY  IN  AMERICA. 


Virginia    Dare   the    first   English    child    born    in 


America. 


While   White  was  in  England,  the  colony  disappears 


Raleigh  sends  no  more  ships  to  America. 


42  SETTLERS  AND  SETTLEMENTS. 

"Discoveries  and  'Planting  of  Settlements.       Tirffinia  and  its  Divisions. 

CHAPTER     II. 

SETTLERS  AJt<£>    SETTLEMENTS. 


SECTION    I. 

SETTLERS  AND  SETTLEMENTS  IN  VIRGINIA. 

1.  We  have  considered  the  principal  events  in  the  dis- 
covery of  different  parts  of  America.     By  these  discov- 
eries different  nations  claimed  a  right  to  the  country.     These 
were  the  Spanish,  French,  English  and  Dutch  nations. 
The  English  claimed  a  right  to  the  whole  region  across  the 
continent,  in  width,  from  Cape  Fear,  in  North  Carolina, 
to  Halifax,  in  Nova  Scotia. 

2.  We  will  now  notice  the  planting  of  settlements 
in  parts  of  America  where  Colonies  and  States  have  since 
existed.     We  will  notice  them  in  the  order  of  time  in  which 
settlements  were  first  made,  beginning  with  Virginia. 

3.  This  domain  was  divided  into  North  and  South  Vir- 
ginia.   In  1606,  King  James  of  England  gave  a  charter 
or  written  agreement,  by  which  a  number  of  persons  were 
permitted  to  make  settlements  in  Virginia.     They  formed 
two  associations.     One  was  named  the  Plymouth 1  Com- 
pany, and  the  other  the  London  Company. 

4.  The  Plymouth  Company  were  authorized  to  make 
settlements  in  North  Virginia.    The  London  Company 

QUESTIONS.— 1.  What  have  we  considered  ?  What  can  you  tell  about  different 
claims  ?  2.  How  will  we  notice  the  planting  of  settlements  ?  3.  How  was  Virginia 
divided  ?  What  companies  were  formed  ?  4.  What  privilege  had  each  company  ? 

1  plim'-uth. 


SETTLERS  AND  SETTLEMENTS.  43 

Ttymouth  and  London  Companies.  Emigration  to   Virginia. 

were  allowed  to  do  the  same  in  South  Virginia.  The 
Plymouth  Company  made  the  first  attempts  at  settlement, 
but  failed. 

5.  In  December,  1606,  the  London  Company  sent  Cap 
tain  Newport,  with  three  ships  and  one  hundred  and  five 
men,  to  make  a  settlement  on  Roanoke  Island.    The  ships 
were   driven  Iby  a  storm  into   Chesapeake1  Bay.    They 
sailed  up  a  broad  river  more  than  fifty  miles,  and  landed  at 
a  place  which  they  afterward  called  Jamestown.     The  river 
they  called  the  James. 

6.  It  was  in  April,  1607,  when  the  emigrants  landed.    The 
King  had  appointed  certain  persons  among  them  to  govern 

the  colony.  Among  these  was  Cap- 
tain John  Smith,  a  great  soldier, 
and  Bartholomew  Gosnold?  who 
had  proposed  the  expedition.  Ed- 
ward Wingfield  was  chosen  to  be 
president  of  this  council. 

7.  Most  of  the  emigrants  were 
unfit  to  be  the  founders  of  a 
colony.  They  had  come  without 
families,  to  make  a  fortune  by  dig- 
ging gold,  and  then  to  return.  Many  of  them  were  idle. 
Some  of  them  were  vicious.  The  president  turned  out  to 
be  a  knave. 

8.   Virginia  was  then  inhabited  by  Indians.    They  were 
ruled  by  an  emperor  called  Powhatan?    He  lived  on  the 

QUESTIONS.— 5.  What  did  the  London  Company  do  ?  What  happened  ?  6.  What 
can  you  tell  about  the  emigrants  in  Virginia?  7.  What  was  their  character? 
8.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  inhabitants  and  their  monarch  ? 

1  ches'-a-peeJc.    a  goz'-nolti.    3  pow-hah-tan' 


JOHN  SMITH. 


44  SETTLERS  AND   SETTLEMENTS. 

Captain  Smith  and  the  First  Yirginia  Settlers. 

banks  of  the  James  River,  near  the  site  of  Richmond. 
Smith  and  Newport  visited  him  there,  and  were  kindly  re- 
ceived. 

9.  In  June,  Newport  sailed  for  England  with  the  ships, 
leaving  a  small  vessel   at  Jamestown.     The  idle  settlers 
would  not  work.     The  food  they  had  brought  with  them  was 
gone  before  the  close  of  summer,  for  much  had  been  spoiled 
on  the  voyage.    They  had  raised  almost   nothing  from  the 
soil,  and  the  Indians,  who  were  unfriendly,  would  not  bring 
them  corn. 

10.  Famine  came  and  with  it  sickness.     Early  in  Septem- 
ber one-half  of  the  settlers  were  dead.    Captain 
Smith  went  down  to  the  mouth  of  the  James,  and  by  his 
courage  and  energy  compelled  the  Indians  there  to  bring 
him  large  quantities  of   corn,  with  which   he   returned  to 
Jamestown  and  saved  the  colony  from  starvation. 

1 1 .  When  he  returned,  President   Win£>field  and  a  few 
others  were  about  to  go  away  with  the  small  vessel  and  what 
was  left  of  the  stores,  when  Smith,  by  force  of  arms,  com- 
pelled him  to  stay.     Soon  after  that  Smith  was  chosen  to  be 
president  of  the  colony. 

12.  In  October,  wild  fowl  became  plentiful  on  the  waters, 
and   corn   was   procured   fiom   the   abundant   crop  of    the 
Indians.     When  order  and  abundance  were  restored,  Cap- 
tain Smith  and  a  few  others  went  up  the  Chickahominy 1 
River  in   a  boat,  where  he  was  made  a  prisoner  by  the 


QUESTIONS.— 9.  How  did  the  settlers  act  ?  10.  What  can  you  tell  about  famine  and 
sickness,  and  the  services  of  Captain  Smith  ?  11.  What  can  you  tell  about  President 
Wingfield  and  his  successor?  12.  What  was  now  the  condition  of  the  colony? 
What  about  Captain  Smith  ? 

1  chicTc-a-kom'-i-ny. 


SETTLERS  AND  SETTLEMENTS. 


45 


Captain  6'mit/e  and  JPocahonias. 


Arrival  of  other  Emigrants. 


POCAUONTAS. 


Indians.     He  was  taken  to  another  dwelling  of  Powhatan, 

on  the  York  River. 

13.  After  much  consultation,  the 
Indians  concluded  to  put  Smith  to 
death.  His  head  was  laid  upon  a 
large  stone,  and  two  warriors  had 
raised  their  clubs  to  beat  out  his 
brains,  when  Pocahontas,1  the 
favorite  daughter  of  Powhatan, 
sprang  from  her  father's  side, 
clasped  the  head  of  Smith  with  her 
arms,  and  begged  for  his  life.  Her 
request  was  granted,  and  Smith 
was  sent  back  to  Jamestown. 

14,  The  colony  was  again  starving.    It  was  winter.    Only 
forty  were  living  when  Smith  returned,  and  these  were  pre- 
paring to  leave  Virginia,  and  go  to  the  West  Indies.    Smith 
again  procured  food,  and  they  remained.     In  the  spring  of 
1608,  Newport  came  with  supplies  and  a  company  of  emi- 
grants, when  the  hopes  of  the  first  settlers  were  revived. 

15.  The  new  emigrants  were   no  better  than   the   first. 
They  were  mostly  gold-hunters,  and  would  not  work. 
Smith  turned  from  Jamestown  with  disgust  for  a  while, 
and  with  a  few  companions  he  explored  Chesapeake 2  Bay 
and  its  tributary  streams,  in  an  open  boat.     In  this  way,  in 
the  course   of  three   months,   they  voyaged   about   three 
thousand  miles.     Smith  made  a  map  of  the  country  he 
had  explored. 

QUESTIONS.— 13.  Tell  the  story  of  Captain  Smith  and  Pocahontas.  14.  What  did 
Smith  find  and  what  did  he  do  at  Jamestown  ?  15.  What  can  you  tell  about  new 
emigrants,  and  what  did  Smith  do  in  the  way  of  explorations  ? 

1  po-kah-hon'-tQ8.    *  ches'-a-peek. 


-^ 


SETTLER  8  AND  SETTLEMENTS. 


Lazy  Settlers.  JVe»>  sir  rang  entenis.  jPerils  of  the   Colony. 

16.  In  the  autumn  Newport  came  again,  with  emigrants. 
With  them  were  two  women,  the  first  who  had  ever  come 
from  Europe  to  Virginia.    The  men  who  then  came  were 
of  the  same  sort  as  the  others.     Smith  tried  to  induce  them 
to   cultivate   the   soil,  but   they   would  not.     Laziness  af- 
flicted most  of  the  settlers,  and  at  the  end  of  two  years  they 
had  not  more  than  forty  acres  under  tillage. 

17.  The  London   Company  obtained  a  new  charter  in 
1609,  by  which  the  management  of  the  colony  was  put  in 
the  hands  of  a  governor  with  a  council.     Under  this  second 
charter,  Lord  De  la  Warr  (Delaware  *)  was  appointed  gov- 
ernor for  life.     Sir  Thomas  Gates,  Sir  George  Somers  2  and 
Captain  Newport  were  appointed  commissioners  to  manage 
the  colony  until  the  arrival  of  the  governor. 

18.  In   June,  Newport  sailed  with  nine  ships  and   five 
hundred  emigrants.     Gates  and  Somers  sailed  in  the  same 
vessel  with  Newport.      A  storm    scattered  the  fleet,  and 
Neivport's  ship  was  wrecked  on  one  of  the  Bermuda  islands. 

19.  Seven  vessels  reached    Jamestown  in  safety,  with 
most  of  the  emigrants.     It  was  a  more  vicious  company  than 
any  which   had  yet   arrived.     In  the  autumn,  an  accident 
compelled  Captain   Smith  to  go  to   England.     Left   to 
themselves,  the  lawless  colony  so  offended  the  Indians  that 
the  savages  refused  to  let  them  have  food,  and  resolved  to 
kill   all  the  Englishmen.    The   settlers  were   saved  by  a 
timely  warning  from  the  good  and  loving  Pocahontas. 

QUESTIONS.—  16.  Who  came  with  Newport  ?  What  about  the  men  ?  17.  What  can 
you  tell  about  a  second  charter  and  appointments  under  it  ?  18.  Tell  about  a  large 
emigration  to  Virginia.  19.  What  was  the  character  of  the  emigrants,  and  how  did 
they  act  ?  How  were  they  saved  ? 

1  del'-ah-ware.    2  sum'-mers. 


SETTLERS  AND   SETTLEMENTS.  49 

2'he   "Starring   Time."  Setter  Emigrants. 

20.  Famine  did  much  of  the  work  which  the  Indians 
had  conspired  to  do.     The  winter  and  spring  of  1610  was 
long  remembered  as  "the  starving  time."     Within  six 
months  after  Smith  left  only  sixty  of  the  five  hundred  set- 
tlers were  alive. 

21.  When   the  commissioners    reached  Jamestown,  in 
June,  the  prospect  was   so  gloomy,  that  they  resolved  to 
abandon  Virginia,  and  go  to  Newfoundland.     When  they 
reached  the  mouth  of  the  James  in  their  vessels,  they  met  a 
small  squadron  coming  in.     Lord  Delaware  had  arrived 
with  food  and  emigrants.    The  whole  company  were  resting 
at  Jamestown  that  night. 

22.  Now  there  was  a  happy  change.    Six  ships  with 
three  hundred  emigrants  came  in  1611.     They  were  mostly 
sober  and  industrious  men,  who  tilled  the  ground  and 
made  food  abundant.     The  colony  flourished,  and  in  1613 
there  were  a  thousand  Englishmen  in  Virginia,  when 
an  event  happened  that  affected  the  colony  favorably. 

23.  That  event  was  the  kidnapping  of  Pocahontas 
by  Captain  Argall,1  a  sort  of  freebooter.     Her  father  was 
sullen  and  unfriendly.     Food  had  become  scarce  at  James- 
town, and  Powhatan  would  not  allow  any  to  be  carried 
there.     Argall  declared  that  he  would  not  give  up  Poca- 
hontas until  food  should  be  sent.     Her  father  was  firm,  and 
she  remained  a  prisoner  several  months. 

24.  Meanwhile  John  Rolfe,1  a  well-born  Englishman,  fell 
in  love  with  Pocahontas,  and  they  wished  to  be  married. 

QUESTIONS.— 20.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  "  starving  time  ? "  21.  What  did  the 
commissioners  attempt  to  do,  and  what  occurred  ?  22.  What  happy  change  occurred  ? 
2a  What  remarkable  event  happened  ?  What  can  you  tell  about  Captain  Argall  ? 
24.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  marriage  of  Pocahontas  and  its  result  ? 

1  ar'-gaul.    "  rolf. 


50 


SETTLERS  AND  SETTLEMENTS. 


Marriage  of  ^Pocahontas. 


MARRIAGE  OF  POCAHONTAS. 


Her  father  gave  his  consent,  and  they  were  married  in  the 
church  at  Jamestoivn  in  April,  1613.  Powhatan  was  the 
friend  of  the  English  ever  afterward.  Pocaliontas  went 
to  England  with  her  husband,  and  there  died. 

25.  Under  a  third  charter,  obtained  in  1612,  the  London 
Company  permitted  the  establishment  of  a  representa- 
tive government  in  Virginia.  The  colony  was  divided 

QUESTIONS.— 25.  YTliat  good  thing  occurred  under  a  third  charter? 


SETTLERS  AND   SETTLEMENTS.  51 

Virginia   "Representative  Assembly.  Slock  at  Manhattan. 

into  counties.  Each  county  was  allowed  two  representatives, 
called  burgesses,  in  a  general  assembly.  In  June,  1619, 
when  George,  Yeardly  was  governor,  the  first  representa- 
tive assembly  met  at  Jamestown.  Then  was  laid  the 
foundation  of  the  State  of  Virginia. 
26.  We  have  considered  in  this  section— 
(1)  The  nationalities  of  the  discoverers  and  the  claims 
of  the  English;  (2)  the  divisions  of  Virginia  and  the 
companies  formed  to  colonize  it ;  (3)  the  companies  of  set- 
tlers sent  there  ;  (4)  the  progress  and  suffering  of  the 
colony  and  the  career  of  Captain  Smith ;  (5)  the  services 
and  marriage  of  Pocaliontas ;  and  (6)  the  establishment  of 
Representative  Government. 


SECTION  II. 

SETTLERS    AND    SETTLEMENTS    IN  NEW   YORK,    MASSACHUSETTS 
AND  NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

1 .  We  have  observed  that  the  discoveries  of  Hudson  led 
to  traffic,   and  the    founding  of   a  colony  on    the    site  of 
New  York.     One  of  the  greatest  of  the  Dutch  seamen  who 
came  to  the  mouth  of  the  Hudson   River  to   trade  was 
Adrian  Block,  who  landed  on  the  lower  part  of  Manhat- 
tan Island,  on  which  the  city  of  New  York  now  stands. 

2.  Late  in  1613,  Block's  ship  was  burnt.      During  the 
following  winter  he  and  his  men  built  another,  and  in  it  they 
sailed  through  Long  Island  Sound,  discovering  the  Con- 

QTTESTIONS.— 26.  What  have  we  considered  in  this  section? 

QTTESTIONS.— 1.  What  can  you  tell  about  a  great  Dutch  seaman  ?    2.  What  can  you 
tell  about  his  ship  and  his  explorations  ? 


52 


SETTLERS  AND  SETTLEMENTS. 


New  Netherland  and  t)ntch  Weft  India  Company. 


Settlements. 


necticut  *  River  and  other  considerable  streams,  extending 

'  £> 

their  explorations  as  far  as  the  coasts  of  Massachusetts. 

3.  In  1614,  the  government  of  Holland  granted  exclusive 
permission  to  certain  Amsterdam  merchants  to  traffic  on 
the  Hudson  and  in  the  territory  then  included 

in  North  Virginia.  This  territory  the  Dutch 
or  Holland  people  claimed  as  theirs,  by  right 
of  discovery,  and  called  the  country  New 
Netherlands 

4.  The  vessels  of  these  merchants  went  up 
the  Hudson  to  the  site  of  Albany,  southward  to 
the  Delaware,  and  eastward  to  Rhode  3  Island, 
on  trading  voyages.     These  traders  built  a  fort 
near  the  head  of  the  tide-waters  of  the  Hud- 

son, and  named  it  Fort  Orange.  DUTCHMAN  [ieao]. 

6.  In  1621,  these  merchants  and  others 
formed  the  Dutch  West  India  Compa- 
ny. They  bought  Manhattan*  Island, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Hudson,  from  the 
Indians,  for  about  twenty-five  dollars  ;  and 
^^  Netherland  was  made  a  province  of 
LAND.  Holland. 

6.  The  settlement  of  families  in  New  Netherland 
was  desirable,  and  in  1623  about  thirty  families  of  French 
Protestants,  who  had  lived  in  Holland,  came  over  the  sea 
to  Manhattan.  Some  settled  there  ;  some  founded  a  set- 


SEAL  OF 


QUESTIONS — 3.  What  did  the  government  of  Holland  do,  and  what  was  the  result? 
4.  What  did  Dutch  vessels  do  ?  5.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  Dutch  West  India 
Company  and  the  island  of  Manhattan  ?  6.  What  can  you  tell  about  colonizing  New 
Netherland? 


kon-net'-i-cut.    3  neth'-er-land.    3  rode.    *  man-hat' -tan. 


SETTLERS  AND   SETTLEMENTS.  53 

A'err  England  Explored.    ^Permanent  Settlements  there.     The  'J^uritans. 

tlement  at  Fort   Orange,  now  Albany,  and   some  young 
married  couples  located  on  the  Delaware  River. 

7.  Thus  was  established  the  colony  of  New  Nether- 
land.      The   city    that   grew  on  Manhattan  was   called 
New  Amsterdam.1    Both  the  province  and  city  were 
afterward  named  New  York. 

8.  We  have  observed  that  the  Plymouth  Company  had 
macte  vain  efforts  to  plant  colonies  in  North  Virginia.     So 
early  as  1614,  Captain  John  Smith  had  explored  the  north- 
eastern coasts  of  America  from  Cape  Cod  to  the  Penob- 
scot 2  River,  and  made  a  map  of  the  region,  which  he  called 
New  England.3 

9.  It  was  not  until  1620  that  a  permanent  settle- 
ment was  made  in  New  England.     What  the  Plymouth 
Company -,  an  association  of  rich  speculators,  failed  to  do,  was 
done  by  a  few  humble  Christian  men  and  women.     At  that 

time  there  was  a  large  class  of  Protestants 
in  England,  who,  because  of  the  purity  of 
their  professions  and  lives,  were  called 
Puritans.  These,  as  well  as  Roman 
Catholics,  were  persecuted  by  King  James 
of  England  and  the  leaders  in  the  church 
of  England. 

10.    These  Puritans  were   so   annoyed, 
that  many  of  them  went  to  Holland,  where 
they   could  worship  God  as  they   pleased. 
A  PURITAN.        gut  tliey.  were  Ojjiige(j  to  go  secretly.     A 

QUESTIONS.-  7.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  change  of  names  ?  8.  What  can  you 
tell  about  explorations  on  the  New  England  coasts  ?  9.  Give  an  account  of  the 
Puritans,  aiid  how  they  were  treated.  10.  What  did  the  Puritans  do? 

a  pe-nob'-scot.       3  ing' -land, 


54 


SETTLERS  AND  SETTLEMENTS. 


Attempted  Embarkation  for  Holland. 


whole  congregation  trying  to   get  on  board  a  Dutch  vessel 
on   the  coast  of  England,  were   surprised  by  a  party  of 


SETTLERS  AND  SETTLEMENTS.  55 

The   Puritans  in  Holland.  Their  Emigration  to  America. 

horsemen  sent  to  prevent  their  going.  Some  had  embarked, 
and  some,  with  women  and  children,  were  left  on  shore. 
But  all  got  to  Holland  finally. 

11.  At  Ley  den,1  in  Holland,  these  Puritans  formed  a 
church,  with  John  Robinson  as  their  pastor.  They  con- 
cluded to  plant  a  free  colony  in  America,  under  the  domin- 
ion of  their  native  country.  A  bargain  was  made  with  the 
Plymouth  Company,  and  a  partnership  was  formed  with 

London  merchants  for  planting 
a  colony.  In  September,  1620, 
"  the  youngest  and  best "  of  the 
Leyden  congregation,  who  went 
to  England,  left  Plymouth  in 
the  May-Flower,  in  charge  of 
Elder  Brewster. 

12.  These  "Pilgrims,"  as 
MAY-FLOWER.  they  called  themselves,  one  hun- 

dred and  one  in  number,  including  women  and  children, 
arrived  at  Cape  Cod  in  December,  and  landed  on  the  shores 
of  Massachusetts  on  the  22d  of  that  month,  at  a  place 
they  called  Plymouth.  On  the  lid  of  Elder  Brewster's 
chest,  in  the  cabin  of  the  May-Flower,  they  had  signed 
an  agreement  for  the  government  of  the  colony,  and  chose 
John  Carver  to  be  their  governor.  Thus  they  laid  the 
basis  of  a  State. 

13.  Log-huts  were  built  in  the  snow.  Here  they  passed 
a  severe  winter  in  extreme  suffering.  At  one  time  only 

QUESTIONS.— 11.  Give  an  account  of  the  Puritans  in  Holland,  and  what  they  did. 
12.  Who  were  the  "  Pilgrims  ? "  Tell  about  their  coming  to  America.  13.  Give  an 
account  of  the  sufferings  of  the  "Pilgrims." 

1  W-den. 


56 


SETTLERS  AND  SETTLEMENTS. 


The    ^Puritan   Government  in  JVew  England* 


seven  persons  were  well  enough  to  take  care  of  the  sick. 
Before  spring  came  one-half  of   the  Pilgrims  had  died. 


SETTLERS  AND   SETTLEMENTS.  57 

Sufferings  of  the  filf/rimt.  Settlement  of  JV°eM>  Hampshire. 

Governor  Carver  and  his  wife  perished  ;  and  William 
Bradford  was  chosen  governor  in  his  place. 

14.  The  survivors  of  that  dreadful  winter 
persevered.       They    built    houses,    planted 
grain,  and  were  joined  by  other  Puritans  ; 
and   so   the  foundations   of  the  State  of 
Massachusetts 1  were  laid. 

15.  North  of    Massachusetts  is    New 

GOV.   CABVEli  S 

CHAIR.  Hampshire?  It  was,  at  first,  part  of  a 

larger  territoiy  named  Maine.  In  1620,  the  Plymouth 
Company  received  a  new  charter,  under  the  title  of  the 
"Council  of  Plymouth,"  with  great  powers  ;  and  they 
put  forth  vigorous  efforts  to  colonize  New  England. 

16.  In  1622,  the  Company  granted  to  John  Mason,  its 
Secretary,  and  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges?  its  most  active 
member,  a  tract  of  land  "  bounded  by  the  Merrimack,*  the 
Kennebec?  the  Ocean  and  the  River  of  Canada," 6  or  the 
St.  Lawrence. 

17-  Fishermen  employed  by  Mason  and  Gorges  built  log 
huts  on  the  Piscataqua,1  at  Portsmouth  and  Dover.  In 
1629,  Mr.  Wheelwright,  a  clergyman,  purchased  from  the 
Indians  the  territory  between  the  Merrimach  and  Pis- 
cataqua^ and  founded  Exeter*  The  same  year  Mason  and 
Gorges  dissolved  their  partnership,  when  the  former  obtained 
a  grant  of  the  same  territory,  and  called  the  domain  New 
Hampshire. 


QUESTIONS.— 14.  What  did  the  surviving  Pilgrims  do,  and  what  was  the  result? 
15.  What  can  you  tell  about  New  Hampshire  and  the  Plymouth  Company  ?  16.  To 
whom  did  they  grant  a  domain,  and  what  were  its  boundaries  ?  17.  How  were  the 
settlements  begun  in  New  Hampshire  ? 

1  mas -sa-chu'-sets.    2  hamp'-stieer.    3  gor'-jes.    *  mer'-i-mak. 
a-dah.    '  pis-cat'-a-kwah.    8  ex'-e-ter. 


58 


SETTLERS  AND   SETTLEMENTS. 


Cape  Cod 


18.   Mason  had    been    governor    of    Portsmouth,1    in 
1  ports'-muth. 


SETTLERS  AND   SETTLEMENTS. 


59 


Founding  of  Portsmouth.  JVett>  Hampshire  a  "Royal  Province. 


CLEARING  THE  LAND. 

Hampshire,  England.  He  built  a  house  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Piscataqua,  and  named  the  place  Portsmouth. 
Other  feeble  settlements  were  made  further  eastward. 
Those  in  New  Hampshire  were  too  scattered  to  form  a 
government,  and  in  1641  that  domain  became  a  part  of  the 
colony  of  Massachusetts. 

19.  In  1679,  New  Hampshire  was  made  a  separate 
royal  province,  when  its  foundations  as  a  commonwealth 
were  laid.  It  was  ruled  by  a  governor  appointed  by  the 


QUESTIONS.— 18.   What  did  Mason  do  ?    What  can  you  tell  about  the  settlements  ? 
19.  How  was  the  commonwealth  of  New  Hampshire  established  and  governed? 


60  SETTLERS  AND  SETTLEMENTS. 


King  James  and  the  Roman    Catholics.       Calvert,  Lord   "Baltimore. 

King  and  an  assembly  elected  by  the  people.     From  1641  to 
this  date   (1679)  it  had  been  for  a  large  part  of  the  time 
under  the  control  of  Massachusetts. 
SO.  We  have  considered  in  this  section — 
(1)  The  Dutch  on  Manhattan  and  their  explorations ; 
(2)  the  founding  of  New  Netherlands  by  the  Dutch  West 
India  Company ;  (3)  the  colonizing  of  New  Netherland  ; 
(4)  the  early  explorations  in  New  England;    (5)   the 
Puritans  and  the  "  Pilgrims  " ;  and  (6)  the  settlements  in 
Massachusetts  and  New  Hampshire. 

SECTION  III. 

SETTLERS  AND  SETTLEMENTS  IN    MARYLAND,  CONNECTICUT  AND 
RHODE  ISLAND. 

1.  King  James  persecuted   the  Roman   Catholics  as 
well  as  the  Puritans.     One  of  them,  however,  he  esteemed 
and  honored.     That  was  George,  Calvert,1  who  was  a  zealous 
royalist.     The   King  made   him   a  Secretary  of  State  and 
created  him  Lord  Baltimore?1 

2.  Baltimore  wished    to    find    a  place    of    refuge  in 
America  for  his  persecuted  brethren.     While  he  was  seek- 
ing a  place,  the  King  died.     His  son  and  successor,  Charles 
the  First,  granted  to  Baltimore  a  charter  for  a  large  terri- 

QUESTIONS.—  20.  What  have  we  considered  in  this  section  ? 

QUESTIONS.— 1.  What  did  King  James  do  ?    What  can  you  tell  about  George  Cal- 
vert ?    2.  What  did  Lord  Baltimore  desire,  and  what  did  he  obtain  ? 

1  kwl'-vert.    2  bawl' -to-more. 


SETTLERS  AND  SETTLEMENTS.  61 

Charter  of  Maryland.  Settlement  of  Maty  land.  Clayborne. 

tory  lying  on  each  side  of  Chesapeake  Bay,  which  was 
called  Maryland,  in  honor  of  the  King's  wife,  Henrietta 
Mary. 

3.  Before  the  charter  was  issued,  Lord  Baltimore  died, 
and  was  succeeded  by  his  son,  Cecil  Calvert,  who  received 

the  grant  in  1632.  Late  in  1633, 
a  company  of  settlers,  many  of 
them  Roman  Catholic  gentle- 
men, with  their  families  and  ser- 
vants, sailed  for  the  Chesapeake, 
with  Leonard  Calvert  as  their 
governor.  This  was  the  first 
Roman  Catholic  colony  that 
came  to  America  from  Great 

CECIL,   SECOND  LORD  BALTIMORE.          ^     .  ,       . 

Britain. 

4.  The  colonists  arrived  in  the  spring  of  1634.     The  gov- 
ernor purchased  an  Indian  village  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Potomac  River,  named  it  St.  Marys,  and  there  founded 
the  capital  of  the  province.      William  Clayborne,1  from 
Virginia,  had  established  trading  posts  within  the  domain 
of  Maryland  as  early  as  1631,  and  he  gave  the  colonists 
much  trouble  by  his  claims. 

5.  The  charter  of  Maryland  was  a  liberal  one.     It  pro- 
vided for  a  representative  government,  and  left  the 
people  almost  free  in  religious  matters.     The  consequence 
was   that   persecuted   persons  flocked  to  Maryland  from 
other  places,  and  the  colony  flourished. 

QUESTIONS. — 3.  What  can  yon  tell  about  Cecil  Calvert  and  emigration  to  America  ? 
4.  What  did  the  governor  and  colonists  do  ?  What  can  you  tell  about  an  earlier  set- 
tler? 5  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  charter  of  Maryland  and  the  effects  of  its 
liberality  ? 

1  kfa'-oorn. 


62  SETTLERS  AND  SETTLEMENTS. 

The    Government  of  Maryland.  Settlement  of  Connecticut. 

6.  The  first  legislature  of  Maryland  met  at  St.  Marys, 
to  make  laws,  in  March,  1635.     It  was  a  purely  democratic 
assembly,  for  every  freeman  was  allowed  to  vote.     These 
freemen  soon  became  so  numerous  that  a  representative  gov- 
ernment was  established  in  1639.     Then  the  foundations  of 
the  commonwealth  of  Maryland  were  laid. 

7.  In  the  same  year  (1633)  in  which  the  Roman  Catho- 
lics sailed  for  Maryland,  Puritans  from  Massachusetts 
had  begun  a  settlement  in  the  valley  of  the  Con- 
necticut River.    Block's  discovery  of  that  river,  almost 
twenty  years  before,  made  the  Dutch  claim  the  territory  as 
a  part  of  New  Netherland.    They  had  already  built  a  fort 
there  near  the  site  of  Hartford. 

8.  In  the  fall  of  1633,  Captain  Holmes,1  with  a  number 
of  Puritans  from  Plymouth,  with  materials  for  a  house, 
went  up  the  Connecticut  River  in  a  sloop.     The  Dutch  at 
the  fort  ordered  them  to  stop  there,  but  they  sailed  by,  and 
on  the  site  of  Windsor,  above  Hartford,  they  set  up  their 
house  and  began  a   settlement.      Soldiers  were   sent  from 
Manhattan  (New  York)  to  drive  them  away,   but   they 
were  unable  to  do  so. 

9.  Late  in  1635,  a  company  of  men, 
women  and  children  from  the  Puritan 
settlements     in     Massachusetts,     went 
through  the  woods  to  the  Connecticut, 
and  on  the  site  of  Hartford  they  spent  a 

severe  winter.     They  suffered  much  from    rmsT  MEETING-HOUSE. 

QUESTIONS.— 6.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  government  of  Maryland  ?  7.  What 
can  you  tell  about  the  valley  of  the  Connecticut  ?  8.  Give  an  account  of  the  first 
English  settlers  in  Connecticut.  9.  Give  an  account  of  a  winter  emigration  to  Con- 
necticut. * 

1  fumee. 


SETTLERS  AND  SETTLEMENTS.  63 

Settlements  In   Connecticut.  2'he   fequods  Hostile. 

cold  and  hunger.     They  built  log-huts  and  a  small  meeting- 
house, in  which  to  worship  God  in  common. 

10.  Many  of  the  settlers  at  Hartford  returned.     In  the 
following  summer  (1636)  another  company  of  Puritans^  led 
from  Massachusetts  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  Hooker,  went  through 
the  wilderness  to  Hartford.     It  was  a  pleasant  journey. 
They  arrived  there  on  the  4th  of  July,  and  on  the  following 
Sabbath  they  worshipped  in  the  little  meeting-house.     That 
was  the  first  permanent  settlement  made  in  the 
Connecticut  Valley. 

11.  The  year  before  (1635),  John  Winthrop  was  sent  to 
be  governor  of  Connecticut,  assisted  by  two  others.    They 
built  a  fort  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  just  in  time  to  have  it 
useful  as  a  defence  against  the  fierce  Pequod  *  or  Pequot 
Indians,  who  made  war  on  the  white  people,  kidnapped  their 
children,  and  murdered  their  men  in  the  woods  and  fields. 

12.  The  Pequods  were  jealous  because  the  English  were 
the  friends  of  the  Mohegans*  and  Narragansets?  their 
enemies.     They  feared  the  white  people  would  take  their 
country  away  from   them.     They  therefore   determined  to 
destroy  the  English. 

13.  In  the  spring  of  1637,  the  Massachusetts  colonies 
joined  those  of  Connecticut,  in  fighting  the  Pequods.     In 
May  full  five  hundred  Englishmen  and  Narraganset  In- 
dians marched  into  the  country  of  these  savages,  between 
the  Mystic4'  and  Thames5  rivers.     They  were  led  by  Cap- 
tain Mason,  a  famous  Indian  fighter. 

QUESTIONS. — 10.  Give  an  account  of  a  second  emigration  from  Connecticut. 
11.  What  did  Winthrop  and  others  do  in  Connecticut  ?  12.  What  can  you  tell  about 
the  Pequods  ?  Why  did  the  Peqnods  make  war  on  the  English  ?  13.  What  did  the 
Massachusetts  colonists  do  ?  Tell  about  their  doings  with  Connecticut  colonists. 

1  pe'-quod.    3  mo-ke'-g^ns.    3  nar-ra-gan'-sets.    *  mis'-tik.    5  terns. 


64 


SETTLERS  AND  SETTLEMENTS. 


^Dispersion  of  the  jPequods, 


MAP  OP  THE  PBQUOD  OB  PEQUOT  COUNTRY. 

14.  These  allies  attacked  a  strong  fort  of  the  Pequods, 
and  by  fire  and  weapons  destroyed  more  than  six  hundred 
men,  women  and  children.  Sassacus,1  their  great  sachem, 
fled  westward,  with  a  few  followers,  hotly  pursued.  Most  of 
the  Pequods  were  destroyed.  Sassacus  escaped  to  the 
Mohawks.2  His  nation  had  literally  perished  in  a  day. 
For  forty  years  afterward,  the  white  people  of  Connecticut 
were  unmolested  by  the  Indians. 

QUESTIONS.— 14.  Give  an  account  of  the  destruction  of  the  Pequode  as  a  nation. 

2  mo'-hawks. 


SETTLERS  AND  SETTLEMENTS.  65 

New  Haven  and  Connecticut  Colonies.        Roger  Williams  "Banished* 

15.  The  English  who  chased  the  Pequods  discovered  the 
beautiful   country  that  borders  Long  Island  Sound.    Its 
fame  spread  in  Massachusetts,  and  in  the  spring  of  1638, 
emigrants  formed  a  settlement  on  the  site  of  New  Haven. 
They  were  led  by  Rev.  John  Davenport,  who  preached  the 
first  sermon  there  under  a  large  oak  tree.      They  formed 
a  government  after  a  pattern  found  in  the  Bible.     It  was 
called  the  New  Haven  Colony. 

16.  In  1639,  the  settlers  in  the  Connecticut  Valley  met 
in  convention  at  Hartford,  and  signed  a  written  constitu- 
tion.    They  formed  a  representative    government. 
Provision  was  made  for  the  annual   election  of  a  governor 
and  legislature  by  the  people.     Allegiance  to  the  new  State, 
and  not  to  the  King,  was  required.     It  was  called  the  Con- 
necticut Colony.    Thus  were  laid  the  foundations  of  the 
commonwealth  of  Connecticut. 

17.  At  about  the  same  time  movements  were  in  progress 
for  the  founding  of  a  state  between  Connecticut  and  New 
Plymouth.    The  authorities  in  Massachusetts,  in  church 
and  state,  were  such  rigid  disciplinarians,  that  a  non-con- 
formist to  their  rules  could  not  be  tolerated. 

1 8.  Roger  Williams,  a  minister  of  the  gospel  at  Salem, 
offended  these  authorities  by  his  liberal  and  tolerant  views, 
and  late  in  1635  they  issued  an  order  for  his  banishment. 
He  left  his  home  in  the  dead  of  winter  (1636),   and  sought 
refuge  among  the  savages  of  the  wilderness  near  Narra- 
ganset  Bay. 

19.  In  the  spring  of  1636,  Williams  was  joined  by  some 

QUESTIONS.— 15.  What  led  to  a  settlement  at  New  Haven?  How  was  it  accom- 
plished ?  16.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  settlers  in  the  Connecticut  Valley,  and  the 
government  which  they  formed  ?  17.  What  can  you  tell  about  movements  for  found- 
ing a  new  State  ?  18.  What  can  you  tell  about  Roger  Williams  ? 


66  SETTLERS  AND  SETTLEMENTS. 

"Providence  Founded,     Other  Settlements  in  tRhode  Island.    Its  JVame. 

friends,  and  at  the  head  of  Narragansei  Bay  they  founded 
a  settlement,  which,  in  recognition  of  God's  providential 
care,  was  named  Providence.  It  is  now  the  chief  city  of 
Rhode  Island. 

20.  Men  and  women,  persecuted  by  the  authorities   of 
Massachusetts,  went  to  Providence  to  enjoy  freedom  of 
conscience.     The  settlement  grew.     The  settlers  established 
a  purely  democratic  government,  and  the  great  chiefs 
of  the  Narraganset  Indians  were  their  fast  friends.      It 
was  through  the  influence  of  Roger   Williams  that  these 
Indians  were  induced  to  help  the  English  against  the  Pe- 
quods,  which  saved  the  New  England  settlements 
from  destruction. 

21.  Other  persecuted  men  from  Boston  received  from  the 
Narraganset  chief  the  island  of  Aquiday,1  or  Aquitnet? 
the  "  Peaceable  Isle."     The  Dutch  called  it  Roodt  Eyland 
— Red   Island — which  has    been    corrupted    into    Rhode 
Island,     In  1638,  the  English  settled  at  the  upper  end  of 
it,  and  founded  Portsmouth  there. 

22.  The  next  year  other  immigrants  from  Boston  settled 
toward  the  southern  extremity  of  the  island,  and  founded 
Newport.      These  settlers  organized  a  democratic  govern- 
ment after  the  model  of  that  at  Providence,  and  with  the 
latter  received  the  name  of  the  Providence  and  Rhode 
Island  Plantations.    The  seal  bore  the  words,  "  Amor 
vincit  omnia" — "Love  is  all-powerful." 

23.  In  1643,  Roger  Williams  went  to  England  to  ob- 

QUESTIONS.— 19.  Give  an  account  of  the  settlement  of  Providence.  20.  Give  an  ac- 
count of  the  colony  at  Providence,  its  government,  and  the  services  of  Roger  Wil- 
liams. 21.  Give  an  account  of  the  settlement  of  Portsmouth.  22.  Give  an  account 
of  the  settlement  of  Newport  and  their  government. 

a  ah-kwet'-riet. 


SETTLERS  AND  SETTLEMENTS.  67 

2'he   Commonwealth  of  Rhode  Island  Established. 

tain  a  charter  for  the  creation  of  the  settlements  into  a  com- 
monwealth.    He  succeeded,  and  in  1644,  he  returned  with  a 
charter,  making  the  Providence  and  Rhode  Island  Plan- 
tations an  independent  colony.     Thus  were  laid  the 
foundations  of  the  commonwealth  of  Rhode  Island. 
24,  We  have  considered  in  this  section — 
(1)  The  relations  of  King  James  to  the  Roman  Cath- 
olics ;  (2)  the  creation  of  Lord  Baltimore  and  the  char- 
ter for  Maryland ;  (3)  the  settlements  of  Maryland  and 
the  government  of  the  province  ;  (4)  settlements  in  the 

Valley  of  the  Connecticut ;  (5)  the  war  with  the  Pe- 
quods,  the  settlement  at  New  Haven,  and  the  founding 
of  the  commonwealth  of  Connecticut;  and  (6)  the 

founding  of  the  commonwealth  of  Rhode  Island. 


SECTION   IV. 

SETTLERS  AND    SETTLEMENTS   IN    DELAWARE,  NEW  JERSEY  AND 
PENNSYLVANIA. 

1.  In  the  year  1638,  a  small  colony  from  Sweden,  with 
Peter  Minuit1  as  governor,  sent  by  the  Swedish  West 
India  Company,  made  the  first  permanent  settlement  on 
the  present  domain  of  Delaware.  It  was  on  the  site  of  New- 
castle. They  built  a  fort  and  church  on  the  site  of  Wil- 
mington, and  called  the  territory  New  Sweden, 

QUESTIONS.— 23.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  charter  of  Khode  Island  and  the 
founding  of  the  commonwealth  ?    21  What  have  we  considered  in  this  section  ? 

QUESTIONS.— 1.  What  can  you  tell  about  first  permanent  settlers  in  Delaware  ? 
1  min'-wit, 


68  SETTLER 3  AND   SETTLEMENTS. 

The  Swedes  on  the  ^Delaware.  Settlements  in  JVew  Jersey. 

2.  The  Dutch  claimed  the  territory  as  a  part  of  New 
Netherlands,    and    ordered    the   Swedes    to    leave.      The 
Swedes  stayed.     The  colony  grew,  and  finally  they  laid  the 
foundations  of   the  capital  of  a  Swedish  province  upon  an 
island  a  little  below  Philadelphia. 

3.  The  Dutch   West  India  Company  now  resolved  to 
subdue  or  expel  the  Swedes.     Governor  Stuyvesant 1  went  to 
the  Delaware  from  Manhattan,  with  ships  and  soldiers, 
in  the  summer  of  1655,  and  within  a  month  he  subjugated 
the  Swedes  and  destroyed  their  capital.     New  Sweden 
was  no  more.     Its  colonists  remained  faithful  subjects  of  the 
Dutch  and  English  ever  afterward. 

4.  New  Jersey  was  also  a  part  of  New  Netherland. 
Just  below  the  site  of  Camden  the  Dutch  built  a  fort  in 
1623.     Four  young  married  couples  came  from  Manhattan 
the  same  year,  and  began  a  settlement  on  the  Delaware, 
near  this  fort.     Some  Danes  had  settled  at  Bergen*  the 
year  before. 

5.  In   1664,  the  Duke  of  York,  to  whom  New  Nether- 
land  had  been  granted  by  his  brother,  King  Charles,  took 
possession  of  the  whole  province  by  force  of  arms  ;  and  the 
same  year  some  English  families  of  Long  Island  settled 
on  the  site  of  Elizabeth,  in  New  Jersey. 

6.  The  following  year  the  Duke  granted  the  territory  be- 
tween the  Hudson  and  Delaware  rivers  to  Lord  Berkeley 3 
and  Sir  George  Carteret.      The  latter  sent  Philip  Car- 


QUESTIONS.— 2.  What  did  the  Dutch  do  ?  What  did  the  Swedes  do  ?  3.  What  can 
you  tell  about  the  act  of  the  Dutch  West  India  Company  and  General  Stuyvesant  ? 
4.  What  can  you  tell  about  first  settlements  in  New  Jersey  ?  5.  What  did  the  Duke 
of  York  do  ?  What  people  went  to  New  Jersey  ?  6.  What  did  the  Duke  of  York  do 
then  ?  What  did  Carteret  do  ? 

1  sti'-ve-sant,    *  bur-g'n,    3  berk'-ly. 


SETTLERS  AND  SETTLEMENTS. 


Founding  of  New  Jersey  and   "Pennsylvania. 


WILLIAM  PENN. 


teret 1  as  governor,  and  steps  were  taken  to  promote  emigra- 
tion to  that  province. 

7,  The  territory  was  called  New  Jersey,  in  honor  of 
Sir  George,  who  had  been  governor  of  Jersey,  one  of  the 
British  islands.  A  representative  government  was 
established  in  1665,  and  then  the  foundations  of  the  com- 
monwealth of  New  Jersey  were  laid. 

8.  Less  than  twenty  years  later, 
another  colony  was  established  be- 
yond the  Delaware  by  William 
Penn,  son  of  the  eminent  English 
admiral  of  that  name.  He  was  ci  a 
i  ^3mi  \ WP^  sect  w^°  ca^ec*  tnemselves  "Friends," 
^^Rliiv\'  ^ut  w^°  were  name<^  Quakers  in 
derision.  They  were  persecuted  in 
England,  and,  like  other  leading 
non-conformists,  Penn  desired  to  find  an  asylum  for  his 
brethren  where  they  might  enjoy  peace. 

9.  Already  the  "  Friends  "  had  possession  of  West  Jersey 
by  purchase,  and  had  founded  a  settlement  at  a  place  which 
they  called  Salem.     Penn  sought  and  obtained  a  charter 
for  the  territory  between  New  Jersey  and  Maryland,  in 
1681,  to  which  the  King  gave  the  name  of  Pennsylvania. 
The  land  was  given  in  payment  of  a  debt  which  the  King 
owed  to  Penn's  father. 

10.  Penn  sent  a  deputy  to  organize  civil  government  on 
his  domain.      Emigrants  followed  ;  and  when  Penn  came 

QUESTIONS  —7.  How  came  New  Jersey  to  be  so  named  ?  What  can  you  tell  about 
the  government  ?  8.  What  can  you  tell  about  William  Penn  and  the  Friends  or  Qua- 
kers ?  9.  Give  an  account  of  the  Friends  in  New  Jersey  and  the  charter  given  to 
Penn.  10.  What  did  Penn  do  ?  Give  an  account  of  his  coming  to  America  and  what 
was  done. 

1  kar'-te-ret. 


SETTLERS  ANt>  SETTLEMENTS. 


"Delaware   ^Purchased  by   f*enn.  f*enn  founds   ^Philadelphia, 

over  the  next  year,  and  landed  at  Newcastle,  he  was  met  by 
a  thousand  settlers.  He  had  purchased  Delaivare  from 
the  Duke  of  York,  and,  in  the  presence  of  the  settlers,  a 
formal  surrender  of  the  domain  was  made  to  Penn. 

1  1,  Penn  made  a  wise  and  just  treaty  with  the  In- 
dians, which  remained  inviolate  so  long  as  any  of  his 
family  were  proprietors  of  the  prov- 
ince. He  met  the  first  repre- 
sentative assembly  at  Chester, 
and  gave  them  a  new  and  liberal 
charter  ;  and  between  the  Delaware 

and    Schuylkill    he    laid  OUt  a  city,   THE  ASSEMBLY  HOUSE  AT   CHES- 

which  he  named  Philadelphia  1  — 

City  of  Brotherly  Love.     Thus  were  laid  the  foundations  of 

the  commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania. 

12.  In  this  section  we  have  considered  — 

(1)  The  Swedish  settlement  on  the  Delaware  ;  (2)  the 
movements  of  the  Dutch  in  relation  to  them;  (3)  the 
first  settlements  in  New  Jersey  and  the  claims  and  acts 
of  the  Duke  of  York  and  of  the  subsequent  proprietor  of 
New  Jersey  ;  (4)  William  Penn,  his  charter  for  Penn- 
sylvania and  his  doings  there  ;  (5)  his  treaty  with  the 
Indians,  his  meeting  the  first  representative  assembly 
and  his  founding  of  Philadelphia. 

QUESTIONS.—  11.  Give  an  account  of  Penn's  treaty  with  the  Indians,  meeting  the 
Assembly  and  laying  out  a  city.    12.  What  have  we  considered  in  this  section  ? 

1  fil-a-del'-fla. 


SETTLERS  AND  SETTLEMENTS.  Vl 

Settlements  in  North    Carolina.  Two    Colonies  founded  there. 

SECTION  V. 

SETTLERS  AND  SETTLEMENTS    IN  THE  CAROLINAS   AND  GEORGIA. 

1.  We  have  noticed  the  unsuccessful  attempts  to  make 
settlements  on  the  coasts  of  North  and  South  Carolina. 
The  first  persons  who  settled  and  remained  in   North  Caro- 
lina went  from  Jamestown,  between  the  years  1640  and 
1650.      They   lived  happily  without  any  government   for 
awhile. 

2.  Others  followed  these  earlier  emigrants,  and  in  1663, 
William  Drummond,  a  Presbyterian  preacher,  was  made 
their  governor.     The  King  had  given  the  country  to  eight  of 
his  friends.     One  of  these  was  the  Duke  of  Albemarle,1 
and  Drujnmoncl's  province  was  called    the  Albemarle 
County  Colony.     In  honor  of  the  King  (Charles,  Latin 
Carolus),  the  country  was  named  Carolina. 

3.  In  1665,  some  emigrants  came  from  Barbadoesz  with 
Sir  John   Yeamans,  and  made  a  settlement  on  the  Cape 
Fear  River,  near  Wilmington.     A  government  was  organ- 
ized, with  Yeamans  as  governor.     In  honor  of  Lord  Clar- 
endon, another  of  the  proprietors,  it  was  called  the  Claren- 
don County  Colony. 

4.  These  two  colonies  were  within  the  limits  of  North 
Carolina.    In  1668,  a  popular  legislative  assembly 
was  convened  at  Edenton,  in  Albemarle  County  Colony, 
and  then  were  laid  the  foundations  of  the  commonwealth  of 
North  Carolina. 

QUESTIONS.— 1.  What  can  you  tell  about  settlers  in  North  Carolina  ?  2.  Give  an 
account  of  permanent  settlers  there,  with  a  governor.  3.  Give  an  account  of  a  set- 
tlement on  the  Cape  Fear  River.  4.  What  can  you  tell  about  government  in  North 
Carolina? 

1  ahl'-be-marl.    2  bar-ba'-doze. 


SETTLERS  AND  SETTLEMENTS. 


South    Carolina   Settled. 


5.  Two  years  later  (1670)  some  emigrants  under  William 
Sayle  and  Joseph  West  attempted  to  make  a  settlement  on 
Beaufort*  Island.  They  soon  left  that  spot,  sailed  into 
the  harbor  of  Charleston,  and  settled  on  the  Ashley  River, 
a  few  miles  from  its  mouth.  There  they  were  joined  by  Sir 
John  Yeamans,  who  brought  fifty  families  from  Barba- 
does  and  two  hundred  negro  slaves. 


SETTLEMENTS  IN  SOUTH  CAKOLINA. 

6.  Yeainans  was  appointed  governor  of  the  settlers  on  the 
Ashley,  and  in  honor  of  another  proprietor,  that  settlement 
was  called  the  Carteret2  County  Colony.  That  was  in 
1672. 

QUESTIONS.— 5.  Give  an  account  of  settlements  in  South  Carolina  and  the  introduc- 
tion of  negro  slaves.    6.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  settlement  on  the  Ashley  River  ? 

1  bo>-furt.    2  kar'-te-ret. 


SETTLERS  AWI)  SETTLEMENTS 


Charleston  Founded. 


Propositions  for  Settling    Georr/irt. 


7.  Eight  years  later  (1680)  Charleston  was  founded  at 
the  junction  of  the  Ashley  and  Cooper  rivers.  Emigrants 
came  and  settlements  spread.  Representative  govern- 
ment was  established  in 
1682,  and  thus  the  com- 
monwealth of  South 
Carolina  was  founded. 

8.    The   cruel  laws  of 
England,  which   caused 
many   worthy   people    to 
be     imprisoned     for 
CHARLESTON  IN  1680. '  debt,      caused      General 

James  Edward  Oglethorpe?  a 
member  of  parliament,  to  assist  in 
devising  a  scheme  for  their  relief. 
He  proposed  to  release  all  such  prison- 
ers on  the  condition  that  they  should 
immediately  emigrate  to  America. 
9.  A  law  to  that  effect  was 
passed.  The  King  granted  a  char- 
ter in  1732  for  the  founding  of  a 
colony  in  the  country  south  of  the 
Savannah  River.  A  company 
was  formed  to  act  as  trustees  for  twenty  years. 


JAMBS  EDWARD   OGLETHORPE. 


Late  in  the 


QUESTIONS.— 7.  Give  an  account  of  the  founding  of  Charleston  and  the  spread  of 
settlements.  8.  What  state  of  things  in  England  caused  Oglethorpe  to  propose  emi- 
gration to  America?  What  was  his  proposition?  9.  What  was  done  in  the  matter 
of  emigration  to  Georgia  ? 

1  The  above  engraving  illustrates  the  manner  of  fortifying  towns,  as  a  defence 
against  foes.  It  exhibits  the  walls  of  Charleston  in  1680.  and  the  location  of  churches, 
in  1704.  The  points  marked  a,  a,  a,  etc.,  are  bastions  for  cannons.  P,  English 
church ;  Q,  French  church ;  R,  Independent  church ;  S,  Anabaptist  church ;  and  T, 
Quaker  meeting-house. 


SETTLERS  AND  SETTLEMENTS. 


First  Settlers  in    Georgia.  Founding  of  the  State  of  Georgia. 

autumn  of  1732,  one  hundred  and  twenty  emigrants  —  re- 
leased prisoners  for  debt  —  sailed  for  the  Savannah  River, 
with  Oglethorpe  as  their  governor. 

10.  At  the  middle  of  February,  1733,  Oglethorpe  and 
his  followers  were  on  Yamacraw  Bluff,  the  site  of  the  city 
of  Savannah.     There  they  had  a  friendly  interview  with 
To-mo-ehi-chi,i  the  great  chief  of  the  Creek  confederacy, 
who  showed  warm  friendliness,  and  presented  Oglethorpe 
with  a  buffalo  skin,  on  which  was  the  figure  of  an  eagle. 

11.  On  that  spot  Oglethorpe  built  a  fort  and  laid  the 
foundations   of  the  capital  of   the  future  State,    which  he 
called   Georgia,   in   compliment    to    the    reigning    King, 
George  the  Second.     Then  and  there  the  commonwealth  of 
Georgia  was  founded. 

12.  In  this  section  we  have  considered— 

(1)  The  beginning  of  settlements  in  the  Carolinas  ; 

(2)  the  causes  which  led  to  the  settlement  of  Georgia  ;  and 

(3)  the  chief  incidents  of  that  settlement. 

13.  In  the  chapter  here  ended  we  have  considered  the 
subject  of  the  settlers  and  settlements,  as  the  beginning  of 
the  colonies  of  New  England,  New  York,  New  Jersey, 
Pennsylvania,    Delaware,    Maryland,     Virginia,    the 
Carolinas  and  Georgia.     We  will  now  consider  the  his- 
tory of  these  colonies,  until  the  period  of  the  French 
and  Indian    War,   when  they   assumed   the   form   of   a 
national  league. 

QUESTIONS.—  10.  Give  an  account  of  the  emigratjpn  to  Georgia.  11.  What  can  you 
tell  about  the  founding  of  Savannah  and  the  name  of  the  State  ?  12.  What  have  we 
considered  in  this  section  ?  13.  What  have  we  considered  in  the  chapter  here  ended, 
and  what  shall  we  now  consider  ? 

1  to-mo-chi'-cM. 


SETTLERS  AND   SETTLEMENTS. 


Outline  of  Important  Events. 


OUTLINE  OF  IMPORTANT  EVENTS  FROM  1606  TO  1733. 

1606,  Plymouth  and  London  Companies  chartered. 

1607.  English  emigrants  land  in  Virginia,     Captain  Smith  saves  them 

from  starvation.     Smith  saved  by  Pocahontas. 

1GOS.  Newport  arrives  at  Jamestown  with  more  emigrants.  Smith  ex- 
plores Chesapeake  Bay  and  its  neighborhood.  First  English 
women  seen  in  Virginia. 

1609,  London  Company  obtain  a  new  charter.     Many  emigrants  go  to 

Virginia. 

1610,  Fatal  sickness  at  Jamestown.     Arrival  of  Governor  Delaware. 

1611,  Better  emigrants  come  to  Virginia. 

1611.  Another  charter  given  to  the  London  Company. 

1612.  Pocahontas  kidnapped.     She  marries  John  Rolfe. 

1613.  Block's  ship  burned  at  Manhattan. 

1614-  Block  discovers  the  Connecticut  River  and  other  places  on  the 
New  England  coast.  Holland  charters  a  company  to  trade  on 
the  Hudson  River.  Captain  Smith  explores  the  New  England 
coasts. 

1620.  English  Puritans  in  Holland  emigrate  to  America.     They  land 

on  the  shore  of  Massachusetts.     Plymouth  Company  receives 
a  new  name  and  a  new  charter. 

1621.  Dutch  West  India  Company  chartered.      They  buy  Manhattan 

island  and  establish  the  province  of  New  Netherland.    Plym- 
outh Colony  founded. 

1622.  Part  of  New  England  granted  to  Mason  and  Gorges.    First  set- 

tlement made  in  New  Jersey. 

1623.  First  settlement  of  families  in  New  Netherland.    First  settlement 

on  the  Delaware,  in  New  Jersey. 
1629.  Exeter,  N.  H.,  founded.     New  Hampshire  granted  to  Mason 

1631.  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  founded.     Clayborne  appears  in  Maryland. 

1632.  Charter  for  Maryland  given  to  Lord  Baltimore.     First  English 

settlers  appear  in  the  Valley  of  the  Connecticut. 

1634.  Maryland  settled. 

1635.  First  legislature  of  Maryland  meet  at  St.  Marys.    Second  party  of 

English  emigrants  in  the  Valley  of  the  Connecticut 

1636.  Third  English  emigrants  to  the  Connecticut  Valley.    Roger  Will- 

iams banished  from  Massachusetts,  and  founds  Providence,  R.  I. 

1637.  War  with  the  Pequods. 

1638.  Settlement  at  New  Haven.     First  settlement  on  Rhode  Island, 

Swedish  colony  settle  on  the  Delaware. 


SETTLERS  AND   SETTLEMENTS. 


Outline  of  Important  Events. 


1639.  Newport  founded.      Representative  government  established  in 

the  Connecticut  Valley  and  in  Maryland. 

1640.  1650.  Settlements  made  in  Upper  North  Carolina. 

1641.  New  Hampshire  annexed  to  Massachusetts. 
1644.  Royal  charter  for  Rhode  Island  issued. 

1655.  Swedes  on  the  Delaware  subdued  by  the  Dutch. 

1664.  New  Netherland  passes  into  the   possession  of  the   English. 

English  families  settle  at  Elizabeth,  N.  J. 

1665.  Territory  of  New  Jersey  granted  to  Lord  Berkeley'and  Sir  George 

Carteret.    Emigrants   from   Barbadoes  settle  near  the  Cape 

Fear  River. 

1668.  Representative  government  established  in  North  Carolina. 
1670.  Emigrants  settle  on  the  Ashley  River,  in  South  Carolina.     Negro 

slaves  there  first  introduced  into  South  Carolina  from  Barba- 

does. 
1672.  Carteret  County  Colony  founded  in  South  Carolina. 

1680.  Charleston  founded. 

1681.  William  Penn  receives  a  charter  for  Pennsylvania. 

1682.  Penn  first  visits  America.    He  makes  a  treaty  with  the  Indians. 

Meets  the  first  legislative  assembly  of  his  province  at  Chester. 
Republican  government  established  in  South  Carolina. 
1733.  Georgia  founded  by  Oglethorpe. 


THE   COLONIES. 


77 


Enc/lish  Settlements  and  Colonies. 


CHAPTER     III. 

THE    COLONIES 

.«  .»  ». 

SECTION    I. 

THE  COLONY  OF  VIRGINIA. 


SEAL  OF  VIRGINIA. 


1 .  In  the  same  order  of  time,  and  name,  that  we  have  con- 
sidered the  English  settlements  in  America,  out  of 
which  grew  the  colonies,  we  will  now  consider  the  history 
of  those  colonies.    We  will  begin  with  Virginia. 

2.  We  have  seen  that  a  representative  government  was 
established  in  Virginia — the  first  in  America — in  the  sum- 

QUESTIONS.— 1, 2.  What  have  we  obberved?  and  what  was  lacking  in  Virginia? 


78  THE   COLONIES. 


Women  and  Slaves  in  Yirginia.  Murders  by  Indians. 

mer  of  1619.  But  an  important  element  in  the  structure  of 
a  state  was  wanting.  There  were  no  white  women  in 
the  colony.  That  want  was  soon  supplied. 

3.  In  the  year  1620,  ninety  young  women,  "pure  and  un- 
corrupt,"  were  sent  to  Virginia  to  become  wives  for  the 
planters  or  farmers  there.    The  family  relation  and  homes 
were  thus  established,  and  so  the  more  solid  foundations  of  a 
state  were  laid. 

4.  A  year  earlier  a  Dutch,  trader  took  twenty  captives 
from  Africa    to   Jamestown,    and   sold   them   for    slaves. 
So  negro  slavery  was  first  introduced  into  the  United 
States. 

5.  Emigrants  now  flocked  to  Virginia.    New  settlements 
were  formed.     In  1621  Sir  Francis  Wyatt  was  appointed 
governor,  and  brought  with  him  a  written  charter  which 
gave  the  people  the  privilege  of  electing  the  members  of  the 
legislative   assembly.     He   established  regular   courts   of 
justice  like  those  in  England. 

6.  Trouble  now  fell  upon  the  colonists.     Poivhatan  was 
dead,  and  his  brother,  an  enemy  of  the  English,  ruled  the 
Indian  empire.     He  planned  the  destruction  of  the 
English  in   Virginia.     In  April,  1622,  his  warriors  fell 
upon  the  people  of  eighty  plantations  out  of  Jamestoivn. 

7.  Seventy-two  of  the  plantations  were  desolated.     Three 
hundred  and  fifty  men,  women,  and   children  were  mur- 
dered.    The  surviving  Englishmen  struck  the  Indians 
such  a  terrible  blow  in  return  that  the  dusky  nation  was 
almost  destroyed. 

QUESTIONS.— 3.  What  can  you  tell  about  women  and  homes  in  Virginia  ?  4.  When 
and  how  were  negro  slaves  first  introduced  into  the  United  States?  5.  What  can 
you  tell  about  emigration  to,  and  a  new  government  in,  Virginia  ?  6.  What  trouble 
befeU  the  colony  ?  7.  Give  an  account  of  the  massacre  by  the  Indians. 


THE  COLONIES. 


Sufferings  in  Virginia. '       Virginia  a  Itoyat  Province. 

8.  Sickness  followed  the  massacre,  and  of  the  four  thou- 
sand settlers  who  were  in  Virginia  in  the  spring,  by  mid- 
summer not  more  than  twenty-five  hundred  remained 
alive. 

9.  In  1624,  King  James  took  Virginia  from  the  Lon- 
don Company,  and  it  became  a  royal  province.     The 
governor  and  twelve   councillors    were    appointed  by   the 
crown  ;  the  members  of  the  Assembly,  or  House  of  Burgesses, 
were  chosen  by  the  people. 

10.  As  a  rule,  the  people  prospered  under  the  royal  gov- 
ernors.    They  lived  well,  and  exported  products   of   their 
soil.    Tobacco  became  an   important   article  of  commerce, 
and  a  sort  of  currency  for  the  colony,  being  rated  at  about 
seventy-five  cents  a  pound. 

11.  After   several   changes  in  the   governorship  of  Vir- 
ginia, Sir  William  Berkeley1  was  appointed  chief  magis- 
trate in  1641.    He  ruled  the  colony  with  wisdom,  and  held 
the  people  of  Virginia  loyal  to  the  crown  during  the  civil 
war  in  England.     That  war  began  in  1642,  and  ended  in 
1649,  when  the  Republicans  cut  off  the  head  of  King 
Charles  and  made  Oliver  Cromwell  ruler. 

12.  In  1644,  the  Indians  again  fell  upon  the  English 
and  murdered  about  three  hundred  of  them.    The  savages 
were  so  terribly  smitten  in  return  by  the  English  that  they 
never  again  gave  the  colonists  any  trouble. 

13.  During  Cromwell's  rule,  the  Virginians  remained 

QUESTIONS.— 8.  What  other  misfortune  fell  upon  the  colony  ?  9.  What  can  you 
tell  about  a  change  in  the  government  of  Virginia  ?  10.  What  can  you  tell  about  the 
life  and  industry  of  the  people?  11.  Who  became  governor  of  Virginia,  and  what 
did  be  do  ?  What  was  a  result  of  a  civil  war  in  England  ?  12.  Tell  about  another 
massacre  by  the  Indians.  13.  How  did  the  Virginians  show  their  loyalty  to  the 
monarch  ? 

1  fyurk'-ly. 


80  THE   COLONIES. 


Civil  War  in  Virginia.  Revolution  in  England. 

the  firm  friends  of  the  dead  King's  family.  They  invited 
his  son,  Charles,  to  come  to  Virginia  and  reign  there  as 
King.  He  was  placed  on  the  throne  of  his  father  in  1660. 

14.  There  were  now  many  republicans  in  Virginia,  for 
the  new  monarch  became  the  oppressor  of  the  colonists. 
These  republicans  opposed  Governor  Berkeley,  for  he  was  a 
proud  royalist,  and  had  become  exacting  and  persecuting  in 
matters  of  church  and  state.     Disputes  ran  high,  and  led  to 
civil  war  in  1676,  in  which  the  Republicans  were  led  by 
Nathaniel  Bacon. 

15.  Berkeley  proclaimed  Bacon  to  be  a  traitor.     The 
majority  of  the  people  took  sides  with  the  "rebel."     He 
drove  the  governor  from  Jamestown. 

When  informed  that  royal  troops 
were  coming  against  him,  he  laid 
Jamestown  in  ashes.  Everything 
was  destroyed  but  the  old  church 
tower,  which  yet  remains. 

16.  Bacon  died  soon  afterward, 
and  the  war,  known  as  "Bacon's 

CHURCH  TOWER. 

Rebellion,"    ceased.      At    length 

King  James  the  Second,  who  succeeded  his  brother,  King 
Charles  the  Second,  was  driven  from  the  throne,  and  in 
1689  his  son-in-law,  William  of  Orange,  with  Mary,  his 
daughter,  became  joint  monarchs  of  England. 

17.  After  that  England  had  better  rulers.      Virginia 
and  all  the  other  colonies  prospered  wonderfully,  until  they 
joined  in  a  common  struggle  for  independence,  in  1775. 

QUESTIONS.— 14.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  governor  and  the  cause  of  civil  war 
in  Virginia  ?  15.  What  did  Berkeley  and  Bacon  do  ?  16.  How  did  the  civil  war  end  ? 
what  was  it  called?  and  what  occurred  in  England?  17.  What  can  you  tell  about 
the  condition  of  England  and  the  colonies  after  that  ? 


THE   COLONIES. 


81 


fndians  at  Plymouth. 


1 8.  In  this  section  we  have  considered — 

(1)  The  state  of  society  in  Virginia  and  its  improve- 
ment; (2)  the  introduction  of  negro  slavery  into  that 
colony  ;  (3)  a  change  in  the  government ;  (4)  the  sufferings 
of  the  colonists  ;  (5)  the  effects  of  the  civil  war  in  England  ; 
(6)  the  loyalty  of  the  Virginians,  and  (7)  "  Bacon's  Re- 
bellion." 


SECTION     II. 

THE  COLONY  OF   MASSACHUSETTS. 


SEAL  OP  MASSACHUSETTS. 

1.  In  the  spring  of  1621  Indians  prowled  around  the 
settlement  at  Plymouth.  One  of  them  went  among  the 
huts,  and  in  broken  words  said  :  "  Welcome  Englishmen  ! " 

QUESTIONS. — 18.  What  have  we  considered  in  this  section  ? 
QUESTIONS.— 1.  What  can  you  tell  about  Indians  at  Plymouth? 


82  THE   COLONIES. 


Treaty  with  Indians.  Ticious  Emigrants. 

He  was  Squanto,  who  had  been  carried  to  England  a  cap- 
tive, and  had  returned. 

2.  Squanto  was  the  herald  of  Massasoit,1  sachem  of  the 
Wajnpanoags.     The  latter  came  in  stately  pomp,  with  sixty 
warriors,  to  confer  with  Governor  Carver.     He  tarried  on  a 
hill ;  and,  when  invited,  he  went  into  the  village  and  made 
a  treaty  of  friendship  with  the  English,  which  was  kept 
inviolate  fifty  years. 

3.  The   colony,    reduced  by   deaths,   was   reinforced  by 
many  new  comers  from  England  the  following  summer. 
The  protection  of  Massasoit' s  friendship  gave  them  peace. 
Prosperity  and  happiness  followed  industry  and  thrift,  until 
society  was  disturbed  by  the  arrival  of  some  emigrants  who 
had  been  sent  by  a  discontented  member  of  the  Company  to 
plant  a  new  settlement. 

4.  Many  of  the  new-comers  were  idle  and  vicious,  and 
offended  the  Indians  by  their  bad  conduct.     Fearing  the 
savages,  they  called  on  Captain  Miles  Standish  to  protect 
them.     After  seeing  several  of  the  In- 

dians  slain  by  this  fiery  soldier,  these 
worthless  settlers  returned  to  England. 

5.  The  partnership  between  the  "Pil- 
grims "  and  the  London  merchants  was 
dissolved  at  the  end  of  seven  years,  when 
the  former  became  sole  owners  of  the 

..  FIBST  COLONY  SEAL. 

soil.     Greater  prosperity  was  the  conse- 
quence of  the  change.     Their  democratic  government  con- 

QUESTIONS.— 2.  What  did  Squanto  do  ?  Give  an  account  of  an  interview  with  Mas- 
sasoit. 3.  What  can  you  tell  about  new  emigrants,  and  the  result  of  Massasoit's 
friendship  ?  4.  Give  an  account  of  new  comers  and  their  conduct.  5.  What  can  you 
tell  about  a  change  in  ownership  and  in  the  government  of  Plymouth  V 

1  mqs-sa-saw'-tt. 


THE  COLONIES.  83 


Settlements  in  Massachusetts.     Union  of  Plymouth  and  Massachusetts. 

tinned  in  force  until  1634,  when  a  representative  system 
was  established,  and  a  colonial  seal  was  adopted. 

6 .  The  prosperity  at  Plymouth  caused  leading  Puritans 
in  England  to  form  an  association  under  the  name  of  the 
Massachusetts  Bay  Company,  to  colonize  other  por- 
tions of  New  England.     They  purchased  lands  and  sent 
out  emigrants  in  1628,  with  John  Endicot  as  governor,  who 
settled  at  Salem  and  built  cabins  at    Charlestown. 

7.  The  charter  of  the  company  was  transferred  to  the 
colony  in  1629,  which  gave  the  people  self-government.     The 
next  year,  three  hundred  more  families  came  to  Salem,  and 
some  of  these  settled  on  the  peninsula  where  Boston  now 
stands. 

8.  These   settlements  were  soon 
united,    with    John    Winthrop    as 
governor.     The   foundations   of  the 
city  of  Boston  were  laid  where  this 
magistrate's  cottage  was  built. 

9.  The    Plymouth  and  Mas- 
sachusetts Bay  colonies  existed 
separately    until    1692,    when    they 
were  united  by  royal  decree.    From 

JOHN   WINT1IBOP.  ,1  ,  •  ,  M       ,11-,  ,, 

that  time  until  the  old  "war  for 

independence,  the  whole  domain  was  known  as  Massa 
chusetts  Bay. 

10.   Winthrop  was  a  wise  man  and  ruled  well.     He  made 
friends  with  the  Indians.     He  held  friendly  intercourse  with 


QUESTIONS.— 6.  Give  an  account  of  a  new  settlement  by  Puritans.  7.  What  can 
you  tell  about  their  charter  and  a  settlement  on  the  site  of  Boston  ?  8.  Tell  about 
the  unity  of  settlements  and  the  founding  of  Boston.  9.  What  can  you  tell  about  the 
formation  of  the  Massachusetts  Bay  Colony  ?  10,  What  can  you  tell  about  Governor 
Wintluop  and  the  prosperity  of  the  colony  ? 


84  THE  COLONIES. 


Theological  "Disputes.    Roger  Williams  and  yinne  Hutchinson  "Banished. 

the  Dutch  on  Manhattan ;  and  ships  came  from  Virginia 
to  trade  with  the  people  of  Boston  and  Salem.  In  this 
way  the  Coast  Trade  of  this  country  was  begun. 

11.  The   colony   prospered  wonderfully.     It   comprised 
twenty  settlements  in  1636,  when  it  was  greatly  agitated  by 
theological  disputes.     Its  government  was  carried  on 
by   a   governor,   deputy-governor,    and    magistrates    called 
"assistants,"  who,   with  the  members   of    the  legislature, 
were  all  elected  by  the  "  freemen,"  who  were  church  mem- 
bers. 

12.  The  Puritans  of  Massachusetts,  having  escaped 
from  the  persecutions  of  Churchmen,  regarded  them  as 
deadly  foes,  and  kept  them  at  a  distance.     Desiring  to  enjoy, 
without  molestation,  their  peculiar  religious  doctrines  and 
forms  of  worship,  they  could  not  tolerate  any  non-conform- 
ity, and  so  in  turn  became  persecutors. 

13.  In  1635  the  authorities  of  Massachusetts  decreed 
the  banishment  of  Roger  Williams,  a  Puritan  preacher, 
because  he  upheld  the  rights    of   conscience   against   the 
authority  of  magistrates,   and  advocated  toleration  in 
matters  of  religion.     He  went  to  Narraganset  Bay 
and  founded  the  colony  of  Rhode  Island. 

14.  For  a  similar  offence  they  first  imprisoned  and  then 
banished  an  accomplished  woman  named  Anne  Hutchin- 
son, with  her  family.     She  finally  perished  in  the  wilderness, 
at  the  hands  of  the  Indians,  near  New  York. 

15.  The  civil  war  in  England  left  the  colonists  free  to 
act.     Those  of  New  England,  excepting  Rhode  Island, 

QUESTIONS.— 11.  Tell  about  the  growth  of  the  colony  and  its  government.  12. 
How  did  the  Puritans  regard  churchmen,  and  what  did  they  do  ?  13.  Give  an  account 
of  the  banishment  of  Roger  Williams.  14.  Give  an  account  of  Anne  Hutchinson. 
15.  What  did  some  New  England  colonies  do  ? 


THE  COLONIES. 


85 


New  England  Confederacy.        Commerce  and  Coinage  in  Massachusetts. 

formed  a  political  confederacy  in  1643,  to  oppose  royal 
encroachments  and  hostile  Indians. 

16.  At  that  time  there  were  fifty  villages  and  twenty 
thousand  whites   in   New  England.     The   Confederation 
promised  good  results.     Each  colony  was  represented  in  a 
-Congress  which  had  general  supervision  of  the  affairs  of 
the  Union. 

17.  The  league  then   formed  lasted  more,  than  forty 
years,  when  mutual  jealousies  caused  it  to  be  dissolved.     It 
was   the   first   important   step   toward   the   formation  of  a 
national  confederacy  in  America. 

18.  Unlike    the    people   of  Virginia,  those    of  Mas- 
sachusetts took  sides   against   the  King  during  the  Civil 
War.    While  Cromivell  ruled  they  prospered  wonderfully, 
and  had  almost  absolute  freedom.     They  built  ships   and 
traded  with   the   Spanish  colonies  in   the   West  Indies. 
Thus  they  began  the  foreign  commerce  of  the  United 
States. 

19.  The    Massachusetts   colonists    also    coined    silver 

money.  They  issued  six- 
pences and  shillings,  on 
which  was  the  figure  of 
a  pine-tree.  These  were 
first  issued  in  1652.  This 
was  the  first  coinage  in 
the  United  States. 

20.  The  same  year  (1652) 
the  jurisdiction  of  Massachusetts  was  extended  over  the 

QUESTIONS.— 16.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  population  of  New  England  and  a 
Confederation?  17.  What  more  can  you  tell  about  the  Confederation?  18.  What 
can  you  tell  about  the  politics,  independence,  and  enterprise  of  the  New  England 
colonies  ?  Itf.  Tell  about  the  coinage  of  money  in  Massachusetts. 


FIRST   MONBY    COINED    IN   THE    UNITED    STATES. 


80  THE  COLONIES. 


Friends  or  Quakers  in  Boston.    Political  Troubles  in  Massachusetts. 

territory  of  Maine.  But  while  the  Puritans  were  looking 
for  a  further  extension  of  their  domain,  events  occurred 
which  produced  lamentable  scenes  in  Boston. 

2 1 .  Two  women  of  the  sect  called  Friends,  or  Quakers, 
came  to  Boston  in  1656.    The  authorities  there  had  heard 
of  the  denunciations  of  magistrates  by  Friends  in  England, 
and  they  put  these  women  in  jail  to  stop  their  mouths. 

22.  Other.  Friends  came.     They  were  not,  generally,  true 
representatives  of  their  sect.    They  were  fanatics,  and 
real  disturbers  of  good  order.     They  were  driven  away ;  and, 
finally,  others  who  came,  and  seemed  to  court  martyrdom, 
were  imprisoned,  whipped,  and  banished.     They  were  threat  - 
ened  with  death  if  they  should  return.     Some  did  return  and 
were  handed. 

23.  When  persecution  of  these  people  ceased,  the  Friends 
were  no  longer  disturbers  of  the  peaee.      But  another  trouble 
eame  upon  the  people  of  Massachusetts.     When  Charles 
the  Second  came  to  the  throne  in  1660,  he  determined  to 
punish  the.Vr/r  I'Ji  glanders  for  their  friendship  for  Croin- 
ict'/l  and  Kepublieanism.      lie  ordered  them   to  pay  taxes  to 
the  government  in  the  shape  of  a  eertain  amount  of  money 
for  everything  that  was  reeeived  from  England  in  ships. 

24.  This   act.  was  in   violation  of    their   eharter.      The 
Mitsstn'lutst-tts  meivhants  refused  to  pay  the  tax,  and 
the    people   upheld    them    in   it.     The  King  reealled  his  ta\- 

•gatherers;  and  MassacJwtsMs  was  ever  afterward  the 
leader  in  the  march  toward  final  independence. 


QITKSTION»-SO.  What  can  yon  tell  about  the  extension  of  the  jurisdiction  of  Mas- 

iisott*?   81.  GlveiuaaccottutofFriemls,  01  ^nakors,  in  r-,--    •      •:•:   wiu:  IMVO 
>»u   in  tell  about  tho  chttructormid  tmumout  of  Iho  Frieiul-       ;:,->-         •;•;    \Vha: 
ino'r  lia\o  >ou  K>  sa\  about  tin-  KrU'utls  y    What  iu>\v  trouble  ittsturlvtl  llu-  \H\ 
V  liu-rttvsy     %.M.  \VhilUlKl  tho  jKvi'li1  vlo.  and 


THE   COLONIES. 


'in;/    7V//////  nntt  hit  ylctt. 


Enf/landers  in  £*ertl. 


25.  A  worse  trouble  now  fell  upon  New  England.     Old 
Massasoit  was  dead.    His  brave  son,  Metacornet?  known 
as  King  Philip,  did  not  respect  the  treaty  made  with  the 
white  people  by  his  father.     He  suspected  that  they  intended 
to  seize  all  the  lands  of  the  Indians,  and  he  determined  to 
destroy  them. 

26.  King  Philip  laid  his  plans  secretly,  and  on  Sunday, 

the  4th  of  July,  1675,  he  and  his 
followers  attacked  the  inhabi- 
tants of  the  village  of  Swanzey, 
thirty-five  miles  from  Plymouth, 
when  they  were  returning  from 
public  worship.  Many  were  killed 
or  made  captives.  Thus  was  begun 
the  conflict  known  in  history  as 

KING  PHILIP'S  WAR. 
27.  The  white  people  of  New 
England  flew  to  arms,  and  Philip  was   closely  pursued. 
Other   tribes   joined   the    Wampanoags,    and   death   and 
desolation  were  spread  over  the 
settlements,  even  to  the  Connecti- 
cut Valley. 

28.  For  several  months  the 
work  of  the  savages  was  fearful. 
The  white  people  palisaded  their 
houses  ;  but,  for  awhile,  it  seemed 
as  if  the  English  would  all  be  destroyed.  In  December, 

QUESTIONS.— 25.  Give  an  account  of  the  origin  of  trouble  with  the  Indians.  26. 
What  can  you  tell  of  King  1'hilip  :iml  his  attack  on  the  white  people  ?  27.  What  did 
the  white  people  and  the  Indians  then  do '(  28,  What  was  done  during  several 
months  in  New  E 


PALISADED    BUILDING. 


88 


THE   COLONIES. 


King  ^Philip's  Refuge  in  Rhode  Island. 


Philip's  career  was  checked,  and  he  took  refuge  with  the 
Narragansets,  who  violated  their  treaties  by  giving  him 
shelter. 

29.  In  a  swamp  in  Rhode  Island  the  Indians  had  gath- 
ered their  winter  provisions.    There,  too,  the  Narragansets, 


with  Philip  and  his  followers,  took  refuge  from  the  white 
people.  There  were  about  three  thousand  Indian  warriors 
there,  with  women  and  children. 


QUESTIONS.— 29.  Give  an  account  of  the  Indians  and  their  stores  in  a  swamp. 


90  THE  COLONIES. 


'Destruction  of  Indians.     "Death  of  Philip.     ^Lndt-os  in  JVew  England. 

30.  Fifteen  hundred  New  Englanders  surrounded  the 
swamp,  and  at  the  close  of  December,  1675,  they  destroyed 
by  fire  five  hundred  wigwams  with  provisions,  and 
killed  a  thousand  warriors.     Hundreds  of  men,  women, 
and  children  perished  in  the  flames. 

3 1 .  Philip  escaped.     He  gathered  new  allies,  and  opened 
war  vigorously  in  the  spring  of  1676.     It  spread  over  a  space 
of  three  hundred  miles  along  the  coasts  of  New  Eng- 
land.    The  white  people   fought   the   savages  with  equal 
vigor,  killing  many,  and  chasing  Philip  from  one  hiding- 
place  to  another. 

32.  At  length  Philip's  family  were  made  prisoners.     He 
was  shot  in  a  swamp,  and  his  head  was  cut  off  and  carried 
into  Plymouth  on  a  pole.     His  body  was  quartered,  and  his 
little  son  was  sold  for  a  slave  in  Bermuda.    So  per- 
ished the  last  prince  of  the  Wampanoags,1  and  the  war 
was  ended. 

33.  King  Charles  the  Second,  observing  the  power  and 
independence  of  the  New  England  people,  determined  to 
take  away  their  charters  and  rule  them  himself.     He  died 
before  he   effected   his  purpose.     His   brother,  James  the 
Second,  who  succeeded  him,  attempted  the  same  thing.     He 
sent  Edmund  Andros,  in  1686,  to  take  away  their  charters 
and  govern  all  JVeiv  England.     The  people  were  about  to 
send  Andros  back,  when  news  came  that  James  had  been 
driven  from  the  throne  of  England  (1688)  and  had 
fled  to  France. 

QUESTIONS.— 30.  What  can  you  tell  about  an  attack  on  the  Indians  in  the  swamp? 
31.  What  did  Philip  and  the  white  people  then  do?  32.  Give  an  account  of  the  fate 
of  Philip  and  his  family.  33.  What  did  King  Charles  attempt  to  do  ?  What  did  his 
successor  do,  and  what  occurred  in  England  ? 

1  wam-pa-no'-ags. 


THE   COLONIES.  91 


AVV//7  7f  'illiatn'g  War.      Indian  Foray.      Expedition  af/ainsl  Canada. 

34.  William,  a  Hollander,  and  his   wife   Mary,   now 
(1689)  sat  on  the  throne  of  England.    The  King  of  France, 
favored  James,  and  the  French  and  English  made  war 
upon  each  other.     That   war  spread   to  the   French    and 
English  colonies  in  America,  and  is  known  in  history  as 

KING  WILLIAM'S  WAR. 

35.  During  this  conflict,  which  began  in  1689,  the  New 
Englanders  suffered  dreadfully.     The  French  had  gained 
great  influence  over  the  Indians  in   Canada  and  in  the 
East,  and  these  savages  joined  them.    Several  New  Eng- 
land villages  were  burned  and  the  inhabitants  were  mur- 
dered. 

36.  In  February,  1690,  French  and  Indians  went  down 
from  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  at  midnight  set  fire  to  Sche- 
nectady,  near  Albany,  in  New  York,  and  murdered  many 
of  the  inhabitants.     The  people  of  New  York  joined  those 
of  New  England  in  making  war  upon  Canada,  the  home 
of  these  enemies. 

37.  A  land  force  was  sent  by  way  of  Lake  Champlain  to 
attack  Montreal,  and  a  naval  force   was  sent  up  the  St. 
Lawrence  to  capture  Quebec.1   Both  expeditions  failed.    The 
war  continued,  and  the  New  Englanders  suffered  much 
until  it  ended  in  1697,  by  a  treaty  at  Ryswick. 

38.  Meanwhile  there  was  another  change  in  the  govern- 


QUESTIONS.— 34.  Who  succeeded  King  James  ?  What  caused  "  King  William's 
War"?  35.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  sufferings  of  New  Englanders,  and  the 
French  and  Indian  allies  ?  36.  Tell  about  the  destruction  of  Schenectady.  What  did 
New  Yorkers  and  New  Englanders  do?  37.  Give  an  account  of  expeditions  against 
Canada.  38.  What  can  you  tell  about  changes  in  New  England  and  the  creation  of  a 
royal  province  ? 


92  THE   COLONIES. 


Witchcraft  delusion  in  Massachusetts.  Queen  s4.nne's   War. 

ment  of  New  England.  Massachusetts  and  Plymouth 
and  the  Eastern  settlements  were  united  under  one  govern- 
ment. A  new  charter  was  given  in  1692,  and  the  domain 
was  made  a  royal  province,  under  the  name  of  Massa- 
chusetts Bay  Colony. 

39.  A  strange  thing  occurred  in  Massachusetts  in  1692. 
There  was  a  general  belief  in  witches  and  witchcraft.     At 
Salem,  two  young  girls  twitched  and  acted  strangely.     An 
old  Indian  servant  woman  was  accused  of  bewitching  them. 
Very  soon  all  sorts  of  people  acted  as  strangely,  and  many 
respectable  persons — even  the  wife  of  Governor  Phipps — 
were  suspected  of  practising  witchcraft. 

40.  The  delusion  spread,  and  lasted  many  months.     Many 
persons,  some  of  great  respectability,  were  punished  as 
wizards  and  witches.     The  jails  were  filled  with  the 
accused,  and  twenty  suspected  persons  were  hanged.     The 
delusion  ended  as  suddenly  as  it  began,  and  the  accusers 
were  overwhelmed  with  shame. 

41.  The  exiled  King  James  died  in  1701,  and  the  French 
monarch  acknowledged  James'  son  to  be  the  rightful  sov- 
ereign of  England.     William  and  Mary  were  both  dead, 
and  Mary's  sister  Anne  was   on  the  throne.     England 
declared  war  against  France.     The  conflict  that  ensued  is 
known  in  American  history  as 

QUEEN  ANNE'S  WAK. 

42.  As   before,  the  English  and    French   colonies  in 
America  were  involved  in  the  war.     The  white  people  of 

QUESTIONS.— 39.  Give  an  account  of  a  delusion  concerning  witchcraft  in  Massachu- 
setts. 40.  What  further  can  you  tell  about  the  delusion  ?  41.  What  caused  war  be- 
tween England  and  France  ?  Who  then  ruled  England  ?  42.  What  have  you  to  say 
about  the  effects  of  "  Queen  Anne's  War  "  ? 


COLONIES. 


of  the  Fire  Nations.  Expedition  against  Canada. 

New  England   again  suffered  much  from  Indian  cruelties. 

The  frontiers  were  desolated  by  fire,  and 

blood  flowed    in   almost    every  valley. 

Among  the   victims  at  Deerfield  was 

the  Rev.  John  Williams,  though  his 

house  escaped  the  flames. 

43.  A  powerful  confederation  of  In-        WILLIAM8,8  HOUSE. 
dians  in  the  province   of    New  York, 

known  as  the  Five  Nations,  agreed  not  to  fight  for  either 
party.  This  was  a  great  blessing  to  the  white  people,  for 
these  nations  stood  as  a  wall  between  them  and  the  fierce 
savages  of  Canada. 

44.  Some  of  the  New  England  colonies  united  in  fitting 
out  a  fleet  and  army  to  chastise  the  French  in  Nova  Scotia 
or  Acadia.    Little  was  done  until  1710,  when  an  expedition 
from  Boston,  assisted  by  a  fleet   from  England,  captured 
Port  Royal,  in  Acadia. 

45.  In  August,  1711,  seven  thousand  troops  and  a  power- 
ful English  fleet,  under  Sir  Hovenden  Walker,  sailed  for 
Quebec.    At  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  eight  of  the 
ships  were  wrecked  on  the  rocks,  and  a  thousand  men 
perished.     The  remainder  returned.      A  land  force  of  four 
thousand  men,  on  their  way  toward  Montreal,  hearing  of 
this  disaster,  returned  to  Albany. 

46.  The  expedition  against  Canada  was  abandoned.     In 
the   spring  of   1713,   peace   was   secured  by   a  treaty  at 
Utrecht.      The   Eastern  Indians  sent  chiefs  to   Boston 
to  treat  for  peace  the  same  year.     For  thirty  years  after- 

QUESTIONS.— 43.  What  can  you  tell  about  Indians  in  New  York  ?  44.  Give  an  ac- 
count of  expeditions  fitted  out  against  Nova  Scotia.  45.  Tell  about  an  army  and 
navy  sent  to  capture  Quebec.  Also  of  a  force  sent  toward  Montreal.  46.  What  was 
done  ?  What  can  you  tell  about  treaties  of  peace  and  their  result  ? 


04  THE   COLONIES. 


Causes  of  ee  Ring   George's  War."  Capture  of  Louisbnrc/. 

ward  the  New  England   colonies   enjoyed   quiet,  and   pros- 
pered. 

47.  England  and  France  quarrelled  again  in  1744,  and 
commenced  war.     The  English  and  French  colonists  were 
involved  in  the  contest.     George  the  Second  was  then 
monarch  of  England,  and  the  conflict  is  known  in  Ameri- 
can history  as 

KING  GEORGE'S  WAR. 

48.  Eastward   of  Nova  Scotia  is  a  large  island  called 
Cape  Breton.1    On  that  island  the  French  had  a  town 
named  Louisburg,  and  there  they  built  a  strong  fort.     This 
gave  them  great  strength  in  that  region,  and  the  people  of 
New  England  and  New  York  determined  to  capture  the 
fort. 

49.  In  April,  1745,  a  provincial  army  sailed  from  Boston 
for  Cape  Breton.    They  were  joined  by  English  ships  and 
troops  under  Admiral  Warren,  which  came  from  the  West 
Indies,  and  in  May  the  land  forces,  four  thousand  in  num- 
ber, landed  near  Louisburg.     The  French  garrison,  alarmed 
by  such  a  force,  made  but  little  resistance.     The  fort  and 
town  were  surrendered  to  the  English  after  a  siege 
of  only  a  month. 

50.  The  following  year  (1746)  the  Duke  D'Anville*  was 
sent  from  France  to  recapture  Louisburg  and  its  fort.     He 


QTTESTIONS. — 47.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  beginning  of  King  George's  War  ? 
48.  Give  an  account  of  Cape  Breton  and  a  French  town  and  fort  there.  49.  What  can 
you  tell  about  the  capture  of  Louisburg  by  the  English  ?  50.  Tell  about  an  attempt 
of  the  French  to  recapture  Louisburg. 

1  bre'-ton.    2  dan'-mll. 


THE  COLONIES. 


1)'s4.nvilte's  Expedition  to  recover  Z<ouisbiirg. 


CAPTURE  OF  LOUI8BURG  IN  1745. 


had   a    powerful    fleet    and  a    large 
army.     Terrible  storms  wrecked  many 
of    his    vessels,    and    disease    swept 
away  many  of  his  sol- 
diers      and       sailors. 
D'Anville,      disheart- 
ened,      returned      to 
France. 

51.  A  trea- 
ty  of    peace, 
made  at  Aix- 
la-  Cliapelle 1 
in  1748,  ended 
the  war.  There 
was  peace  for  a 

few  years.  Then  mutual  animosities  growing  out  of  these 
conflicts,  and  disputes  concerning  territorial  boundaries, 
caused  another  long  conflict  between  the  three  races.  It  is 
known  in  American  history  as  the  French  and  Indian 
War. 

52.  In  this  section  we  have  considered— 

(1)  The  friendship  of  Massasoit  and  his  people ;  (2)  the 
coming  of  new  emigrants  to  Massachusetts  and  their 
character ;  (3)  the  changes  in  the  ownership  and  govern- 
ment of  Massachusetts;  (4)  the  founding  of  Massa- 
chusetts Bay  Colony ;  (5)  the  government,  and  the  result 
of  theological  disputes ;  (6)  the  New  England  confed- 
eracy ;  (7)  the  politics  of  the  Massachusetts  people  ; 

QUESTIONS.— 51.  What  can  yon  tell  about  a  treaty,  and  the  causes  which  produced 
the  French  and  Indian  War  ?    5fc.  What  have  we  considered  in  this  section  ? 


ak$'la?i-shap'-el. 


THE  COLONIES. 


Purchase  of  Manhattan  Island. 


Fort  &Lmsterdani. 


(8)  their  coinage  of  money ;  (9)  their  treatment  of  the 
"Quakers" ;  (10)  their  defiance  of  the  King ;  (11)  King 
Philip's  War  ;  and  (12)  King  William's,  Queen  Anne's 
and  King  George's  Wars. 


SECTION  III. 

THE  COLONY  OF  NEW  YORK. 


SEAL  OP  NEW  YORK. 

1.  We  have  observed  that  the  colony  of  New  Nether- 
land  was  established  when  families  came  from  Holland  and 
settled  on  Manhattan  Island  and  elsewhere.  That  island 
was  bought  of  the  Indians  for  about  twenty-five  dollars, 
by  Peter  Minuit,  who  arrived  there  as  governor  in  1626. 

&.  Governor  Minuit  built  a  stockade  at  the  lower  end  of 
the  island,  and  called  it  Fort  Amsterdam.  The  village 

QUESTIONS.— 1.   What  can  you  tell  about  the  purchase  of  Manhattan  Island? 
2.  What  did  Governor  Minuit  do  f 


THE   COLONIES.  9V 

JWinnil  and  his  Friend*.  The  falroons.  Governor  JKiefl. 

that  grew  up  near  it — the  germ  of  the  city  of  New  York — 
he  called  New  Amsterdam.  By  kindness,  Minuit  made 
friends  of  the  Indians.  He  had  a  friendly  correspondence 
with  the  Plymouth  people  ;  and  Dutch  traders  trafficked 
with  the  Indians  on  the  borders  of  Narraganse£  Bay. 

3.  To   encourage  emigration  to   New  Netherland,  the 
Dutch  West  India  Company  offered  large  tracts  of  land 
and  many  privileges  to  persons  who  would  lead  or  send  a 
certain   number   of  persons   to  settle  upon  them.     Several 
Hollanders  accepted  the  conditions,  and  each  received  the 
title  of  Patroon,  or  patron. 

4.  Wouter  Van  Tunller,  who  came  over  to  examine  the 
country  and  select  lands  for    Van  Rensselaer,  one  of  the 
Patroons,  was  appointed  governor  in  1633.     He  was  a  man 
of  hasty  temper,  and  involved  the  colony  in  trouble.      He 
was    followed    by   William  Kieft1  in   1638,   who   loved 
money,  power,  and  strong  drink. 

5.  Kieft  quarrelled  with  everybody,  and  made  the  Eng- 
lish, Swedes  and  Indians  his  bitter  enemies.     His  conduct 
interfered  with  the  prosperity  of  New  Amsterdam,  and  the 
people  raised  a  clamor  against  him  because  he  made  war  upon 
neighboring  Indians,  and  thereby  lessened  the  fur  trade. 

6.  The  governor  was  afraid  of  the  people.     In  1641  he 
called  some  of  the  wisest  men  of  New  Amsterdam  to  con- 
fer with  him  on  public  affairs.     This  was  the  germ  of  repre- 
sentative government  in  New  Netherland.      These 
counsellors   opposed    the   governor's    projects,    and    talked 

QUESTIONS.— 3.  What  was  done  to  encourage  emigration  ?  4.  What  can  you  tell 
about  Governors  Van  Twiller  and  Kieft  ?  5.  Give  an  account  of  Kieft's  conduct. 
What  did  the  people  do  ?  6.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  beginning  of  representative 
government  in  New  Netherland  ? 

1  keeft. 


COLONTES. 


Wars  with  the  Indians.     Departure  of  Kieft.      Governor  Sluyvesant. 

about  the  rights  of  the  people.  Alarmed  by  these  indi- 
cations of  democratic  principles,  he  dissolved  them  early 
in  1642. 

7.  At  length  Kieft  involved  the  colony  in  a  terrible  war 
with  the  Indians,  which,  at   one  time,  threatened  its  very 
existence.     Some  "  River  Indians"  pursued  by  fierce  Mo- 
hawks, took  shelter  at  Hoboken}  opposite  New  Amster- 
dam.   Kieft  treacherously  caused  Dutch  soldiers  and  some 
Mohawks*  to  cross  the  river  on  a  cold  winter  night,  to 
attack  the  sleeping  fugitives.     Before  the  dawn  more  than  a 
hundred  helpless  men,  women  and  children  were  murdered, 
or  driven  off  the  bank  into  the  freezing  waters. 

8.  This  atrocious  act  kindled  the  fierce  anger  of  the  In- 
dians all  over  the  country.     They  killed  every  white  person 
whom  they   saw,   and   burned  buildings  and   crops.     The 
savages  were  finally  subdued.     Kieft  was  recalled.     On  his 

way  to  Holland  with  much  ill- 
gotten  wealth,  the  ship  in  which 
he  sailed  was  wrecked,  and  his  life 
and  property  were  lost. 

9.  Peter  Stuyvesant?  a  brave 
soldier,  became  governor  of  New 
Netherlands  in  1647.  His  kind- 
ness made  friends  of  the  Indians, 
and  his  justice  won  for  him  the  re- 
PETER  STTJYVBSANT.  spect  of  the  English  in  the  East 

and  the  Swedes  in  the  West.     He  ruled  with  power,  but 

wisely  and  faithfully. 

QUESTIONS.— 7.  What  injurious  things  did  Kieft  do  ?  a  What  were  the  ejects  of 
Kieft's  bad  conduct  ?  What  was  his  fate  ?  9.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Governor 
Stuy  vesant  ? 

1  ho-b&'-ken.    *  mo' -hawks.    *  sti'-ve-sant. 


THti   COLONIES. 


The  tfrrerfef  in  the  'Delaware.      ^Representative  Government  in  JVetv  York. 

10.  As  we  have  observed,  the  Dutch  became  jealous  of 
the  Swedes  on  the  Delaware,  who  were  clearly  within  the 
bounds  of  New  Netherland.     Stuyvesant  was  directed  to 
bring  them  into  subjection  to  the  authorities  at  'Manhattan. 
In  1651  he  built  a  fort  on  the  site  of  Newcastle,  in  Dela- 
ware, which  territory  the  Swedes  claimed  as  their  own. 

11.  The  Swedes  attacked  the  Dutch  fort;   Stuyvesant 
went   there   with   an   armed   force   and    soon    made    them 
acknowledge  his  government  as  their  own.     With  this  con- 
quest, the  pacification  of  the  Indians,  and  the  settlement 
of  a  dispute  with  the  English  in  Connecticut,  Stuyvesant 
concluded  that  all  causes  for  trouble  were  at  an  end. 

12.  For  awhile  everything  was  serene.     But  the  people, 
who  had  tasted  the  sweets  of  representative  govern- 
ment in   Kieft's  time,   now    yearned  for    more    liberty. 
Stuyvesant  never  sought  their  counsel.      Finally,  in  1663, 
deputies,  chosen  by  the  people  of  each  village  in  New  Neth- 
erland, assembled  at  New  Amsterdam  without  Stuyve- 
sant's  consent,  to  consult  on  public  affairs. 

13.  This  representative  assembly  proposed  certain 
laws.     Stuyvesant  scolded,  and  violently   opposed  them. 
They  refused  to  be  taxed  without  being  consulted, 
and  told  the  governor  plainly  that  they  would  prefer  to 
bear  English  rule  for  the  sake  of  enjoying  English  lib- 
erty. 

14.  It  was  not  long  before  the  Dutch  in  New  Nether- 
land  had   an   opportunity  to    bear  English    rule.      King 
Charles,  who  claimed  the  whole  territory  as  English  do- 

QUESTIONS.— 10.  Tell  about  the  Swedes  on  the  Delaware  and  Governor  Stuyvesant. 
11.  What  did  the  Swedes  and  Dutch  do  ?  What  good  results  followed  ?  12.  What 
can  you  tell  about  another  attempt  to  establish  representative  government? 
13.  What  did  a  popular  assembly  and  Governor  Stuyvesant  do  ? 


166  THE   COLONIES. 

JVew  JVetherland  Surrendered  to  the  English,        ^Retaken  by  the  "Dn/ch. 

main,  and  regarded  the  Dutch  as  intruders,  gave  it  to  his 
brother  James,  the  Duke  of  York,  in  May,  1664.  The 
Duke  sent  a  land  and  naval  force  to  take  it  from  the  Dutch, 
and  early  in  September  following,  Stuyvesant  was  compelled 
to  surrender  the  fort  and  territory  to  the  English. 


NEW  YORK  IN 


15.  The  name  of  the  territory  and  the  city  of  New  Am- 
sterdamwere  changed  to  New  York,  in  compliment  to  the 
Duke.     The  Dutch  found  that  there  was  more  "rule" 
than  "liberty  "  under  the  English.    Taxes  were  greater 
and  privileges  were  less. 

16.  The  English  governor  (Nicolls)  said  he  would  make 
the  people  think  of  nothing,  except  how  to  pay  their  taxes. 
They  bore  the  burden  impatiently  about   nine   years,  and 
when,  in  1673,  they  were  on  the  point  of  breaking  out  into 
open  rebellion,  a  Dutch  squadron  appeared  in  New  York 
harbor. 

17.  The  Dutch  and  English  governments  were  then  at 
war.     This   squadron  was   looked  upon  with  favor  by  the 
Dutch  inhabitants  of  New  York;  and  the   fort  and  city 
were  surrendered  to  the  commander  of  the  Holland  navy. 
By  a  treaty  of  peace  the  city  and  province  were  restored  to 
the  English  in  1674. 


QUESTIONS.— 14.  Give  an  account  of  the  passage  of  New  Netherland  from  the  pos- 
session of  the  Dutch  to  the  English.  15.  What  can  you  tell  about  a  change  in  names  ? 
16.  What  can  you  tell  about  English  rule  and  a  Dutch  squadron  ?  17.  Tell  about  the 
Dutch  and  English  at  New  York? 


THE  COLONIES.  101 


Political  Chnnges  in  New  York.       Execution  of  Leister  and  MUborne. 

1 8.  Edmund  Andros J  was  now  made  governor  of  New 
York.     He  was  succeeded  by  TJiomas  Dougan*\n.  1683, 
when   the   Duke   of  York  gave  the   people   a   constitution 
called  a  Charter  of  Liberties,  which  established  a  repre- 
sentative government  in  New  York. 

19.  When  Duke  James  became  King  in  1685,  he  with- 
drew the  Charter  of  Liberties  and  refused  to  let  the  peo- 
ple make  laws  through  representatives.     They  were  on  the 
point  of  rebellion  when  James  was  dethroned. 

20.  For  awhile  there  was  no  royal  governor  in  New  York. 
The  people  chose  Jacob  Leisler*  a  merchant  and  commander 
of  militia,  to  govern  the   province  until  the  new  monarch 
should  send  them  a  ruler.     Leisler  managed  well,  but  roy- 
alists were  offended  by  this  elevation  of  a  republican. 
When  Governor  Slaughter  4  arrived  they  accused  Leisler 
of  treason,  and  urged  the  new  magistrate  to  hang  him. 

21.  Slaughter  saw  no  reason  for  so  harsh  a  measure. 
One  day,  while  he  was  dining  with  one  of  Leisler' s  ene- 
mies, he  became  very  drunk.     In  the  absence  of  his  reason 
he  signed  the  death- war  rant,  and  before  he  became  sober 
Leisler  and  his  son-in-law,  Milborne,5  were  hanged.     This 
was  in  1691. 

22.  The  death  of  Leisler  created  two  violently  antago- 
nistic parties  in   the  province  of  New  York.     Those  who 
supported  the  royal  governor  were  called  Aristocrats,  and 
those  who  favored  the   people  were  called  Democrats. 
The  latter  regarded  Leisler  as  a  martyr. 

QUESTIONS.— 18.  Who  was  appointed  governor  of  New  York  ?  What  did  the  Duke 
of  York  do  ?  19.  What  did  the  Duke  do  when  he  became  King  ?  20.  Give  an  account 
of  Leisler's  operations  in  New  York,  and  their  effects.  81.  Tell  about  Governor 
Sloughter  and  the  death  of  Leisler  and  Milborne.  22.  What  were  the  effects  of  Leis- 
ler18  death  ? 

1  an'-dros.    2  dou'-gan.    3  lise'-ler.    *  slaw'-ter.    *  mil'-born. 


102  THE   COLONIES. 


*Royal  Governors  in   Check.  Liberty  of  the   Press    Yindicated. 

23.  The  Democrats,  having  the  advantage  of  a  represen- 
tative Assembly,  held  the  royal  governors  in  check.     When, 
more  than  forty  years  after  Leister's  death,  one  of  them  im- 
prisoned the  editor  of  a  democratic  newspaper  (J.  P.  Zenger),1 
because  of  his  criticism  on  the  public  conduct  of  the  gov~ 
ernor,  the  liberty  of  the  press  was  ncbly  vindicated  by 
a  court  and  jury,  who  acquitted  him. 

24.  So  important  was  this  vindication  of  the  freedom 
of  the  press  considered,  that  to  Mr.  Hamilton  of  Phila- 
delphia   (who   was   employed    as   Zenger's    counsel),   the 
authorities  of  the  city  of  New  York  presented  the  "  free- 
dom of  the  city  "  in  a  gold  box. 

25.  From  that  time  until  the  beginning  of  the  French 
and  Indian  war,  the   history   of  New  York  is  made  up 
chiefly  of  the  stories  of  the  quarrels  of  political  partisans. 

26.  In  this  section  we  have  considered — 

(1)  The  establishment  of  the  colony  of  New  Netherland; 
(2)  the  management  of  successive  governors ;  (3)  the  admin- 
istrations of  Kieft  and  Stuyvesant ;  (4)  the  attempts  to 
establish  representative  government  in  New  Netherland; 
(5)  the  surrender  of  New  Netherland  to  the  English ;  (6) 
affairs  under  English  rule ;  (7)  the  martyrdom  of  Leisler 
and  Milborne,  and  (8)  the  vindication  of  the  freedom  of 
the  press. 


QUESTIONS.— 23.  What  did  the  Democrats  do  ?  What  can  you  tell  about  the  vindi- 
cation of  the  freedom  of  the  press?  24.  What  honors  were  paid  to  Hamilton,  of 
Philadelphia  ?  25.  Of  what  was  the  later  history  of  the  province  of  New  York  made 
up  ?  26.  What  have  we  considered  in  this  section  ? 

1  zang'-er. 


THE   COLONIES.  103 


Tiirfh   of  the  Maryland   Colony.  Nature  of  its   Government. 

SECTION    IV. 

THE  COLONY  OF   MARYLAND. 


SEAL  OF  MARYLAND. 

1.  In  1635  a  legislative  Assembly  of  all  the  freemen  in 
Maryland  met  at  St.  Marys  and  formed  that  colony.     It 
began  its  vigorous  growth  when,  in  1639,  the  more  conve- 
nient form,  of  representative  government  was  estab- 
lished. 

2.  The  freemen  chose  as  many  representatives  as  they 
pleased,  and  so  did  the  proprietor.     These,  with  the  governor 
and  secretary,  formed  the  government.     At  their  first  session 
they  adopted   a   Declaration   of  Rights ;    defined  the 
powers  of  the  governor,  and  guaranteed  to  the  people  the 
privileges  of  English  subjects. 

QUESTIONS.— 1.  At  what  time  do  you  date  the  hirth  of  Maryland,  and  the  beginning 
of  its  growth,  and  why  ?    2.  What  was  the  nature  of  the  government  ? 


104  THE   COLONIES. 

Civil   War  in  Maryland.         Toleration  ylct.         Political   Changes. 

3.  William  Clayborne  has  been  mentioned  as  a  disturber 
of  the  peace.     He  claimed  to  have  a  better  right  to  the  soil 
of  Maryland  than  Lord  Baltimore.     It  is  believed  that 
he  did  much  to  excite  the  Indians  against  the  white  people, 
and  to  urge  them  to  the  hostilities  which  broke  out  in  1642. 
In  1645  he  stirred  up  dissensions  among  the  people,  and 
kindled  the  flames  of  civil  war.     Clayborne' s  faction  was 
defeated  in  1646. 

4.  In  1649  an  important  law  called  the  Toleration  Act 
was  passed  by  the  Assembly.     It  gave  freedom  of  opinion 
and  action  to  nearly  all  men  in  religious  matters.     It  fostered 
democratic  ideas,  and  when  royalty  was  abolished  in  Eng- 
land the  same  year,  a  large  portion  of  the  people  of  Mary- 
land were  republicans. 

5.  The  Toleration  Act  caused  persecuted  Protestants  in 
other  colonies  to  flock  to  Roman  Catholic  Maryland.     In 
1654  the  Protestants  outnumbered  the  Roman  Catholics. 
They  bore  rule  in  the  Assembly,  which  changed  the  laws  so 
as  to  deprive  Roman  Catholics  of  rights.     This  led  to  a 
civil  war  which  lasted  two  years. 

6.  The  legislature  took  all  power  from  Lord  Baltimore 
early  in  1660,  and  gave  it  to  the  people.     There  was  con- 
fusion and  great  trouble  in  the  province  for  several  years. 
Later,  in  1660,  the  restoration  of  monarchy  in  Eng- 
land caused  the  old  order  of  things  in  Maryland  to  be 
restored.    For  almost  thirty  years  afterward  the  colony  was 
peaceful  and  prosperous. 

7.  Charles  CalveH  became  proprietor  of  Maryland,  on 

QUESTIONS.— 3.  Give  an  account  of  Clayborne's  doings.  4.  What  can  you  tell  about 
a  generous  law  and  its  effects  ?  5.  How  did  the  Toleration  Act  affect  the  growth  of 
the  province  ?  What  did  the  Protestants  do  ?  6.  What  did  the  legislature  do  ?  What 
have  you  to  say  about  confusion  and  a  restoration  of  order  ? 


THE   COLONIES.  105 


Civil   War  again.  Maryland  a  ffoyal  ^Province. 

the  death  of  his  father,  in  1684,  as  the  fourth  Lord  Balti- 
more. In  1689,  when  news  of  the  revolution  in  England 
which  dethroned  King  James,  reached  Maryland,  a  tur- 
bulent man,  named  Coode,1  stirred  up  the  people  to  rebellion 
by  false  stories  concerning  the  intentions  of  the  governor, 
who  was  slow  to  acknowledge  William  and  Mary  as  his 
sovereigns.  King  James  was  a  Roman  Catholic,  and  so 
was  the  governor.  This  fact  gave  ready  belief  to  Coode's 
stories. 

8.  The  Protestants  flew  to  arms.     Led  by  Coode,ihey 
took  possession  of  the  public  records,  deposed  Lord  Balti- 
more as  proprietor,  and  declared  that  the  province  belonged 
to  the  inhabitants  of  Maryland. 

9.  In  1691,  William  and  Mary  made  a  royal  prov- 
ince of  Maryland.     The  Church  of  England  was  made 
the  established  church  of  the  province.    The  proprietor's 
rights  were  restored  in  1715,  when  Lord  Baltimore  was 
dead  and  his  eldest  son  was  an  infant.     The  child's  rights 
were  protected,  and  he  and  his  family  owned  the  province 
and  appointed  governors  to  rule  it  until  it  became  an  inde- 
pendent State  in  1776. 

10.  The  growth  of  Maryland  was  rapid  after  the  Revolu- 
tion of  1688.    Annapolis  was  made  the  capital  in  1699.    The 
province  then  contained  30,000  inhabitants.     Tobacco  was 
one  of  its  staple  productions,  and  much  of  the  labor  was 
done  by  negro  slaves.    The  population  of  Maryland  in 
1776  was  120,000. 

QUESTIONS  —7.  Who  became  the  fourth  Lord  Baltimore,  and  when  ?  Give  an 
account  of  a  disturbance  caused  by  Coode.  8.  What  did  the  Protestants  do  ?  9, 
What  did  William  and  Mary  do?  What  can  you  tell  about  the  proprietor's  rights, 
and  the  fifth  Lord  Baltimore  ?  10.  What  can  you  tell  of  the  progress  of  Maryland? 

1  kood. 


106 


THE   COLONIES. 


foundations  of  the    Connecticut   Colony  .Laid. 

11.  We  have  considered  in  this  section— 

(1)  The  birth  of  the  colony  of  Maryland  and  the  begin- 
ning of  its  permanent  growth ;  (2)  the  forms  of  its  gov- 
ernment ;  (3)  the  disturbances  raised  by  Clayborne*and 
Coode;  (4)  the  Toleration  Act  and  its  effects ;  (5)  the  un- 
generous conduct  of  the  Protestants ;  (6)  the  changes  in 
the  proprietorship,  and  its  general  condition  down  to 
1776. 


SECTION    V. 

THE  COLONY  OF  CONNECTICUT. 


SEAL  OP  CONNECTICUT, 


1.  We  have  observed  how  the  foundations  of  the  colony 
of  Connecticut  were  laid  in  1639.     The  example  of  the  set- 


QUESTIONS.— 11.  What  have  we  considered  in  this  section  ? 

QUESTIONS.— 1.  What  can  you  tell  about  the   foundations  of  the   Connecticut 
colony  ? 


THE   COLONIES.  107 


Connecticut  and  New  Haven    Colonies  under  one   Charter. 

tiers  in  the  Valley  was  followed,  the  same  year,  by  those  at 
New  Haven.  The  government  of  each  was  similar,  being 
founded  upon  a  pattern  taken  from  the  Bible. 

2.  Many  of  the  New  Haven  settlers  were  merchants,  and 
they  tried  to  found  a  commercial  colony.     Disasters  at  sea 
caused  them  to  abandon  the  project,  and  to  become  tillers  of 
the  soil.     They  and  the  settlers  in  the  valley  joined  the  New 
England  Confederacy  in  1643  ;  and  in  1650  all  disputes 
between  Connecticut  and  New  Netherland,  concerning 
territorial  claims,  were  settled. 

3.  On  the  restoration  of  monarchy  in  England  in 
1660,  Winthrop,  governor  of  Connecticut,  made  applica- 
tion to  Charles  the  Second  for  a  charter  for  the  Valley  set- 
tlers.    The  King  had  been  informed  of  their  republicanism, 
and  refused.     Winthrop  gave  to  the  monarch  a  ring  which 
the  King's  father  had   given  to   Winthrop^s  grandfather. 
The  heart  of  the  King  was  touched,  and  he  granted  a 
charter. 

4.  That  charter,  given  in  May,  1662,  included  a  portion 
of  Rhode  Island,  and  the  whole  of  the  New  Haven  col- 
ony, and  westward  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.     Rhode  Island, 
which  had  a  charter  of  its  own,  refused  to  be  joined  to  Con- 
necticut, but   the  New  Haven   colony   consented  to   the 
union  in  1665,  and  so  the  real  colony  of  Connecticut 
was  formed.     Rhode  Island  and   Connecticut   disputed 
about  boundary  lines  for  sixty  years  afterward. 

5.  When,  in  1674,  Audros  was  made  governor  of  New 


QUESTIONS.— 2.  What  were  New  Haven  settlers  inclined  to  do,  and  what  did  they 
do  ?  What  disputes  were  settled  '<  3.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  procuring  of  a 
charter  for  Connecticut?  4.  What  did  the  charter  include,  and  what  did  Rhode 
Island  and  New  Haven  do?  5.  What  can  you  tell  about  Governor  Andros  and  his 
claims  ? 


108 


THE   COLONIES. 


demands  the    Connecticut   Charter. 


York,  he  claimed  jurisdiction  over  the  valley  of  the  Con- 
necticut, and  went  to  the  mouth  of  that  river  to  assert  it. 
He  was  driven  away.  Twelve  years  later,  when  he  was  gov- 


ANDROS  AND  THE  CHAKTElt  OF  CONNECTICUT. 


ernor  of  all  New  England,  he  demanded  the  surrender 
of  all  the  colonial  charters.  Connecticut,  alone,  re- 
fused to  comply  with  his  demand. 


THE  COLONIES.  109 


sindros  attemptt  to  teize  the    Connecticut   Charter. 

6.  In  the  autumn  of  1686  Andros  went  to  Hartford  with 
sixty  armed  men,  to  demand  the  charter  of  Connecticut  in 
person.      The  Assembly   was  in   session.      They  knew   his 
errand,   and   treated  him  very   civilly.     He  went  into   the 
Assembly  chamber  and  told  them  to  bring  the  charter  to 
him. 

7.  Debates  in  the  Assembly  were  purposely  kept  up  until 
the  candles  were  lighted,  when  the  box  containing  the  charter 
was  brought  in  and  laid  upon  the  table.     Just  as  Andros 
stepped  forward  to  take  it,  the  lights  were  all  put  out,  and 
the  charter  was  carried  away, 

8.  A  plan  had  been  laid  for  the  preservation  of  the  char- 
ter, and  was  successfully  carried  out.     Captain  Wadsworth 
had  seized  the  charter  in  the  dark,  carried  it  to  a  field,  and 
hid  it  in  the  hollow  of  an  old  oak  tree,  where  it  remained 
until  Andros  was  driven  away  from  New  England  in  1689. 
Then  it  was  brought  out,  and  a 

new  Assembly  was  held  under 
it  at  Hartford. 

9.  That  venerable  and  venerated 
tree  was  ever  afterward  called  the 
"  Charter  Oak."    It  was  blown 
down  in  a  gale  in- August,  1856. 

10.  Four  years  after  the  res- 
toration  of  government  under 
the  charter,  the  people  of  Connect- 
icut again  showed  their  bravery  and  love  of  freedom.     Gov- 
ernor Fletcher  of  New  York  claimed  the  right  to  rule  the 

QUESTIONS.— 6.  Give  an  account  of  the  visit  of  Andros  to  Hartford.  7.  How  was 
the  charter  kept  from  the  hands  of  Andros  ?  8.  What  plan  had  been  laid  and  how 
wa«  it  carried  out  ?  9.  What  was  the  fate  of  the  Charter  Oak  ?  10.  How  were  the 
people  of  Connecticut  again  tried  ?  What  did  Governor  Fletcher  claim  and  do  ? 


110  THE   COLONIES. 


Governor  Fletcher  and  the    Connecticut  Militia. 

Connecticut  militia.     The  people  refused  to  acknowledge 
his  authority,  and  defied  him. 

11.  In  1693  Fletcher  went  to  Hartford  to  enforce  his 
authority.     He  called  out  the  militia,  who  were  commanded 
by  the  same  Captain  Wadsworth  who  hid  the  charter.     The 
governor  commenced  reading  to  them  a  royal  commission 
which  gave  him  command  of  them. 

12.  Wadsworth  then  ordered  the  drums  to  be  beaten. 
"  Silence ! "    said  the   governor,    angrily.      The    drummers 
stopped,  and   the   governor  began   to   read.     "Play,"  said 
Wadsworth  to  the  drummers.     "  Silence  !  "  again  shouted 
the  governor.     Wadsworth  then  stepped  in  front  of  Fletch- 
er, and  said,  firmly  :  "  Sir,  if  they  are  interrupted  again,  I'll 
make   daylight   shine   through   you   in   a  moment  ! "     The 
frightened  governor  then  put  the  paper  into  his  pocket  and 
returned  to  New  York. 

13.  From  that  time  until  the  beginning  of  the  French 
and  Indian  war,  when  her  people  numbered  one  hundred 
thousand,  Connecticut  went  hand  in  hand  with  her  sister 
colonies  in  promoting  the  growth  of  an  independent  Ameri- 
can nationality. 

14.  In  this  section  we  have  considered — 

(1)  The  foundations  of  the  colony  of  Connecticut ;  (2) 
the  colonial  charter,  and  the  refusal  of  Rhode  Island  to 
be  joined  to  Connecticut ;  (3)  the  efforts  and  failure  of 
Governor  Andros  to  get  possession  of  the  charter  of  Con- 
necticut, and  (4)  the  efforts  and  failure  of  Governor 
Fletcher  to  get  control  of  the  Connecticut  militia. 

QUESTIONS.— 11  and  12.  Give  an  account  of  Governor  Fletcher's  visit  to  Hartford. 
13.  What  have  you  to  say  ahout  Connecticut  from  that  time  ?  14.  What  have  we  con- 
sidered in  this  section  ? 


THE   COLONIES. 


Ill 


Massachusetts    Covets  Rhode  Island. 


SECTION    VI. 

THE    COLONY    OF    RHODE    ISLAND. 


SEAL  OF  RHODE  ISLAND. 


1.  Massachusetts    claimed    jurisdiction    over    Rhode 
Island,  notwithstanding  Roger  Williams  had  obtained  a 
charter  from  the  English  government  in  1644. 

2.  Massachusetts  denied  the   validity  of  that   charter. 
Williams  went  to  England  again  in  1652  to   seek  its  con- 
firmation.    It  was  first  confirmed  by  the  Parliament,  and 
then  by  Cromwell  in  May,  1655. 

3.  The  question  of  jurisdiction  was  settled,  but  disputes 
concerning  the  boundary  between  the  colonies   were   not 
adjusted  until  1741, 


QUESTIONS.— 1.  What  can  you  tell  about  a  claim  of  jurisdiction  by  Massachusetts? 
2  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  confirmation  of  the  Rhode  Island  charter  ?  3. 
What  about  disputes  concerning  boundary  ? 


112  THE  COLONIES. 


Officers  under  the  Rhode  Island   Charter.        yi  New    Constitution. 

4.  In  1653  Roger  Williams  was  chosen  the  first  presi- 
dent of  Rhode  Island,  and  the  colony  prospered.     Ten 
years  afterward  Charles  the  Second  gave  the  colony  a  new 
charter,  similar  in  character  to  that  which  he  gave  to  Con- 
necticut.   Benedict  Arnold  was  the  first  governor  chosen 
under  this  royal  charter. 

5.  Andros  took  the  royal  charter  from  Rhode  Island  in 
1687.     When  he  was  driven  from  New  England  two  years 
afterward,  the  people  resumed  their  independent  gov- 
ernment.    The  seal  of  the  colony  bore  the  figure  of  an 
anchor,  and  the  motto  was  Hope. 

6.  Under  that  charter  Rhode  Island  continued  to  be 
governed  until  1842,  when  the  people  adopted  a  constitu- 
tion.    From  King  William's  war  until  the  Revolution  in 
1775,  Rhode  Island  showed  active  sympathy  with  its  sister 
colonies. 

7.  In  this  section  we  have  considered— 

(1)  The  claims  of  Massachusetts  to  jurisdiction  over 
Rhode  Island;  (2)  the  confirmation  of  the  charter  of 
Rhode  Island,  and  (3)  the  granting  of  a  royal  charter  to 
Rhode  Island. 


QUESTIONS.— 4.  Who  was  chosen  the  first  President  of  Rhode  Island  ?  What  can 
you  tell  about  a  royal  charter  and  another  governor?  5.  What  can  you  tell  about 
Andros,  the  government,  and  a  seal  ?  6.  What  did  Rhode  Island  do  ?  7.  What  have 
we  considered  in  this  section  ? 


THE   COLONIES. 


113 


Conditions  with  Settlers  in  JVe»>  Jersey. 


SECTION    VII. 

THE    COLONY    OF    NEW   JERSEY. 


SEAL  OP  NEW  JERSEY, 


1.  The   colony   of   New   Jersey  was    permanently 
founded,  when  families  from  Long  Island  settled  on  the 
site  of  Elizabethtown  in  1664. 

2.  According  to  an  agreement,  the  settlers  were  to  be 
exempted  from  rents  for  their  lands  for  five  years.     When, 
at  the  end  of  that  time,  the  owners  asked  for  a  rent  of  only 
a  halfpenny  an  acre,  the  people  complained  and  refused  to 
pay  it. 

3.  For  two  years  the  settlers  resisted  the  demand  for  rent, 
and  then  openly  rebelled.    They  drove  Governor  Car- 
teret  out  of  the  province  and  elected  an  unworthy  man  to 
fill  his  place.     The  owners  were  about  to  take  steps  to  com- 

QUESTIONS.— 1.  When  was  New  Jersey  permanently  settled,  and  by  whom?  2. 
What  can  you  tell  about  the  rent  of  the  land  in  New  Jersey  ?  3.  Give  an  account  of 
a  rebellion  and  the  change  that  followed. 


114  THE   COLONIES. 


'Dirision  of  New  Jersey.  JVe»>  ^Proprietors  there. 

pel  the  tenants  to  pay,  when  the  Dutch  became  possessors 
of  New  Netherlands  again. 

4.  When  New  Netherlands  was  restored  to  the  English 
in  1674,  the  western  half  of  New  Jersey  was  sold  to  Friends, 
or  Quakers  ;  and  in   1676  the  province  was   divided  into 
West  and  East  Jersey. 

5.  The  next  year  (1677)  more  than  four  hundred  Friends 
came  from  England  and  settled  in  West  Jersey ;    and  in 
1681  the  first  legislative  Assembly  in  that  province  met 
at  Salem. 

6.  East  Jersey  was   sold  to  the  Friends  in  1682,  and 
Thomas  Barclay,  a  leader  among  them,  was  chosen  gover- 
nor.   Everything  was  doing  well  in  the  Jerseys  until  the  Duke 
of  York  became  King,  when  he  took  away  their  charters. 

7.  For  several  years  there  was  great  confusion  in  the  Jer- 
seys, the  people  denying  the  rights  of  the  owners.     Finally, 
in  the   spring  of   1702,   Queen  Anne  made   of  them  one 
royal   province,  under  the  control   of  the  governor  of 
New  York. 

8.  New  Jersey  was  allowed  to  have  an  independent  As- 
sembly.    It  remained  in  that  political  condition  until  1738, 
when  Lewis  Morris  was  appointed  its  first  royal  gov- 
ernor.    It  so  remained  until  1776. 

9.  In  this  section  we  have  considered— 

(1)  The  disputes  between  the  people  and  the  proprietors 
of  New  Jersey  ;  (2)  its  division  into  West  and  East  Jer- 
sey;  (3)  their  possession  by  Friends,  and  (4)  their  erec- 
tion into  a  royal  province. 

QUESTIONS.— 4.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  sale  and  division  of  New  Jersey?  5. 
What  can  you  tell  about  settlers  and  government  in  West  Jersey  ?  6.  What  can  you 
tell  about  East  Jersey  ?  7.  Give  an  account  of  affairs  in  both,  and  their  being  made 
a  royal  province.  8.  What  was  the  government  of  New  Jersey?  9,  What  have  we 
considered  in  this  section  ? 


THE    COLONIES. 


115 


Fruits  of  Justice. 


Charter  of  Liberties  for  "Pennsylvania. 


SECTION  VIII. 

THE  COLONY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA. 


SEAL  OF  PENNSYLVANIA. 


1.  Delaware  had  been  annexed  to  Perm's  domain,  and 
the  city  of  Philadelphia  was  laid  out  in  1682.     The  colo- 
nial career  of  Pennsylvania  was  then  fairly  begun.     Set- 
tlers came  from  England  in  great 

numbers.  Just  dealings  with  the 
Indians  made  it  a  peaceful  province 
to  live  in. 

2.  In  1683,  Penn,  then  living  in 
a  small  house  in  Philadelphia,  gave 
the  people  a  liberal  government,  un- 
der the  title  of  The  Charter  of 

Liberties.     The  inhabitants  were  allowed  self-government 

QUESTIONS. — 1.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  beginning  of  the  colonial  career  of 
Pennsylvania?  2.  Where  did  Penn  live  and  what  did  he  do  for  the  people?  What 
can  you  tell  about  the  prosperity  of  Pennsylvania  ? 


PENN  S    HOUSE. 


THE   COLONIES. 


2>enn  Deprived  of  his  Rights.     Final  'Disposition  of  JPentisylyania. 

and  great  personal  freedom.  When  Penn  returned  to  Eng- 
land in  1684,  there  were  twenty  settled  townships 
and  seven  thousand  inhabitants  in  Pennsylvania. 

3.  Because  Penn  and  King  James  were  personal  friends, 
the  former  was   suspected  of  disloyalty  to    William  and 
Mary.     In  1692  Penn  was  imprisoned  and  deprived  of  his 
domain  in  America.    It  was  then  made  a  royal  prov- 
ince, under  the  governor  of  New  York. 

4.  Perm's  chartered  rights  were  restored  to  him  in  1694. 
In  1699  he  sailed  for  America,  and  in  1701  he  gave  to  the 
people  of  Pennsylvania  a  new  charter.    He  allowed  the 
inhabitants  of  Delaware  to  have  a  separate  legislature, 
but  they  remained  under  the  governor  of  Pennsylvania 
until  1776. 

5.  Soon  after  completing  these  arrangements,  Penn  re- 
turned to  England,  and  never  saw  America  again.     His 
family  owned  and  governed  the  province  until  the  war  for 
independence  broke  out.     It  was  sold  to  the  commonwealth 
of  Pennsylvania  for  $580,000. 

6.  There  were  long  and  sometimes  bitter  disputes  about 
the  boundary    between    Pennsylvania    and    Maryland. 
These  were  settled  in  1761   by  a  careful  resurvey  made  by 
Mason  and  Dixon.     That  boundary  was  known  as  Mason 
and  Dixon' s  Line. 

7.  We  have  considered  in  this  section— 

(1)  The  time  when  the  colony  of  Pennsylvania  was 
founded;  (2)  the  government  and  population  of  the 
province  ;  (3)  the  relations  of  Penn  to  the  English  gov- 

QUESTIONS.— 3.  Give  an  account  of  Penn's  troubles  with  the  English  government. 
4.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  restoration  of  Penn's  rights,  and  privileges  given  to 
Delaware  ?  5.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Penn  and  his  family  and  their  final  dis- 
position of  Pennsylvania  ?  6.  What  can  you  tell  about  boundary  disputes  ?  7.  What 
have  we  considered  in  this  section  ? 


THE  COLONIES.  11 V 

Government  for  the  Carolinas.        yl  Rebellion.       s4.  Sad  Governor. 

ernment;  (4)  the  restoration  of  his  chartered  rights  and 
final  disposition  of  the  province  ;  and  (5)  boundary  dis- 
putes. 


SECTION  IX, 

THE  COLONIES  OF  NORTH  AND  SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

1.  The  proprietors  of  the  Carolinas  wished  to  establish 
a  grand  empire  in  America,   with  orders  of  nobility  such  as 
then  existed  in  England,      They   employed  the   Earl  of 
Shaftesbury  and  the  famous  John  Locke  to  prepare  a  form 
of  government  for  the  purpose. 

2.  That  form  of  government,  which  was  called  the  Fun- 
damental Constitutions,  was  completed  in  the  spring  of 
1669.     The  plan  was  totally  unfitted  for  the  country  and  the 
people  of  the  Carolinas,  and  was  rejected  by  the  inhabitants. 

3.  An  attempt  to  force  the  people  into  submission  to  this 
government  and  its  scheme  of  taxation  caused  an  open 
rebellion  in  the  northern  colony.     The  inhabitants  drove  the 
governor  and  other  officers  from  the  province  in  1677.     They 
called  a  new  Assembly,  and  for  two  years  maintained  an  in- 
dependent government. 

4.  In  1683,  Seth  Sothel,  a  dishonest  member  of  the  com- 
pany,  was   sent  to   govern    the    northern    or    Albemarle 
County  Colony.    He  was  a  rapacious  swindler.     The  people 
endured  his  rule  about  six  years,  and  then  drove  him  away. 
He  took  refuge  in  the  southern  colony. 


QUESTIONS.— 1.  What  did  the  owners  of  the  Carolinas  wish  and  do?  2.  What 
have  you  to  say  about  the  form  of  government  proposed  ?  3.  What  can  you  tell 
about  the  attempt  to  force  the  people  into  submission  to  the  government  ?  4.  Tell 
about  Seth  Sothel. 


118 


THE  COLONIES. 


Good  Government  in  the  Carolina*.     JLater  Settlers  in  JV'ortA  Carolina. 

5.  Other   and   better    governors   came   to   the   northern 
colony,  but  no  one  was  so  acceptable  as  John  Archdale,  a 
Friend,  who  was  sent  in  1695  to  govern  both  of  the  sections 
of  the  Carolinas.    There  was  repose  and  happiness  during 
his  administration. 

6.  From  the  close  of  Archdale's  administration  in  1698, 
the  two  portions  of  the  Carolinas  worked  separately,  until 
1729,  when  they  were  formally  divided  into  distinct  prov- 
inces under  the  titles  of  North  and  South  Carolina. 


NORTH  CAROLINA. 


SEAL  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

7.  At  the  beginning  of  the  year  1700,  settlers  were  culti- 
vating lands  in  North  Carolina  from  the  sea  to  the  Yad- 
kin.    In  1707,  a  large  number  of  Huguenots  settled  on 
the  River  Trent,  and   in  1710  a  body   of  German  Luth- 
erans formed  settlements  at  New  Berne  and  other  places. 

8.  The  people  were  enjoying  repose  and  happiness,  when 

QUESTIONS.— 5.  What  can  you  tell  about  other  governors  in  North  Carolina  ?  6. 
What  have  .you  to  say  about  the  two  Carolinas  ?  7.  Tell  about  various  settlers  in 
North  Carolina. 


COLONIES. 


119 


'2'he   '2'ttscarora  Indians. 


'2'rotibles  with  the  Spaniards. 


suddenly,  in  1711,  the  Indians  commenced  a  war  of  ex- 
termination upon  the  German  settlements.  They  plun- 
dered and  destroyed  their  property,  and  murdered  one 
hundred  and  thirty  Germans. 

9.  The  South  Carolinians  helped  their  brethren  in  the 
north.  In  1713,  eight  hundred  of  the  Tuscarora  *  Indians 
— the  leaders  in  the  massacre — were  made  prisoners.  The 
remainder  fled  and  joined  their  brethren  in  New  York,  so 
completing  the  Iroquois  Confederacy  of  Six  Nations. 


SOUTH  CAROLINA 


SEAL  OF  SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

10.  The  South  Carolinians  had  trouble  with  the 
Spaniards  in  Florida  in  1703.  The  Spaniards  excited 
the  Indians  against  the  English.  The  governor  of  South 
Carolina  led  twelve  hundred  white  men  and  friendly  In- 
dians  to  attack  St.  Augustine  and  punish  the  offenders. 

QUESTIONS. — 8.  What  can  you  tell  about  an  Indian  massacre?  9.  What  did  the 
South  Carolinians  do  ?  What  was  the  fate  of  the  Tuscaroras  ?  10.  Tell  about  trou- 
ble with  the  Spaniards  in  Florida. 

1  tus'-ka-ro'-ra. 


120  THE   COLONIES. 


War  ffit/t  Indians  and  Spaniards.  sin  Indian    Confederacy. 

The  expedition  was  a  failure,  and  its  cost  was  so  great  that 
the  colony  was  compelled  to  issue  paper  money  with 
which  to  pay  expenses. 

11.  The    next    year    (1703)    the    South    Carolinians 
marched  against  the  Indians  in  Georgia  and  Florida,  who 
were  the  allies  of  the  Spaniards.      They  captured  several 
hundred  of  the  savages,  dispersed  the  rest,  and  desolated 
their  country. 

12.  An  attempt  was    now    made    to    establish    the 
Church  of  England  as  the  state  church  in  South  Caro- 
lina.    Those  who  did  not  conform  to  it  were  deprived  of 
precious  privileges,  such  as  having  a  voice  in  the  government. 
The  Parliament  interfered,  and  relieved  the  people  of  the 
grievous  burden. 

13.  In  1706,  a  land  and  naval  force,  composed  of  French- 
men and  Spaniards,  entered  Charleston  Harltor,  to  attack 
the  town.     Eight  hundred  Spanish  soldiers  were  landed. 
The  South  Carolinians  captured  one  of  their  vessels  and 
drove  the  rest  of  the  force  away.     The  invaders  sustained  a 
severe  loss  in  the  conflict. 

14.  A   confederation    of  the    Southern    Indian 
tribes  was  formed  in   1715,  for  the  extermination  of  the 
white   people.      These    dusky   allies   numbered    about    six 
thousand  warriors.     They  fell  suddenly  upon  the  back  settle- 
ments, and  murdered  a  hundred  people  before  the  news  of 
hostility  reached  Charleston. 

15.  The  governor  (Craven)  of  South  Carolina  immedi- 
ately marched  against  the  Indians  with  twelve  hundred  men. 

QUESTIONS.— 11.  Tell  about  an  expedition  against  the  Indians.  12.  Give  an  ac- 
count of  an  attempt  to  establish  the  Church  of  England  in  South  Carolina.  13.  Tell 
about  an  expedition  against  Charleston.  14.  What  can  you  tell  about  an  Indian  con- 
federation ?  15.  What  did  the  South  Carolinians  do,  and  what  was  the  effect  ? 


TSE  COLONIES.  121 


Revolution  in  the  Carolinas.  Separation  of  the  Coloniet. 

After  several  hard  fights,  the  savages  were  driven  back  with 
much  slaughter.  The  frightened  Indians,  impressed  with 
the  belief  that  the  South  Carolinians  were  mighty  war- 
riors, let  them  alone  after  that. 

16.  The  proprietors  of  the  Carolinas  not  only  refused 
to  bear  any  of  the  expense  of  these  wars,  made  for  the  pro- 
tection of  their  domain,  but  taxed  the  people  heavily.     In 
1719,  the  people  rebelled,  and  elected  a  governor  to  suit 
themselves.     Finally,  becoming  wearied  by  unjust  treat- 
ment from  the  owners,  the  people  asked  King  George  the 
Second  to  take  them  and  the  province  under  his  protection. 

17.  The  King  gratified  the  discontented  people  by  pur- 
chasing the  two  provinces  of  the  proprietors  in  1729.     The 
two  Carolinas  were  then  legally  separated,  and  over  each  a 
royal  governor  was  placed. 

18.  These  royal  governors  were  no  better  than  the  pro- 
prietary governors.     From  1729,  the  history  of  North  and 
South  Carolina  is  made  up  largely  of  a  record  of  dis- 
putes between  the  people  and  the  governors.      The  people 
endured  the  affliction  until  1776,  when  the  two  provinces  be- 
came independent  States. 

19.  In  this  section  we  have  considered — 

(1)  The  grand  scheme  of  government  formed  for  the 
Carolinas ;  (2)  the  opposition  to  it ;  (3)  the  character 
and  career  of  several  governors ;  (4)  the  history  of  North 
and  South  Carolina  separately  ;  (5)  the  settlements  and 
wars  in  each  ;  (6)  the  complaints  of  the  people  in  each  ; 
and  (7)  the  final  establishment  of  royal  rule  in  each 
province. 

QUESTIONS.— 16.  How  did  the  proprietors  of  the  Carolinas  act  ?  What  did  the  peo- 
ple do  ?  17.  What  did  the  King  do,  and  what  was  the  result  ?  18.  What  have  you  to 
gay  about  the  royal  governors  and  the  people  ?  19,  What  have  we  considered  in  this 
section  ? 


122 


TJBTE  COLONIES. 


Population  of  Georgia.  The    Wesley s  and    Whitefield  there. 


SECTION    X. 

THE    COLONY    OF    GEORGIA. 


SEAL  OF  GEOKGIA. 


1.  Within  eight  years  after  the  interview  between  Ogle- 
thorpe  and  To-mo-chi  -c/ii,  on  the  site  of  Savannah,  in 
1733,  full  twenty-five  hundred  Europeans  were  in  Georgia. 
In  addition  to  the  debtors  from  the  prisons  were  German 
and  Swiss  families,  attracted  by  the  liberal  grants  of  land. 

2.  John  and  Charles  Wesley,  the  founders  of  the  Metho- 
dist denomination,  were  among  the  early  immigrants,  who 
came  to   labor  for  the   good   of  the  souls  of  the  settlers. 
Afterward  came  the  celebrated  George,  WTiitefield  for  the 
same   purpose.     They  found  the   settlers   indifferent  to  re- 
ligion. 

3.  Many  of  the  English  settlers  had  been  unaccustomed 

QUESTIONS.— 1.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  earlier  settlers  in  Georgia?  2.  What 
have  you  to  say  about  the  Wesleys  and  Whitefield  ?  3,  What  was  the  character  of 
the  settlers  f 


THE  COLONIES.  123 


War  between  the  English  and  Spaniards  in  Florida. 

to  manual  labor,  and  did  not  thrive.  The  Germans  and 
Swiss  were  industrious  and  thrifty.  The  colony  increased 
rapidly  for  awhile. 

4.  The  Spaniards  in  Florida  claimed  jurisdiction  as  far 
north  as  Port  Royal   in  South  Carolina.     Oglethorpe 
expected  they  would  be  jealous  of  his  intrusion,  and  pre- 
pared to  resist  their  hostility.     Being  in  England  in  1736, 
he  persuaded  three  hundred  tall  Scotch  Highland  soldiers 
to  go  with  him  to  Georgia.     With  these  he  felt  strong. 

5.  The  Spaniards  soon  began  to  show  signs  of  hostility. 
Oglethorpe  built  forts  in  the  lower  parts  of  Georgia  and 
adjacent  Islands.     This  act  made  the  Spaniards  angry,  and 
they  sent  word  to  the  governor  that  he  and  his  followers 
must  leave  the  country  below  the  Savannah,  or  they  would 
be  driven  out  by  force. 

6.  Oglethorpe  went  back  to  England,  and  in  the  autumn 
of  1737  he  returned  with  six  hundred  troops  and  the  com- 
mission of  general.     For  two  years  the  soldiers  were  not 
much  needed. 

7.  When,  in  1739,  war  broke  out  between  England  and 
Spain,  Oglethorpe  did  not  wait  for  an  attack.     He  marched 
into  Florida  in  May,  1740,  with  two  thousand  white  men 
and  Indians.     He  captured  two  forts  and  besieged  St. 
Augustine,  when  lack  of  artillery,  exhaustion  of  food,  and 
sickness  in  his  camp,  compelled  him  to  abandon  the  siege  and 
return  to  Savannah. 

8.  In  1742  the  Spaniards  prepared  to  retaliate.     With  a 
large  fleet  three  thousand  troops  were  borne  to  the  confines 

QTTESTIOKS.-4.  What  did  Oglethorpe  expect,  and  what  did  he  do  ?  5.  What  did 
the  Spaniards  and  Oglethorpe  do?  6.  What  can  you  tell  about  Oglethorpe's  second 
visit  to  England  ?  7.  What  event  occurred  in  1739?  Give  an  account  of  an  expe- 
dition against  St.  Augustine. 


THE  COAST  OP  FLORIDA. 


THE  COLONIES.  125 


The  Spaniards  Outwitted.  Social  Condition  of  Georgia. 

of  Georgia.  They  landed  and  built  a  strong  fort.  Ogle- 
thorpe^wsLS  wide  awake.  With  a  smaller  force  he  prepared 
to  attack  the  invaders.  His  plans  were  defeated  by  the 
treachery  of  a  Frenchman  who  deserted. 

9.  By  a  clever  trick  Oglethorpe  made  the  enemy  believe 
that  a  British  fleet  was  near  St.  Augustine.     The  alarmed 
Spaniards  at  once  marched  to  attack  one  of  Oglethorpe' s 
forts,  with  the  intention  of  returning  immediately  thereafter 
to  St.  Augustine. 

10.  In  a  dark  swamp  the  Spaniards  were  surprised 
by  Oglethorpe,  and  they  suffered  severely  in  a  fight  that 
ensued.    So  many  Spaniards  were  killed  that  the  place  is 
still  known  as  Bloody  Marsh.     The  invaders  hastened  to 
their  ships  and  sailed  for  St.  Augustine.     So  Georgia  was 
saved. 

1 1 .  Oglethorpe  left  the  colony  in  1 743  and  never  returned. 
That  year  the  Trustees  established  a  sort  of  local  govern- 
ment in  Georgia.     The  colony  now  grew  very  slowly.     The 
people  were  not  allowed  to  traffic  with  the  West  Indies,  nor 
with  the  Indians  around  them.     They  did  not  own  the  land 
which  they  cultivated,  nor  were  they  permitted  to  employ 
slave  labor. 

12.  These    prohibitions    bore    heavily   upon   the    pros- 
perity of  the  colony.     People  preferred  to  settle  in  South 
Carolina,   where   no   such   prohibitions    existed.      Finally, 
in   1752,  the   King  took  possession   of    Georgia,  made  it 
a  royal  province,  and  removed  all  prohibitions.     From 
that  time  until  the  war  for  independence  Georgia  prospered. 

QUESTIONS.— 8.  Give  an  account  of  an  expedition  of  the  Spaniards  against  Geor- 
gia. 9  and  10.  Continue  your  account  of  that  expedition.  11.  What  more  have  you 
to  say  about  Oglethorpe?  What  about  the  condition  of  the  inhabitants  of  Georgia? 
12.  What  were  the  effects  of  prohibitions,  and  how  were  they  remedied  ? 


126  THE  COLONIES. 


English    Colonies  in 


13.  We  have  now  traced,  in  sharp  outline,  the  fortunes 
of  the  thirteen  English- American  colonies  from  the 
planting  of  the  seeds  of  settlement  until  the  period  when 
they  were  joined  in  a  national  Union. 

14,  In  this  section  we  have  considered — 

(1)  The  early  colonists  of  Georgia ;  (2)  the  jealousy  of 
the  Spaniards  in  Florida  and  preparations  to  meet  its  con- 
sequences ;  (3)  the  hostilities  between  the  Georgians  and 
the  Spaniards,  and  (4)  the  peculiar  condition  of  the 
people  of  Georgia  until  it  was  made  a  royal  province. 


SECTION    XI. 

A    RETROSPECT. 

1.  During  a  period  of  about  two  hundred  and  sixty  years 
fifteen  colonies  were  planted,  thirteen  of  which  were  com- 
menced within  the  space  of  about  sixty-six  years  [1607  to 
1673],     By  the  union  of  Plymouth  and  Massachusetts, 
and  also  of  Connecticut  and  New  Haven,  the  number  of 
colonies  was  reduced  to  thirteen,  and  it  was  these  which 
went  into  the  Revolutionary  contest  in  1775. 

2.  Several  European  nations  contributed  men  and  women 
for  the  founding  of  these  colonies.     They  were  distinguished 
by  differences  in  language,  tastes,  habits,  and  religious  faith. 
England  furnished  far  the  greater  number,  and  the  settle- 


QUESTIONS.— 13.  What  have  we  now  traced?  14,  What  have  we  considered  in  this 
section  ? 

QUESTIONS.— 1.  What  can  you  say  about  the  establishment  of  colonies  in  America  ? 
2.  What  materials  composed  the  colonists  ?  What  position  did  England  hold  ?  Did 
unity  mark  the  colonists,  and  how  ? 


THE   COLONIES.  127 


Characteristics  of  the  Colonists. 


ments  came  to  be  known  as  Anglo-American  colonies,  gov- 
erned by  English  laws.  Very  soon,  common  interests  pro- 
duced a  unity,  and  the  people,  of  whatever  nation,  joined 
heartily  in  maintaining  the  integrity  of  the  British  realm 
when  it  was  assailed.  They  were  still  more  united  in  oppos- 
ing British  aggressions  upon  their  rights. 

3.  There  were  differences  in  the  character  of  the  people  of 
the  several  colonies.     The  Virginians  and  their  southern 
neighbors  were  mostly  from  a  class  of  English  society  in 
which  restraints  were  not  very  rigid  ;  and  the  warm  climate 
produced   a  tendency  toward  indolence   and  ease.     Hence 
slave  labor,  relieving  the  white  man  from  toil,  was  regarded 
as  a  great  blessing. 

4.  The  New  Englanders  were  chiefly  from  another  class 
of  English  society,  and  included  many  religious  enthusiasts, 
who   sometimes   possessed  more  zeal  than  wisdom.     They 
were  rigid  disciplinarians  in  church  and  state,  and  their  early 

legislation  exhibits  some  curious  laws 
respecting  the  minute  details  of  social 
and  domestic  life.  Their  sterile  soil 
made  industry  a  necessity,  and  the 
climate  inclined  them  to  activity. 
Their  habits  and  their  dwellings  were 
simple  ;  and  their  influence  in  the 
EABLY  N.  E.  HOUSED  creation  of  our  Republic  was  most 
salutary. 

5.  The  industry,  thrift,  honesty,  and  aversion  to  change, 

QUESTIONS.— 3.  What  can  you  say  about  the  Virginians  and  their  southern  neigh- 
bors ?  4.  What  can  you  say  about  the  New  England  people— their  laws  and  habits  ? 

1  This  is  a  picture  of  one  of  the  oldest  houses  in  New  England,  and  is  a  favorable 
specimen  of  the  best  class  of  frame  dwellings  at  that  time.  It  is  yet  [1874]  standing, 
I  believe,  near  Medfield,  in  Massachusetts. 


128  THE  COLONIES. 


Chief  ^Pursuits  of  the  Colonists.      Commerce  and  General  Industry. 

peculiar  to  the  Dutch,  prevailed  in  New  York  and  New 
Jersey,  and  portions  of  Pennsylvania,  for  almost  a  century 
after  the  first  settlements  were  made.  The  Swedes  were  simi- 
lar ;  while  the  Friends  or  Quakers  were  marked  by  a  refined 
simplicity  and  equanimity  which  won  the  esteem  of  all.  Their 
lives  were  governed  by  a  religious  sentiment  without  fanati- 
cism, which  formed  a  powerful  safeguard  against  vice  and 
immorality.  The  people  of  Maryland  exhibited  some  of 
the  traits  of  all. 

6.  Agriculture  was  everywhere  the  chief  pursuit,  yet  com- 
merce and  navigation  were  not  wholly  neglected,  notwith- 
standing the  restrictions  of  the  navigation  laws.     The  people 
were  compelled,  by  necessity,  to  be  self-reliant,  and  what 
they  were  unable  to  purchase  from  the  workshops  of  Eng- 
land, such  as  apparel,  furniture,  and  implements  of  agricul- 
ture, they  rudely  manufactured,  and  were  content. 

7.  Commerce  had  a  feeble  infancy.     Until  their  separa- 
tion from  England,  in  1776,  their  interchange  of  commodi- 
ties with  the  rest  of  the  world  might  not,  with  propriety, 
be  dignified  with  the  name  of  commerce.    English  jealousy 
of  the  prosperity  and  independence  of  the  colonies  led  to 
the  imposition  of  many  unwise  restrictions  upon  their  indus- 
try and  enterprise ;    and  these   were  the  principal   causes 
which  finally  led  to  the  great  revolt  in  1775,  and  the  separa- 
tion of  the  colonies  from  the  "  mother  country,"  as  England 
was  called. 

8.  Education  was  early  fostered  among  the  people,  par- 

QUESTIONS.— 5.  What  were  the  peculiarities  of  the  Dutch  and  Swedes  ?  What 
marked  the  character  of  the  Quakers  ?  What  can  you  say  about  the  people  of  Mary- 
land ?  6.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  pursuits  of  the  colonists  ?  What  made  home 
manufactures  a  necessity  ?  7.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  commerce  of  the  colonies  ? 
What  folly  did  the  English  Government  commit? 


THE  COLONIES.  129 


Education  in  the  Colonies.  The  Strife  for  fower  Segun. 

ticularly  in  New  England,  where  the  common  school, 
the  chief  glory  of  our  Republic,  was  early  established  and 
tenderly  nurtured.  Provision  was  made  for  the  education 
of  all.  The  rigid  laws  which  discouraged  all  frivolous 
amusements,  were  productive  of  a  habit  of  reading.  The 
books  were  devoted  chiefly  to  history  and  religion,  and  large 
numbers  were  sold.  A  traveler,  as  early  as  1686,  asserts  that 
several  booksellers  in  Boston  had  "  made  fortunes  by  their 
business."  Newspapers,  the  great  educators  of  the  people 
in  our  day,  were  very  few  and  of  little  worth  before  the  era 
of  the  Revolution. 

9.  Such  were  the  people,  and  such  their  political  and 
social  condition,  at  the  commencement  of  the  great  struggle 
between  the  French  and  English  for  supreme  dominion  in 
America,  which  we  are  now  to  consider. 


SECTION    XII. 

THE  STRIFE  FOR  POWER;    THE  FRENCH  AND  INDIAN  WAR. 

1.  We  have  briefly  noticed  the  wars  in  America  be- 
tween the  English  and  the  French  and  Indians.  The 
causes  of  these  wars  often  concerned  Europeans  more  than 
Americans.  The  strife  we  are  now  about  to  consider  began 
in  a  quarrel  about  boundaries  between  the  French 
and  English,  in  America. 


QUESTIONS.— 8.  What  can  yon  say  about  education  in  the  colonies  ?  What  encour- 
aged reading  ?  What  kind  of  books  were  read  ?  What  have  you  to  say  about  books 
and  newspapers  ? 

QUESTIONS.— 1.  What  have  we  noticed  ?  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  causes 
of  strife  ? 


FRENCH  AND  INDIAN  WAR.  131 

Tha   Ohio    Company.  Washington's  Embassy. 

2.  The  French  traded  with  the  Indians  in  the  country  west 
of  the  AUeghany l  Mountains,  from  Lake  Erie  to  the 
Mississippi  and  New   Orleans.     They  built  forts  in  those 
regions,  and  thus  made  the  English  jealous.  ^ 

3.  In  1749,  some  Englishmen  and  Americans  formed 
the  Ohio  Company.     The  King  granted   them   a   large 
tract  of  land  on  the  upper  waters  of  the  Ohio  River.     The 
French  claimed  this  region  as  their  own.     An  old  Indian 
who  heard  the  quarrel  said,  "  You  English  claim  all  on  one 
side  of  the  river,  and  you  French  all  on  the  other  side  ; 
where  does  the  Indian's  land  lay  ?  "     They  could  not  an- 
swer. 

4.  The  Ohio  Company  sent  men  to  survey  these  lands  in 
1753.     French  soldiers  siezed  and  imprisoned  these  survey- 
ors, and  built  forts  in  the  country  between  the  head-waters 
of  the  Ohio  and  Lake  Erie. 

5<  The  governor  of  Virginia  sent  young  George  Wash- 
ington with  a  letter  to  the  French  commander,  inquiring 
what  was  meant  by  such  conduct.  After  a  fatiguing  jour- 
ney of  four  hundred  miles,  Washington  returned  early  in 
1754  with  an  answer  in  writing.  The  French  commander 
told  the  governor  that  the  land  belonged  to  his  King, 
and  that  he  and  his  soldiers  should  stay  there  as  long  as  they* 
pleased. 

6.  The  governor  (Dinwiddie*)  made  Washington  a 
major,  and  placed  him  in  command  of  Virginia  troops 

QUESTIONS.— 2.  What  did  the  French  do  westward  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains  ? 
3.  Tell  about  the  Ohio  Company  and  the  claims  to  the  lands  on  the  Ohio.  4.  What 
did  the  Ohio  Company  do  ?  What  did  the  French  do  ?  5.  What  did  the  Governor 
of  Virginia  do?  Give  an  account  of  Washington's  mission.  6.  What  did  Gover- 
nor Dinwiddie  then  do  ? 

1  al-le  ga'-ne.    2  din-wid'-de. 


132  FEENCH  AND  INDIAN  WAR. 

hostilities  between  the  English  and  French. 

that  were  to  be  sent  against  the  French.  These  were 
joined  by  troops  from  New  York  and  South  Carolina. 
The  whole  were  commanded  by  Colonel  Fry. 

7.  Meanwhile  the  English  had  begun 
to  build  a  fort  on  the  site  of  the  city  of 
Pittsburgh.  The  French  drove  them 
away,  finished  the  work,  and  called  it 
Fort  Du  Quesne,1  the  name  of  the  gov- 
ernor of  Canada. 

QUESNE.  8.  Washington,  with  his  Virginians, 

pressed  forward  to  retake  the  fort.  He 
met  the  French  coming  to  oppose  his  march,  and  in  a 
skirmish  at  the  Great  Meadows  the  first  blood  was 
spilled  (May  28,  1754)  in  the  long  war  that  ensued.  The 
commander  of  the  French  party  was  killed. 

9.  Colonel  Fry  died  two   days  after  this  skirmish,  and 
Washington  was  made  chief  leader  of  the  troops.     With 
these  he  pressed  forward.     Hearing  of  the  approach  of  a 
large  party  of  French  and  Indians,  he  fell  back  to  the 
Great  Meadows,  and  built  a  stockade,  which  he  called 
Fort  Necessity. 

10.  Early  in  July  the  French  attacked  Fort  Necessity. 
After  a  fight  for  ten  hours  (July  4),  Washington  was  com- 
pelled to  surrender.     The  French  commander  generously 
allowed  all  of  his  prisoners  to  return  to  their  homes. 

11.  During  the  same  summer  (1754)  representatives  from 
several  colonies  met  at  Mbany,  in  New  York,  to  consider 

QUESTIONS.— 7.  Tell  about  a  fort  on  the  site  of  Pittsburgh.  8.  What  did  Washing- 
ton and  Virginia  troops  do  ?  Tell  about  a  skirmish.  9.  How  came  Washington  to 
be  chief  commander  of  troops  ?  What  did  he  do  ?  10.  Tell  about  a  battle.  11.  What 
can  you  tell  about  a  plan  for  the  union  of  the  colonies  ? 

1  du-kane'. 


FRENCH  AND  INDIAN   WAR.  133 

2>lan  of  Union.  The    Campaign  of  1755. 

plans  for  united  action  against  the  French  and  Indians. 
They  made  a  covenant  of  peace  with  the  Six  Nations, 
and  then  agreed  upon  a  plan  of  Union  proposed  by  Dr. 
Franklin. 

12.  The  plan  was  not  favored  by  the  King  nor  the  colo- 
nies, and  it  was  abandoned.     Soon  after  the  Congress  ad- 
journed, the  Indians,  incited  by  the  French,  commenced 
plundering  and  murdering  the  English  of  the  frontier  set- 
tlements. 

13.  The  endangered  colonists,  with  a  promise  of  assist- 
ance   from    the     English    government, 

prepared  for  war.  That  government  sent 
Edward  Braddock  (an  Irish  officer)  to 
America  early  in  1755,  with  troops,  as 
commander-in-chief  of  all  the  British 
forces  in  America.  He  met  the  gover- 
nors of  several  colonies  at  Alexandria, 
in  Virginia,  in  April,  when  they  ar- 
ranged GENERAL  BBADDOCK. 
THE  CAMPAIGN  OF  1755. 

14.  Three  separate  armies  were  to  be  mustered.     One  was 
to  march  against  Fort  Du  Quesne  ;  a  second  against  forts 
near  each  end  of  Lake  Ontario,  and  a  third  against  forts  on 
Lake  Champlain. 

15.  An  expedition  against  the  French  in  Acadia1  had 
already  been  arranged.     In  May  three  thousand  men,  under 
General  Shirley,  sailed  from  Boston,  landed  at  the  head  of 

QUESTIONS.— 12.  What  was  the  fate  of  the  plan  of  Union  ?  Wliat  did  the  Indians 
do  ?  13.  What  did  the  colonists  do  ?  What  did  the  British  government  do  ?  What 
can  you  tell  about  General  Braddock?  14.  What  was  the  plan  of  the  campaign  of 
1755  ?  15  What  can  you  tell  about  an  expedition  against  Acadia  ? 

1  a-ka'-de-a. 


134 


FRENCH  AND  INDIAN   WAR. 


Capture  of  French  J^ortt. 


Battle  on  the  Monongahela. 


the  Bay  of  Fundy,  and  captured  the  French  forts  in 
that  vicinity.  Fort  Beausejour 1  was  taken  on  the  15th  of 
June,  and  Fort  Gaspereau 2  on  the  17th.  They  desolated 
JLcadia  and  cruelly  drove  the  innocent  inhabitants  to  the 
woods  or  carried  them  away  in  ships. 


16.  In   June  Braddoch  marched  from    the    Potomac 
River,  with  two  thousand  men,  against  Fort  Du  Quesne. 
On  the  9th  of  July,  when  they  were  near  the  Mononga- 
hela 3  River,  the  English  were  assailed  by  Indians  con- 
cealed in  ambush. 

17.  A  severe  battle  ensued.      Washington  was  Brad- 
dock's  aid.     He  knew  how  to  fight  Indians,  and  ventured 

QUESTIONS.— 16.  Tell  about  the  expedition  of  Braddock  against  Fort  Du  Quesne. 
1  bo-seh'-yure.    *  gah-speh-ro1 '.    s  mo-non'-ga-he-lah. 


FRENCH  AND  INDIAN   WAR. 


135 


Sraddock's  Defeat,  3)ealh,  and  Burial. 


to  offer  Braddoch  some  advice.      That  general  would   not 
listen  to  him.     The  French  and  their  Indian  allies  fought 


BURIAL  OP  BKADDOCK. 


bravely.     Braddock  was  defeated,  and  he  and  several  of  his 
officers  were  mortally  wounded. 

18.    Washington  was  the  only  officer  not  injured.     He 

QUESTIONS.— 17.  Tell  about  a  battle  near  the  Monongahela.     What  did  Washing- 
ton do,  and  what  occurred  ? 


136                            FEENCH  AND  INDIAN   WAR. 
Failure  of  an  Expedition. Operations  near  Lake    George. 

took  the  command,  and  skillfully  conducting  a  retreat,  saved 
the  remainder  of  the  army.  Braddock  died,  and  was  bur- 
ied by  torch-light,  Colonel  Washington  reading  the  burial 
service  of  the  English  church  at  the  grave. 

19.  Governor  Shirley1  led  the  troops  destined  to  attack 
the  forts  on  Lake  Ontario.     Storms  and  sickness  prevented 
his   going  farther  than   Oswego.     He 
commenced  a  fort  there,  left  a  small 
garrison,  and  returned  to  Albany. 

20.  William  Johnson,  an  Indian 
agent  in  the  Mohawfc  country,  led 
troops  against  the  forts  on  Lake 
Champlain.  In  July,  1755,  six 
thousand  of  these  were  collected, 
under  General  Lyman,  at  Fort  Ed- 

WILLIAM  JOHNSON. 

ward,  from  which  place  Johnson  led 
nearly  all  of  them  to  the  head  of  Lake 
George. 

21.  Informed  that  the  Baron  Dies- 
kau2  was  leading  a  force  of  French 
and  Indians  against  him,  Johnson 
sent  out  a  thousand  men,  under  Colonel 
Williams,  to  attack  them.  Williams 
was  defeated  (September  8, 1755),  and 
DiesTcau  hurried  on  to  attack  Johnson 
in  his  camp.  The  French  and  Indians  were  driven  off, 
and  Dieskau  was  mortally  wounded. 

QUESTIONS.— 18.  What  have  you  to  pay  ahout  Washington  and  the  army,  and  the 
death  of  Braddock  ?    19.  What  did  Governor  Shirley  do  ?     What  was  the  result  ? 

20.  What  can  you  tell  about  William  Johnson  and  troops  in  Northern  New  York  ? 

21.  Give  an  account  of  fighting  near  Lake  George. 

1  shur'-le.    2  dee-es-ktf. 


FRENCH  AND  INDIAN   WAR. 


137 


Fort  William  Henry  Buitt.     Declaration  of  War.      JPlan  of  Campaign. 

22.  Believing  the  forts  on  Lake  Champlain  to  be  too 
strong  for  his  force,  Johnson  remained 
where  he  was  and  built  Fort  William 
Henry.  Leaving  some  troops  there  and 
at  Fort  Edward,  he  marched  the  remain- 
der of  his  army  back  to  Albany,  and  so 
closed  the  campaign  of  1755. 


FORT   WILLIAM   HENRY. 


CAMPAIGN   OF    1756. 

23.  England  declared  war  against  France  in  1756. 

Lord  Loudon,1  a  very  indolent  man,  had  been  appointed 
commander-in-chief  in  America,  but  did  not  arrive  until 
late  in  the  summer.  General  Aber- 
crombie?  a  good  soldier,  came  in  his 
place  in  June. 

24.  The  plan  of  the  campaign  was 
similar  to  the  one  formed  the  pre- 
vious year.  Abercrombie  found 
seven  thousand  troops  ready  for 
action  at  Albany.  Foolish  conten- 
tions about  rank  delayed  their  march 
until  August.  Then  Montcalm* 
Dieskau's  successor,  was  well  prepared  to  meet  the  Eng- 
lish. 

25.  Early  in  August  Montcalm,  with  five  thousand 
French,  Canadians,  and  Indians,  went  up  the  St.  Law- 

QUESTIONS.— 22.  What  did  General  Johnson  do  ?  23.  What  can  you  tell  about  a 
declaration  of  war,  and  the  English  commanders  in  America  ?  24.  What  was  the  plan 
of  the  campaign  for  1756  ?  Tell  about  the  movements  of  Abercrombie,  and  the  con- 
sequence of  delay.  25.  What  did  Montcalm  do  ?  What  occurred  at  Oswego  ? 


ABERCROMBIE. 


loo'-dun,    2  ab-er-Tcrom'-be-    a  mont-kam'. 


138 


FRENCH  AND  INDIAN  WAR. 


FOKTS  AT  OSWEGO. 


Oswego  Taken  by  the  French,      General  JLlarm.      Indians  Jfumbled. 

rence  and  Lake  Ontario  to  Oswego,1  and  on  the  14th  cap- 
tured an  English  fort  there.  The 
spoils  of  victory  were  many  cannon, 
vessels  in  the  harbor,  and  fourteen  hun- 
dred men. 

26.  This  event  so  frightened  the 
indolent  London,  who  had  arrived  and 
taken  the  general  command,  that  he 
ordered  all  the  other  expeditions  to  be 
abandoned.  There  was  general  alarm.  The  Indians 
desolated  the  frontiers,  and  killed  or  carried  away  almost  a 
thousand  white  people. 

27.  The  English  strengthened  their  forts  and  block- 
houses. A  heavy  blow  was  given  to 
the  Indians  at  Kittanning?  in 
Pennsylvania,  by  troops  under  Col- 
onel Armstrong,  on  the  8th  of  Sep- 
tember, which  made  the  savages  quiet, 
and  so  ended  the  campaign  of  1756. 


BLOCK-HOUSE. 


CAMPAIGN    OF    1757. 

28.  Lord  London's  laziness  ruined 
everything  in  which  he  was  concerned.  It  allowed  the 
French  to  take  Loidsburg ;  and  at  a  council  held  in  Bos- 
ton, he  proposed  to  confine  the  campaign  of  1757  to  the  re- 
c'apture  of  that  town  and  fortress.  The  disappointed  colo- 
nists yielded  to  him. 

QUESTIONS.— 26.  What  effect  did  the  capture  of  Oswego  have  on  London  ?  Tell 
about  the  Indians.  27.  What  did  the  English  do  ?  What  event  made  the  Indians 
quiet?  28.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Lord  London's  laziness?  What  did  he  pro- 
pose, and  what  did  the  colonists  do  ? 


os-we'-go.       "  kit-tan '-ning. 


FRENCH  AND  INDIAN   WAR.  139 

Expedition  against  Louisburg  Abandoned.       Montcalm's  Victories. 

29.  Lord  Loudon  was  at  Halifax  at  the  close  of  June, 
with  a  large  land  and  naval  force,  wherewith  to  attack  Louis- 
burg.    There  he  was  informed  that  the  French  at  Louis- 
burg  were  stronger  in  soldiers  and  ships  than  he,  and  after 
some  delay  he  thought  it  prudent  to  leave  them  alone. 
He  returned  to  New  York  in  August. 

30.  As  a  consequence  of  London's  ignorance  and  inef- 
ficiency, Montcalm  had  won  victories  in  northern  New 
York.    With  seven  thousand  white  men  and  two  thousand 
Indians,  he  left  Ticonderoga  late  in  July,  and  compelled 
the  garrison  at  Fort  William  Henry  to  surrender  early 
in  August. 

31.  Montcalm  promised  to  protect  the  prisoners  from 
the  savages.     He  was  unable  to  do  so,  and  a  large  number 
of  them  were  cruelly  murdered  when  they  marched  out 
to    go  to  Fort    Edward.      Fort    William    Henry   was 
destroyed.     This   sad   event   ended   the   campaign  of  1757. 
With   it   was   ended   the  leadership    of    Lord  Loudon  in 
America. 

32.  William  Pitt  was  now  made  prime  minister  of  Eng- 
land.    He  was  a  man  of  energy  and  wisdom  ;  and  he  made 
grand  preparations  for  the 

CAMPAIGN    OF     1758. 

33.  General  Abercrombie  was  placed  in  chief  command 
of  the  troops  in  America.    Admiral  Boscawen1  was  put 
in  charge  of  a  large  number  of  ships  for  service  in  American 

QUESTIONS.— 29.  Tell  about  London's  expedition  against  Louisburg,  and  what  did 
he  finally  do  ?  30.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  consequences  of  London's  delay  and 
Montcalm's  operations?  31.  What  did  Montcalm  promise,  and  what  occurred?  32. 
What  have  you  to  say  about  William  Pitt  ?  33.  What  can  you  tell  about  a  land  and 
naval  force  in  1758  ?  What  did  the  colonists  do  ? 
1  bo$-Jca,w'-en, 


140 


FRENCH  AND   INDIAN   WAR. 


LOBD  HOWE. 


Louisburg  Taken  by  the  English.     English  defeated  at  Ticonderoya. 

waters.      The   colonists   were    encouraged,   and    cheerfully 

answered  all  calls  for  men  and  supplies. 

34.  It  was  decided  to  attack  Louisburg,  Tieonderoga, 
and  Fort  Du  Quesne.  Twelve  thou- 
sand men  under  Generals  Amherst 
and  Wolfe,  went  from  Halifax  in 
Boscawen's  fleet  of  forty  vessels, 
and  on  the  8th  of  June  landed  near 
Louisburg.  After  a  siege  of  about 
fifty  days,  the  French  surren- 
dered (July  20)  the  fort  and  five 
.  *\r  WP^.A  tl.nusmd  soldiers. 

35,  Meanwhile  Abercrorribie  and 
young  Lord    Howe    were   leading 

sixteen    thousand    men    and   a    heavy    train    of    artillery, 

against  Tieonderoga.     They  went  over 

Lake  George  early  in  July,  and  in  an 

encounter   near   Ticonderoga,   on    the 

6th,  Lord  Howe  was  killed. 

36.  The  English  pressed  on  through 
the  woods,  and  without  waiting  for  the 
artillery  to  come  up,  attacked  Ticonder- 
oga on  the  8th.     Montcalm  was  there 

with  four  thousand  men.     The  English  were  defeated  with 
a  loss  of  two  thousand  men. 

37.  tAbercrombie  retreated  to  the  head  of  Lake  George t 
and  then  sent  Colonel  Bradstreet*  with  three  thousand 
men,  to  attack  Fort  Frontenac,  at  the  foot  of  Lake  On- 


TICONDEROGA. 


QUESTIONS.— 34.  What  was  it  decided  to  do  ?  What  can  you  tell  about  an  expe- 
dition against  Louisburg  ?  35.  What  can  you  tell  about  an  expedition  against  Ticon- 
deroga, and  the  death  of  a  leader  ?  36.  Give  an  account  of  the  attack  on  Fort  Ticon- 
deroga. 37.  What  did  Abercrombie  do?  Tell  about  an  expedition  against  Fort 
Frontenac. 

1  brad' -street. 


FRENCH  AND  INDIAN   WAR. 


141 


fort  3)u  Quesne  Taken  by  the  English.         2*eace  with  the  Indians. 

tario.    It  was  on  the  site  of  Kingston,  in  Canada.    The 
fort  was  taken  on  the  27th  of  August. 

38.  In  July,  General  Forbes  *  commenced  a  march  against 
Fort  Du  Quesne,  with  nine  thousand  men.  He  moved  so 
slowly  that  he  did  not  get  over  the  Alleghany  Mountains 
until  November,  when  his  troops  were  attacked  and  defeated 
in  a  battle  on  the  21st.  Then  Washington,  with  his  Vir- 
ginians, moved  rapidly  forward.  Hearing  of  his  approach, 
the  French  set  fire  to  Fort  Du  Quesne  (Nov.  24), 
and  fled  down  the  Ohio  River  in  boats. 


RUINS  OF  T1CONDEROGA  IN 


39.  In  honor  of  the  great  statesman,  the  name  of  Fort 
Pitt  was  given  to  the  ruin,  and  there  the  city  of  Pittsburgh 
now  stands.  This  event  ended  the  campaign  of  1758.  Its 
results  were  favorable  to  the  English.  They  had  cap- 
tured Forts  Louisburg,  Frontenac,  and  Du  Quesne,  with 
very  little  loss  to  themselves,  and  so  alarmed  the  In- 
dians, that  they  agreed,  in  council,  not  to  fight  the  Eng- 
lish any  more. 

QUESTIONS.—  38.  Give  an  account  of  an  expedition  against  Fort  Du  Quesne  and  the 
result.  39.  What  new  name  was  given  to  the  fort?  What  were  the  results  of  the 
campaign  of  1758  ? 

1  forbz. 


142 


FRENCH  AND  INDIAN  WAR. 


LORD  AMHERST. 


Military   Operations  in  New  England  and   Canada. 
CAMPAIGN   OF    1759. 

40.  Pitt  now  resolved  to  take 
Canada  and  crush  the  dominion 
of  the  French  in  America. 

General  Amherst  *•  was  made  com- 
mander-in-chief  in  America;  and 
in  the  spring  of  1759,  he  found 
twenty  thousand  Provincial  troops 
ready  to  march  against  Canada. 

41,  A  land  and  naval  force  was 
sent  over  from  England,  and  early  in  the  summer  three 
expeditions  were  in   motion.      One  went 

up  the  St.  Lawrence  to  attack  Quebec ; 

another  went  to  drive  the  French  from 

Lake  Champlain  and  force  them  into 

Canada,  and  a  third  was  destined  to  at- 
tack the  fort  on  the  Niagara  River. 
42.  Amherst  appeared  before  Ticon- 

deroga  late  in  July  with  eleven  thousand 

men.      The  French  commander  had  just 

heard  of  the  arrival  of  Wolfe  before 
Quebec.  He  fled  in  haste 
to  Crown  Point.  Am- 
herst pursued  the  French, 
who  went  down  the  lake 
into  Canada.  They  never  came  back.  Am- 

FORT  AT  CROWN  POINT.  forgf;    then    built   the   strong    fort,   now   in 

ruins,  at  Crown  Point. 


LAKE   GEOBGE  AND 
VICINITY. 


QUESTIONS.— 40.  What  did  Pitt  resolve  to  do  ?  What  have  you  to  say  about  Gene- 
ral Amherst  ?  41.  What  can  you  tell  about  preparations  for  the  campaign  of  1759  and 
the  movements  of  troops  ?  42.  Tell  about  the  expedition  of  Amherst  against  Ticon- 
deroga  and  the  flight  of  the  French.  What  did  Amherst  do  f 

1  am'-erst. 


FRENCH  AND  INDIAN  WAR. 


143 


PORT  NIAGARA. 


Expeditions  against  Fort  Niagara  and  Quebec. 

43.  General  Prideauxt  led  the  expedition  against  Fort 
Niagara.    He  sailed  from  Oswego  in  July,  with  Sir   Wil- 
liam Johnson  as  his  lieutenant.     On 

the  17th  he  commenced  a  siege  of 
Niagara,  where  he  was  soon  killed 
by  the  bursting  of  a  gun.  Johnson 
continued  the  siege,  and  on  the  25th 
the  fort  surrendered  to  the  English. 

44.  General  Wolfe,  who   went  up 
the  St.  Lawrence  with  eight  thousand 
troops  and    many  battle-ships,  under 

Admirals  Holmes  and  Saunders,  was  now  near  Quebec. 
It  was  a  strong,  walled  town,  under  the  command  of  Gen- 
eral Montcalm,  whose  army  lay  along  the  St.  Lawrence, 
from  the  city  to  the  Montmorenci* 
River. 

45.    In  June  Wolfe  took  posses- 
sion of  the  island  of  Orleans,  below 
Quebec,  and  of  Point  Levi,B  oppo- 
site the    city.      Early    in    July   he 
formed  a  camp  below  the  Montmo- 
renci.    The  two  armies  had  a  little 
hard  fighting  there  on   the   31st  of 
July,  but  the  grand  assault  was  deferred  until  September. 
46.    Wolfe  waited  in  vain  for  Amherst  to  come  to  his 
aid.     Prostrated  by  fever  at  the  close  of  summer,  he  held 
a  council  of  war  at  his  bedside.     It  was  determined  to 

QUESTIONS.  -43.  Tell  about  the  expedition  against  Port  Niagara,  and  the  result. 
44  What  can  you  tell  about  an  expedition  under  General  Wolfe  ?  What  have  you  to 
say  ahout  Quebec  and  an  army  under  Montcalm  ?  45.  What  position  did  Wolfe  take 
near  Quebec  ?  46.  What  did  Wolfe  do,  and  what  was  determined  upon  in  council  1 


GENERAL  WOLFE. 


1  pre-doz'. 


mont-mo-ren'-ci.       *  lee'-vi 


FRENCH  AND  INDIAN  WAR. 


145 


flattie  at   Quebec. 


T>eaih  of  Wolfe  and  Montcalm. 


scale  the  rocky  heights  above  the  town,  ascend  to  the 
Plains  of  Abraham,  and  there  attack  Quebec  on  its 
weakest  side. 

47.  Feeble   as  he   was,   Wolfe  determined  to  lead  his 
troops.     These  were  conveyed  silently,  in  boats  rowed  with 
muffled  oars,  to  a  cave  at  the  mouth  of  a  winding  ravine. 
They  were   all  landed   at    midnight,   unobserved    by    the 
French  sentinels. 

48.  Montcalm  was  ignorant  of  this  movement  until  he 

was  surprised  at 
sunrise  on  the 
morning  of  the  13th 
of  September  by 
the  glow  of  British 
uniforms  on  the 
high  plain.  He  im- 
mediately marched 

hlS          whole 


MILITARY  OPERATIONS  AT  QUEBEC. 

across  the  St.  Charles  River  and  attacked  the  enemy. 

49.  A  very  severe  battle  was  fought.     Wolfe  was 
three  times  wounded,  the  last  time  mortally,  by  a  bullet 
which  pierced  his  breast.     He  was  taken  to  the  rear,  faint 
from   the  loss  of  blood.     He  heard  a  shout,  "  They  run  ! 
They  run  !  "     "  Who  runs  ?  "  feebly  asked  the  dying  leader. 
"The  French/'  was  the  reply.     "Then  I  die  content, " 
he  said,  and  expired. 

50.  Montcalm  was  killed  at  about  the  time  Wolfe  ex- 
pired, and  now  one  tall  monument  stands  in  Quebec,  erected 

QUESTIONS.— 47.  Give  an  account  of  the  leading  and  the  landing  of  the  troops.  48. 
What  can  you  tell  about  Montcalm  ?  49.  Give  an  account  of  a  battle  and  the  death 
of  Wolfe.  50.  What  was  the  fate  of  Montcalm  ?  What  can  you  tell  about  a  move- 
ment and  the  surrender  of  Quebec  ? 


MONUMENT      TO      WOLFE 
AND    MONTCALMi 


146  FRENCH  AND  INDIAN  WAR. 

Attempt  to  Recapture   Quebec.  Capture  of  Montreal. 

to  the  memory  of  the  two  heroes.     Five  days  after  the  bat- 
tle Quebec,  was  given  to  the  English. 
But  Canada  was  not  yet  conquered. 

CAMPAIGN     OF     1760. 

51.  The  French  tried  to  retake  Quebec 
in  the  spring  of  1760.     A  very  severe  battle 
was    fought  at  Sillery,  three  miles   above 
Quebec,  on  the  28th  of  April,  when  the 
British  were   driven  into  the   city  and   a 
siege  commenced.     Rumors  of  an  ap- 
proaching British  fleet  alarmed  the  French 

and  they  fled  to  Montreal,  then  the  last  stronghold  left  of 
the  French  empire  in  America. 

52.  The  whole  summer  was  consumed  by  Amherst  in 
preparations  to  attack  the  French  in  Montreal.     He  went 
down  the  St.  Lawrence  with  ten  thousand  white  men  and  a 
thousand  Indian  warriors,  and  arrived  before  Montreal  on 
the  6th  of  September. 

53.  General  Murray,  with  four  thousand  troops   from 
Quebec,  joined  Amherst  the  same  day.      On  the  next  day 
Colonel  Haviland  *  came  with  three  thousand  troops  from 
Crown  Point. 

54.  The  French  commander  saw  that  resistance  would 
be  useless,  and  on  the  8th  he  surrendered  the  post  to 
the  English.    General  Gage  was  appointed  governor.    Thus 
was  completed  the  conquest  of  Canada ;  and  the  power 

QUESTIONS.— 51.  What  did  the  French  try  to  do,  and  what  did  they  do  ?  52.  What 
did  Amherst  do  ?  53.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  English  before  Montreal  ?  54. 
What  did  the  French  commander  see,  and  what  did  he  do  ?  What  have  you  to  say 
about  the  conquest  of  Canada  and  the  French  power  ? 

1  hav'-i-land. 


FRENCH  AND  INDIAN  WAR.  147 

End  of  French  and  Indian  War.       fontiac'g  War.      Treaty  at  farts. 

of  the  French  in  America  was  broken.     The  French, 
and  Indian  War  was  essentially  ended  from  this  time. 

55.  French  emissaries,  however,  continued  to  excite  the 
Indians  against  the  English.    A  bloody  warfare  was  kept 
up  along  the  frontiers  of  Virginia  and  the  Carolinas  by 
the  savages  for  more  than  a  year. 

56.  These  troubles  in  the  South  had  scarcely  ended  when 
Pontiac,1  an  Ottawa2  chief,  induced  several  of  the  north- 
western tribes  to  join  in  trying  to  drive  the  white  people 
from  the  country. 

57.  Pontiac  was  one  of  the  greatest  of  the  Indian  chiefs 
known  to  Europeans.     In  the  summer  of  1763,  he  kin- 
dled a  fierce  war.    It  was  terrible  for  awhile,  but  the 
Confederacy  was  subdued  and  destroyed.     Pontiac  fled  to 
the  country  of  the  Illinois,  where  he  was  murdered  in  1769. 

58.  The  last  act  in  the  French  and  Indian  War  was  a 
treaty  of  peace,  which  was  concluded  at  Paris  in  1763,  by 
which  France  was  shorn  of  the  best  part  of  her  dominions 
in  America.     This  struggle  with  the  French  revealed  to 
the  colonists  their  inherent  strength  in  Union,  and  prepared 
them  for  the  greater  struggle  for  independence,  in  which 
they  were  engaged  soon  afterward. 

59.  We  have  considered  in  this  section — 

(1)  The  causes  which  brought  the  French  and  English 
into  conflict  in  the  Ohio  country  ;  (2)  the  beginning  of  hos- 
tilities between  the  three  races  in  America  in  1754  ;  (3) 
the  preliminary  steps  toward  a  union  of  the  colonies ; 

QUESTIONS.— 55.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  Indians  on  the  Southern  borders  ?  56. 
What  can  you  tell  about  Pontiac  and  Indians  in  the  northwest?  57.  What  have  you 
to  say  about  Pontiac,  his  doings  and  his  fate  ?  58.  What  was  the  last  act  in  the 
French  and  Indian  War  ?  What  was  the  more  remote  result  of  the  struggle  ?  50. 
What  have  we  considered  in  this  section  ? 

1  pon-ti-ak'..       a  ot-taw'-wah. 


148  FRENCH  ANfr  INDIAN 


Outline  of  Important  Invents. 


(4)  the  declaration  of  war  between  France  and  Eng- 
land ;  (5)  the  several  campaigns  from  1755  to  1760,  which 
ended  in  the  conquests  of  Canada,  and  (6)  Indian  hos- 
tilities and  a  final  treaty  of  peace. 

OUTLINE  OF  IMPORTANT  EVENTS  FROM  1619  TO  1763.* 

1619.  Representative  government  established  in  Virginia.     Slaves  in- 

troduced into  Virginia. 

1620.  Young  women  sent  to  Virginia  for  wives. 

1621.  Indians  appear  at  Plymouth. 

1622.  Massacre  by  Indians  in  Virginia, 
1624.  Virginia  made  a  royal  province. 

1626.  First  governor  of  New  Netherland  arrives. 

1628.  Salem  and  Charlestown  settled. 

1629.  Charter  of  Massachusetts  transferred  to  the  colony. 
1635.  Roger  Williams  banished  from  Massachusetts. 
1639.  Representative  government  established  in  Maryland. 

1643.  New  England  confederacy  formed. 

1644.  Massacre  by  Indians  in  Virginia.      Charter  for  Rhode  Island 

granted. 
1647.  Governor  Stuyvesant  arrives  at  New  Amsterdam. 

1649.  Toleration  Act  passed  in  Maryland. 

1650.  Disputes  between  Connecticut  and  New  Netherland  settled. 

1651.  Dutch  build  a  fort  on  the  Delaware. 

1652.  Silver  money  first  coined  in  Massachusetts. 

1653.  Roger  Williams  elected  first  president  of  Rhode  Island. 

1654.  Protestants  disfranchise  Roman  Catholics  in  Maryland. 

1655.  Rhode  Island  charter  confirmed  by  Cromwell. 

1656.  Quakers  first  appear  in  Boston. 

1660.  Charles  the  Second  enthroned.     Colonies  subjected  to  import 
duties. 

1662.  Charter  given  to  Connecticut. 

1663.  First  representative  Assembly  in  New  Netherland. 

1664.  New   Netherland  surrendered  to    the    English.      New    Jersey 

founded. 

1665.  New  Haven  and  Connecticut  colonies  united. 

1669.  Grand  scheme  of  government  for  the  Carolinas  perfected. 

1673.  New  York  retaken  by  the  Dutch. 

1674.  New  York  given  back  to  the  English. 

*  See  foot-note  on  page  32. 


FRENCH  AND  INDIAN  WAR.  149 

Outline  of  Important  Events. 

1675.  King  Philip's  war  breaks  out. 

1676.  Civil  war  breaks  out  in  Virginia. 

1676.  New  Jersey  divided  into  East  and  West  Jersey. 

1681.  First  legislative  Assembly  in  New  Jersey. 

1682.  City  of  Philadelphia  laid  out. 

1683.  Charter  of  Liberties  given  to  New  York.    Charter  of  Liberties 

given  to  Pennsylvania. 

1685.  Charter  of  Liberties  withdrawn  from  New  York. 

1686.  Andros  sent  to  take  away  the  New  England  charters. 

1687.  Andros  attempts  to  seize  the  Connecticut  charter.     Takes  the 

Rhode  Island  charter. 

1689.  Accession  of  William  and  Mary.     King  William's  War  breaks 

out.      Coode's  Rebellion  in  Maryland.    Connecticut  resumes 
her  charter. 

1690.  Schenectady  burned  by  the  French  and  Indians. 

1691.  Execution  of  Leisler  and  Milborne.     Maryland  made  a  royal 

province. 

1692.  Massachusetts  and  Plymouth  united.    The  witchcraft  delusion 

at  Salem.     Pennsylvania  made  a  royal  province. 

1693.  Governor  Fletcher  attempts  to  control  the  militia  of  Connecticut. 

1694.  Penn's  charter  rights  restored.   . 

1695.  Archdale  made  governor  of  both  Carolinas. 
1699.  Annapolis  made  the  capital  of  Maryland. 

1701.  Queen  Anne's  War  breaks  out.    Penn  gives  a  new  charter  to 

Pennsylvania. 

1702.  The  Jerseys  made  a  royal  province  under  the  governor  of  New 

York.     South  Carolinians  go  to  attack  St.  Augustine. 

1703.  South  Carolinians  subdue  hostile  Indians. 

1706.  Expedition  of  Spaniards  against  South  Carolina. 

1707.  Huguenots  settle  in  North  Carolina. 

1710.  Port  Royal,  in  Acadia,  captured  by  the  English.    Germans  settle 

in  North  Carolina. 

1711.  Unsuccessful  expedition  against  Quebec.    Massacre  by  Indians 

in  North  Carolina.  . 

1713.  Peace  with  French  and  Indians  secured  by  treaty.     North  Caro- 
lina Indians  subdued. 

1715.  Confederation  of  Southern  Indians  formed.     South  Carolinians 

subdue  the  Indians. 

1716.  Rights  of  Lord  Baltimore  restored. 

1729.  North  and  South  Carolina  made  separate  royal  provinces. 

1736.  Scotch  Highland  soldiers  go  to  Georgia. 

1737.  Six  hundred  other  soldiers  go  to  Georgia. 

1738.  First  royal  governor  in  New  Jersey. 


150 


FRENCH  AND  INDIAN  WAR. 


Outline  of  important  Events, 


1740.  Georgians  make  war  on  the  Spaniards  in  Florida. 

1742.  Spaniards  threaten  Georgia.     Fight  at  Bloody  Marsh. 

1743.  Local  government  first  established  in  Georgia. 
1744-  King  George's  War  breaks  out. 

1745.  Louisburg  captured  by  the  English. 
1746-  D'Anville's  fleet  dispersed. 

1748.  King  George's  War  ended  by  treaty. 

1749.  Ohio  Company  formed. 

1752.  Georgia  made  a  royal  province. 

1753.  French  soldiers  imprison  English  surveyors. 

1754-  Young  Washington's  delicate  mission  to  the  French.  Fort  Du 
Quesne  built.  First  blood  shed  in  the  French  and  Indian 
War.  Colonial  Congress  at  Albany. 

1755.  Braddock  comes  to  America  with  troops.     Defeated  and  killed 

near  the  Monongahela  River.     Battles  near  Lake  George,  and 
Fort  William  Henry  built.     Acadia  desolated. 

1756.  England  declares  war  against  France.    Montcalm  captures  Os- 

wego.     Indians  defeated  at  Kittanning. 

1757.  Montcalm   captures  Fort   William    Henry.      Pitt  made  Prime 

Minister. 

1758.  Louisburg  captured  by  the  English.     The  English  repulsed  at 

Ticonderoga.    Forts  Frontenac  and  Du  Quesne  taken  by  the 
English. 

1759.  Forts  Ticonderoga  and  Niagara,  and  the  city  of  Quebec  taken  by 

the  English. 

1760.  The  conquest  of  Canada  by  the  English  completed. 

1761.  Troubles  with  the  Southern  Indians. 

1763.  War  with  Pontiac.     Treaties  of  Peace  concluded  at  Paris. 


A  LIST  OF  BATTLES  IN  THE  FRENCH  AND  INDIAN  WAR. 


1754. 

Great  Meadows May  28 

Fort  Necessity July  4 

1755. 

Fort  Beausejour June  16 

Fort  Gasperau June  17 

Monongahela July  9 

Near  Lake  George Sept.  8 

Head  of  Lake  George   Sept.  8 

1756. 
Oswego Aug.  14 

1757. 
Fort  William  Henry Aug.  9 


1758. 

Near  Ticonderoga July  6 

Ticonderoga July  8 

Louisburg July  26 

Fort  Frontenac  Aug.  27 

Alleghany  Mountains Sept.  21 


Fort  Niagara July  25 

Montmorenci July  31 

Plains  of  Abraham Sept.  13 

1760. 
Sillery April  28 


THE  REVOLUTION.  151 


Tendency  toward  National  Independence. 


CHAPTER     IV. 

> 

THE   STRIFE   FOR    FREEDOM,  OR    THE 
REVOLUTION. 


SECTION    I. 

THE   PRELIMINARY  EVENTS. 

1.  The  love  of  liberty  of  thought  and  action,  which  caused 
a  greater  portion  of  the  settlers  in  America  to  leave  home 
and  make  an  abode  in  the  wilderness,  was  increased  by  its 
indulgence   here.      They    loved    father-land    much,   but 
freedom  more. 

2.  There  was  a  tendency  toward  national  indepen- 
dence from  the  first  planting  of  the  colonies.     The  people, 
however,  gloried  in  being  subjects  of  Great  Britain,  so  long 
as  the  imperial  government  treated  them  justly.     When  it 
ceased  to  do  so,  they  asserted  their  independence,   and 
fought  to  secure  it. 

3.  The  natural  tendency  toward  independence  ;  the  neg- 
lect  of    the   parent   country  ;  the  misrule   of  many  royal 
governors  ;    the  exactions  of   proprietors,  and  the  peculiar 
conditions  of   society  in   America,  were  the  chief   causes 
which  made  the  struggle  for  independence  a  sort  of  necessity. 

QUESTIONS.— 1.  What  induced  persons  to  settle  in  America  ?  2.  What  was  the  ten- 
dency of  the  colonists  ?  What  did  the  people  glory  in,  and  what  did  they  do  ?  3. 
What  were  the  chief  causes  that  led  to  the  struggle  for  independence  ? 


152  THE  REVOLUTION. 


"View  of  Taxation  and  Independence. 


4.  The  immediate  occasion  of  that  struggle  may  be  found 
in  the  persistence  of  the  British  ministry  in  taxing  the 
colonies,  while,  at  the  same  time,  they  denied  them  a  repj 
resentation   in   the    parliament.     The  American^ 
said,  u  Taxation  without  representation  is  tyran- 
ny."    Under  the  circumstances  their  principles  made  rebel- 
lion a  necessity. 

5.  George  the  Third  took  his  seat  on  the  throne  of  Eng- 
land at  the  close  of  the  French  and  Indian  war.      That 
war  had  cost  England  much  money,  and  her  treasury  was 
empty.     The  King  asked  how  it  should  be  filled,  and  bad  ad- 
visers said,   Tax    the   Americans ;  they  are  rich,  and 
willing  to  pay  freely. 

6.  The  colonists  were  called  upon  to  pay  to  the  govern- 

ment certain  sums  of  money  for 
everything  which  they  might  re- 
ceive in  ships.  This  is  called  an 
impost  duty.  Officers  were  sent 
to  America  to  collect  this  duty,  or 
tax.  Leading  men  in  Massachu- 
setts, among  them  the  eloquent 
James  Otis,  advised  the  people  not 
to  pay  the  tax,  and  they  refused  to 

.\SSC-N  •-;   •»*- 
JAMES  OTIS.  <JO  SO. 

7.  Then  a  law  was  passed,  that  no  paper  for  certain  busi- 
ness or  social  purposes  should  be  used,  unless  it  should  bear 
a  stamp  issued  by  the  British  government,  for  which  cer- 
tain sums  of  money  were  charged. 

QUESTIONS.-^.  What  was  the  immediate  occasion  of  that  straggle  ?  How  did  the 
colonies  express  their  chief  grievance  ?  5.  What  can  you  tell  about  George  the 
Third  and  the  public  treasury  ?  What  advice  was  given  him  ?  6.  What  can  you  tell 
about  taxing  the  colonists  ?  What  were  they  advised  to  do  ?  7.  What  can  you  tell 
about  stamped  paper  ? 


THE  REVOLUTION. 


153 


The  Stamp 


"Resistance  to  the  Measure. 


A  STAMP. 


8.  These  stamps  were  made  on  bits  of  paper — some  white 
and    many    blue — bearing   royal    em- 
blems  and   the    money  value  of   the 

stamp.  This  law,  known  as  the 
Stamp  jA.ct,  made  the  Americans 
indignant,  for  it  was  a  new  and  indirect 
mode  of  taxation.  Delegates  were  ap- 
pointed in  the  different  colonies,  to 
meet  in  New  York  in  the  autumn  of 
1765,  to  agree  upon  a  plan  of  action  in 
the  matter. 

9.  This  "  Stamp  Act  Congress,"  as  it  was  called, 
sent  strong  petitions  to  Parliament  asking  for  justice  ;  also 
an  able  address  to  the  King,  and  a  declaration  of  their  rights 
as  British  subjects. 

10.  Encouraged  by  the  tone  of  these  papers,  the  people 

rejected  the  stamps.  Merchants  agreed 
not  to  buy  any  more  goods  in  Eng- 
land until  justice  was  done  to  the 
American  colonies.  The  great  Wil- 
liam Pitt  advised  Parliament  to  re- 
peal the  act,  and  it  was  done  in  the 
spring  of  1776. 

11.  Among  the  most  earnest  oppos- 
PITT.  ers  Of  British  oppression  at  that  day 
was  Patrick  Henry.  When,  in  the  Virginia  legislature, 
he  was  one  day  speaking  of  the  dangers  that  threatened  a 
monarch  who  oppressed  his  people,  he  said,  "  Ccesar  had  his 

QUESTIONS.— 8.  How  were  stamps  made  ?  How  did  the  Americans  feel  and  act  ?  9. 
Tell  about  the  Stamp  Act  Congress.  10.  What  did  the  people  and  the  merchants 
do  ?  What  can  you  tell  about  the  repeal  of  the  Stamp  Act?  11.  What  can  you  tell 
about  Patrick  Henry  ? 


154 


THE  REVOLUTION. 


Ifenry  in  the    Virginia  Legislature, 


Brutus,  Charles  the  First  his  Cromwell,  and  George  the 
Third " —  He  was  interrupted  at  this  point  by  cries  of 
"  Treason!  Treason!"  Henry  concluded  by  saying — 
"  may  profit  by  their  example  ;  if  that  be  treason,  make  the 
most  of  it." 


PATRICK    HENRY    IN    THE    VIRGINIA    ASSEMBLY, 

12.  The  British  government  tried  other  measures  to  get 
money  from  the  Americans.      Parliament  laid  an  impost 
duty  on  goods  wanted  by  them.      The  Colonial  Assemblies 
declared  that  Parliament  had  no  right  to  so  tax  the  colo- 
nists, and  merchants  agreed  to  buy  nothing  from  England 
until  the  government  should  be  just. 

13.  The  tax-gatherers  came  in  1768.      They  were  treated 

QUESTIONS — 12.  What  did  the  British  government  and  the  Americans  do  ? 


THE  REVOLUTION.  155 


The   ff  fioston  Massacre."  Tax  on    Tea. 

with  contempt.  Soldiers,  under  General  Gage,  were  sent  to, 
Boston  from  Halifax  to  assist  the  tax-gatherers  in  enf ore- 
ing  the  law. 

14.  The  royal  governors,  seeing  the  determination  of  their 
government,  became  more  proud  and  insolent.     They  treated 
the  people  as  rebels,  and  irritated  them  beyond  endurance. 
Even    the    common   soldiers    treated    citizens   with    disre- 
spect. 

15.  Finally,  in  March,  1770,  the  soldiers  and  citizens  in  j 
Boston  had  a  quarrel,  which  resulted  in  the  killing  of  three 
persons   and  the   wounding   of  several   others  by  the  sol- 
diers. 

16.  The  citizens  resolved  not  to  endure  military  rule 
any  longer.      They  demanded  the  in- 
stant removal  of  the  soldiers  to  a  mili- 
tary post  on  an  island  in  Boston  Har- 
bor.     The    frightened     governor    re- 
moved them,  and   quiet  was  restored. 

But  the  "Boston  Massacre," 
as  it  was  called,  was  long  remem- 
bered. 

17.  The    British    ministry,    with 

Lord  North  at  their  head,  now  concluded  to  lay  an  impost 
tax   upon    tea   alone.      They  taxed   a   single   article   only  i 
to  assert  their  right  to  tax  the  Americans.    The 
colonists   refused  to   pay   it,  and   agreed  not   to  buy  any 
tea. 


QUESTIONS. — 13.  What  occurred  in  Boston  in  1768?  14.  What  have  you  to  say 
about  the  royal  governors  and  the  soldiers  ?  15.  Give  an  account  of  disturbances 
in  Boston.  16.  What  did  the  citizens  do?  17.  What  did  the  British  ministry  do, 
and  why  ?  What  did  the  colonists  do  ? 


156  THE  REVOLUTION. 


The  "Regulators."     Surning  of  the  Gaspe.      Stnjndity  of  Ministers. 

18.  In  1771,  the  home  taxes  in  North  Carolina  were 
burdensome,  owing  to  the  extravagance  of  the  royal 
governor.     The  people  formed  associations  for  the  regula- 
tion of  public  affairs.     These  were  called  Regulators. 

19.  The  royal  governor  led  soldiers  into  a  district  to  assist 
the  tax-gatherer  in  collecting  the  taxes.     The  Regulators  met 
him.     A  battle  ensued.     The  Regulators  were  defeated,  and 
several  of  them  were  hanged.    Hatred  of  royal  rule 
there  was  intense  ever  afterwards. 

20.  In  1772,  a  British  vessel  was  in  Narraganset  Bay 
to  enforce  the  collection  of  taxes.     Her  commander  irritated 
the  people,  and  on  a  stormy  night  in  June,  about  sixty  men, 
led  by  Captain  Whipple,  went  in  a  boat  and  burned  the 
vessel. 

21.  Three  years  afterward,  Sir  James  Wallace,  in  com- 
mand of  a  British  vessel  in  the  same  waters,  wrote  a  note 
to  Captain  Whipple,  saying  :    "You,  Abraham  Whipple, 
on  the  17th  of  June,  1772,  burned  his  Majesty's  vessel,  the 
Gaspe,  and  I  will  hang  you  to  the  yard-arm."     Whipple 
instantly  replied  :    "  Sir, — Always  catch  a  man  before  you 
hang  him." 

22.  The  English  merchants,  suffering  a  great  loss  of 
trade   because  the  Americans  refused  to  buy  of  them, 
asked  their  government  to   take   off  the  obnoxious  duties. 
Lord  North,  the  British  prime  minister,  persisted  in  retain- 
ing the  tax  on  tea,  but  devised  a  plan  which,  he  thought, 
would  please  the  Americans. 


QUESTIONS.— 18.  What  can  you  tell  about  disturbances  in  North  Carolina?  19. 
What  can  you  tell  about  the  royal  governor  and  the  Regulators  in  North  Carolina  ? 
20.  Tell  about  the  burning  of  a  vessel  in  Narraganset  Bay.  21.  Give  an  account  of  a 
correspondence  on  the  subject.  22.  Tell  about  the  action  of  English  merchants. 
What  did  Lord  North  do  ? 


158  THE  REVOLUTION. 


s±  Sail  not  Taken.  ^Destruction   of  2'ea.          ^Boston   Punished. 

23.  The  East  India  Company  then  brought  all  the  tea 
from  China.    North  made  arrangements  with  them  to  sell 
their  tea  to  the  Americans  at  a  sum  less  than  the  market 
price,  which  would  be  equal  to  the  small  impost  tax. 

24.  It  was  principle,  not  money,  that  the  Americans 
were  contending  for.     The  tax  was  retained,  and  they  re- 
fused to  buy  tea.     They  resolved 

not  to  allow  a  pound  of  it  to  be 
landed  on  their  shores. 

25.  Cargoes    came    to    Boston 
harbor  and  remained  there  in  de- 
fiance of  public  feeling.      An  im- 
mense  concourse   of  people  assem- 
bled at  Faneuil  Hall  in  December, 

1773,  when  it  was  resolved  that  the  FANEUIL  HALL< 

tea  should  be  sent  back.  The  ships  remained.  Disguised 
men  went  on  board  of  them  hi  the  evening,  broke  open 
the  tea-chests,  and  poured  their  contents  into  the  waters 
of  Boston  harbor. 

26.  The  ministry  proceeded  to  punish  the  people  of  Bos- 
ton.    All  public  offices  were  removed  from  the  city,  and  the 
harbor  was  closed  against  commerce.    On  the  first  of 
June,  1774,  General  Gage  appeared  with  soldiers  to  enforce 
the  decrees  of  his  government. 

27.  The  whole  country  sympathized  with  the  Bostonians. 
The  leading  patriots  took  energetic  measures.     At  the  sug- 
gestion of  Samuel  Adams,  the  Massachusetts  patriots  in 


QUESTIONS.— 23.  What  arrangement  was  made  with  the  East  India  Company  ?  24. 
What  did  the  Americans  contend  for,  and  what  did  they  do  ?  25.  Give  an  account  of 
tea-ships  in  Boston  harbor.  26.  What  did  ministers  do  to  the  inhabitants  of  Boston  ? 
27.  What  was  the  effect  of  these  acts  on  the  Americans  ?  What  did  Samuel  Adams 
propose  ? 


TIE  REVOLUTION. 


159 


"Prevalence  of  the    Union  Idea. 


First   Continental  Congress. 


SAMUEL  ADAMS. 


council  resolved  to  invite  all  the  other  colonies  to  choose 
men  to  meet  in  a  general  congress 
to  consult  upon  public  affairs. 

28.  The  idea  of  Union  now  took 
strong  hold  of  the  public  mind  in 
America.  The  newspapers  printed  a 
device  of  a  disjointed  snake,  each  part 
representing  a  separate  colony,  with 
the  words  :  "  Unite  or  Die  " — 
that  is,  the  colonists  must  form  a 
Union  or  become  slaves. 

29.  At  the  beginning  of  Septem- 
ber, 1774,  delegates  from  all  the  colo- 
nies but  Geo?^ia  assembled  in  Car- 
penter's    Hall,    in    Philadelphia. 
That  assembly  is  known  as  the  First 
Continental  Congress. 

30.  Peyton  Randolph  of  Virginia  was  chosen  Presi- 

dent, and  CJ^arles  Thomson  of 
Pennsylvania,  Secretary  of  the 
Congress.  This  was  the  first  im- 
portant step  toward  the  formation 
of  the  United  States  of  Amer- 
ica. 

3 1 .  For  fifty  days  that  Congress 
was  in  session.     Their  wisdom  and 
firmness   astonished   the   statesmen 
of  Europe.     Their  addresses  to  the  King  and   Parliament 


XTNITE  ORDIE 


SNAKE  DEVICE. 


CARPENTER'S  HALL. 


QUESTIONS.— 28.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  idea  of  Union  ?  29.  Give  an  account 
of  a  Continental  Congress.  30.  Who  were  the  officers  of  the  Congress,  and  what  was 
it  the  first  step  towards  ?  31.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  session  and  the  work 
of  the  Congress  ?  What  did  they  resolve  to  do  ? 


160 


THE  REVOLUTION. 


Second  Continental  Congress. 


War  for  Independence  Begun. 


form  remarkable   State  papers.     When  they   separated, 
they  resolved  to  meet  again  the  next 
spring,  unless  the  grievances  of  the 
Americans  should  be  redressed. 

32.  The  grievances  were  not  re- 
dressed, but  were  aggravated.     The 
second  Continental  Congress 
assembled    in    Carpenter's    Hall,   in 
Philadelphia,  on  the  10th  of  May, 
1775.     Meanwhile  a  great  Revolution 
had    begun.       British    troops     had 

forced  the  armed  patriots  into  the  war  for  indepen- 
dence, the  history  of  which  we  will  now  consider. 

33.  In  this  section  we  have  considered — 

(1)  the  tendency  toward  independence ;  (2)  the  chief 
grievance  of  which  the  colonists  complained  ;  (3)  the  em- 
ployment of  soldiers  to  enforce  the  laws ;  (4)  the  relations 
between  the  citizens  and  soldiers ;  (5)  various  schemes 
of  taxation  ;  (6)  the  acts  and  punishment  of  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Boston,  and  (7)  the  assembling  of  a  Continen- 
tal Congress. 


CHARLES  THOMSON. 


QUESTIONS.— 32.  What  was  done  the  next  spring,  and  what  was  then  begun  ? 
What  have  we  considered  in  this  section? 


THE  REVOLUTION. 


Minute-men.  ^Provincial  Convention.  Franklin's  Advice. 

SECTION    II. 

FIRST  YEAR  OF  THE  WAR  FOR  INDEPENDENCE, 
[1775.] 

1 .  During  the  summer  of  1774,  the  Americans  prepared 
for  war  by  military  drilling  and  collecting  supplies  of  arms 
and  ammunition.     A  large  body  of  men  were  enrolled,  who 
were  to  be  ready  to  go  to  the  field  at  a  minute's  warning. 
These  were  called  minute -men. 

2.  These  hostile  measures,  and  the  assertion,  of  the  news- 
papers and  the  pulpit,  that  the  people  had  a  right  to  resist 
oppression,  alarmed  General  Gage,  who  was  governor  of 
Massachusetts.    He  built  fortifications  across  Boston  Neck 
to  prevent  an  attack  from  the  patriots,  and  placed  sentinels 
and  cannon  there. 

3.  The  Massachusetts  patriots  formed  a  Provincial  Con- 
gress at  Salem  early  in  October.     They  took  all  political 
power  into  their  own  hands,  and  vigorously  prepared  for 
war.    This  was  the  first  really  independent  govern- 
ment ever  formed  in  America. 

4.  The  King  and  his  advisers  were  amazed  by  these  pro- 
ceedings.    The  attention  of  Parliament  was  called  to  the 
subject  early  in  1775.     Dr.  ffianklin,  then  in  England, 
said  to  the  King's  ministers  :   "  Be  just  to  the  Americans 
and  they  will  be  loyal."   Pitt  proposed  conciliatory  measures. 
But  the  blinded  ministers  refused  to  act  on  good  advice. 

QUESTIONS.— 1.  What  can  you  tell  about  preparations  for  war?  2.  What  can  you 
tell  about  the  effect  of  these  preparations  ?  3.  What  did  Massachusetts  patriots  do? 
4.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  King  and  ministers  and  Dr.  Franklin  ? 


162  THE  REVOLUTION. 


Skirmishes  at  Lexington  and  Concord.      Patriots  Flock  to  the  Field. 

5.  There  were  three  thousand  British  soldiers  in  Boston 
in  the  spring  of  1775.     With  these  Gage  felt  strong.     Hear- 
ing that  the  patriots  were  gathering  ammunition  and  stores 
at  Concord,  a  few  miles  from  Boston,  he  sent  out  troops  at 
midnight  on  the  18th  of  April  to  seize  them. 

6.  These  troops,  eight  hundred  in  number,  reached  Lex- 
ington at  daybreak  on  the  19th.     There  they  found  a  body 
of  minute-men  to  oppose  them.     A  sharp  skirmish  fol- 
lowed, when   eight   patriots  were  killed  and  the  rest  were 
dispersed. 

7.  The  British  pushed  on  to  Concord,  where  they  had 
another  fight.      Seeing  the   minute-men   coming   from   all 
quarters,  they  hastily  destroyed  the  stores  and  retreated 
toward  Boston.      They  were  assailed  by  the  bullets  of 
minute-men  on  the  way,  fired  from  behind  fences  and  build- 
ings.    The  British  lost  two  hundred  and  seventy-three  men 
killed  and  wounded. 

8.  The  news  that  blood  had  been  shed  by  British 
troops  aroused  the  Americans  everywhere.     Hundreds  of 
people,  armed  and  unarmed,  started  for  Boston.     Before  the 
end  of  May  twenty  thousand  patriots,   chiefly  from  Neiv 
England,  were  there,  building  fortifications  to   keep  the 
British  in  Boston. 

9.  In  other  colonies  equally  bold  measures  were  taken. 
Arms  and  ammunition  were  seized  by  the  people.     Royal 
governors   were   plainly  told  that  their  services   were  not 
needed.    Provincial  governments  were  established 
by  the  people,  who  had  resolved  to  fight  for  their  rights. 

QUESTIONS.— 5.  Give  an  account  of  affairs  at  Boston  and  vicinity  in  the  spring  of 
1775.  6.  Give  an  account  of  the  skirmish  at  Lexington.  7.  Tell  about  a  skirmish  at 
Concord  and  retreat  of  the  British.  8.  What  were  the  effects  of  these  skirmishes  ? 
9.  What  was  done  in  other  colonies  ? 


THE  REVOLUTION.  163 


Capture  of  fort  Ticonderoga. British   Troops  in  Sotfon. 

10.  On  the  day  when  the  second  Continental  Congress 
met  (May  10)  New  Englanders,  led  by  Ethan  Allen  and 
Benedict  Arnold,  captured  Fort  Ticonderoga,  on  Lake 
Champlain.     "  By  what  authority  do  you  demand  the  sur- 
render of  this  fort  ?  "  asked  the  commandant.     "  By  that  of 
the  great  Jehovah  and  the  Continental  Congress,"  Allen 
replied. 

11.  Meanwhile  the  Provincial  Congress  of  Massachu- 
setts had  placed  all  authority  for  conducting  the  war  in  the 
hands  of   a   Committee    of  Safety.      They  appointed 
Artemas  Ward  commander-in-chief  ;    and  important  com- 
mands were  given  to  Putnam,  Starlce,  and  other  veterans 
of  past  wars. 

12.  By  the  first  of  June  British  war-ships  and  soldiers 
had  arrived  at  Boston,  with  eminent  generals.     There  were 
then  twelve   thousand  British   troops  in  that   city.     Gage 
determined  to  attack  the  Americans,  who  were  gath- 
ered chiefly  at  Cambridge. 

13.  Expecting  an  attack,  a  thousand  men  were  sent  in  the 
night  from  Cambridge  to  fortify  Bunker's   Hill.     By 
mistake  they  went  to  Breed's  Hill,  not  far  off,  and  there, 
before  morning,  they  had  cast  up  a  redoubt. 

14.  The  British,  amazed  by  the  appearance  of  that  re- 
doubt at  dawn  on  the  17th  of  June,  fired  upon  it  from  the 
city  and  their  ships.     At  noon  three  thousand  troops,  under 
General  Howe,  crossed  over  in  boats  to  attack  the  redoubt. 

15.  Twice,  in  a  severe  battle,  the  British  were  repulsed. 
At  length  the  powder  of  the  Americans  was  used  up,  when 

QUESTIONS.— 10.  Tell  about  the  capture  of  Ticonderoga.  11.  What  can  you  tell 
about  the  authorities  of  Massachusetts  and  preparations  for  war  ?  12.  What  have 
you  to  say  about  British  soldiers  in  Boston  ?  13.  Tell  of  the  redoubt  built  by  the 
Americans.  14.  What  did  the  British  in  Boston  do  ?  15.  Give  an  account  of  the  bat- 
tle on  Bunker's  Hill. 


164 


THE  REVOLUTION. 


fteath  of  Warren. 


Continental 


they  were  driven  from  the  redoubt,  and  General 
Joseph  Warren  was  killed.  Suppos- 
ing the  eminence  to  be  on  Bunker's 
Hill,  the  battle  was  called  by  that 
name.  The  Bunker  Hill  Monu- 
ment stands  on  the  site  of  the  re- 
doubt. 

1 6.  The  Americans  fled  to  Cam- 
'bridge    across     Charleston    Neck, 
gallantly  covered  by  Putnam  and  a 
few  brave  men.     All  the  American 

soldiers  at  Cambridge  were  soon  afterward  formed  into  a 

Continental  Army,  under  a  single 

general. 

17.  While  these  events   were  oc- 
curring in    New    Eng- 
land,    the    Revolution 

was   rapidly  progressing 


JOSEPH  WARREN. 


BUNKER'S  HILL  BATTLE. 


MONUMENT. 


QUESTIONS.— 16.  What  did  the  Americans  do?    17.  What  can  you  tell  about  the 
Revolution  in  Virginia  and  the  doings  of  Patrick  Henry  ? 


TffE  REVOLUTION.  .  165 


jOotnfff  of  "Patrick  Henry.  Firmness  of  the    Congress. 

elsewhere.  As  in  Stamp  Act  times,  so  now,  Patrick  Henry 
was  the  leader  of  the  Virginia  patriots.  At  the  head  of 
minute-men,  he  compelled  the  royal  governor  (Dunmore)  to 
give  up  gunpowder  belonging  to  the  people,  which  he  had 
seized. 

1 8.  In  the  back  country  of  North  Carolina  the  patriots, 
in  convention,  had  declared  themselves  independent  of 
Great  Britain.     In  South  Carolina  and  Georgia  they 
took  the  government  into  their  own  hands,  and  drove  away 
the  royal  governors. 

19.  At  the  beginning  of  this  excitement  the  second  Con- 
tinental Congress  met  (May  10)  at  Philadelphia.     They 
were  united  in  saying  to  the  King  :  "  Be  just  and  we  will 
lay  down  our  arms.     We  have  counted  the  cost  of 
war,  and  find  it  not  so  dreadful  as  slavery.     Be  just,  or 
we  will  fight  your  fleets  and  armies  until  we   are  a 
free  people. " 

20.  The  Congress  did  not  wait  for  the  King's  answer,  but 
prepared  for  war.     They  voted  to  raise  an  army  of  twenty 
thousand   men,   and   authorized   the  issue  of  $2,000,000  in 
paper   money.     On  the   15th   of  June  they  appointed 
George  Washington  commander-in-chief  of  all  the 
armies,  with  able  assistant  generals.     On  the  3d  of  July 
Washington   went   to   Cambridge,   and  there,   under    the 
shadow  of  a  great  elm,  he  took  command  of  the  army. 

2 1 .  The  Congress  resolved  to  send  an  army  to  take  pos- 
session of  Canada.     General  Philip  Schuyler1  was  placed 

QUESTIONS.— 18.  What  was  done  in  North  and  South  Carolina  and  Georgia  ?  19, 
Tell  about  the  assembling  of  a  second  Congress  and  their  doings.  20.  What  else  did 
the  Congress  do  ?  21.  What  can  you  tell  about  preparations  to  invade  Canada  ? 

1  ski'-ler. 


THE  REVOLUTION. 


Capture  of  SI.  John's^  Chamblee,  and  Montreal* 

in  command   of  it,  and   late  in  August  went  down  Lake 
Chawiplain  and  attempted  to 
capture  St.  John's,  on  the  Sorel,1 
but  failed. 

22.  Falling  back  to  Isle  aux 
Noix,2  in  the  Sorel,  the  North- 
ern  army  lay  there   some  time. 
General  Schuyler  becoming  sick, 
General  Richard  Montgomery, 

his  lieutenant,  took  the  chief  com-  jf%j&~     o 

mand.      He   besieged  St.  John's,  GENERAL  SCHUYLEU. 

and  captured  it  on  the  3d  of  November. 

23.  Meanwhile  a  detachment  of  Americans  under  Col- 

onel Bedel?  and  Major  Livingston 
captured  Fort  Chamblee*  at  the  foot 
of  the  Sorel  rapids.  At  about  the 
same  time  Colonel  Ethan  Allen,  with 
a  few  men,  attempted  to  capture  Mon- 
treal; 5  he  and  his  followers  were  de- 
feated and  made  prisoners.  Allen 
was  sent  to  England  in  irons. 

24.   From  St.  John's,  Montgom- 
ery pushed  on  to  Montreal,  and  cap- 
tured the  city  on  the  13th  of  November.     Then  he  hastened 
toward  Quebec  to  meet  Colonel  Benedict  Arnold,  who,  he 
was  informed,  was  approaching  the  city  from  the  wilderness. 
25.  That  march,  of  Arnold  was  a  marvellous  exploit. 


GENERAL  MONTGOMERY. 


QUESTIONS.— 22.  What  did  the  patriot  army  do  ?  23.  What  can  you  tell  about  Fort 
Chamblee  and  an  attempt  to  take  Montreal?  24.  What  did  Montgomery  do?  25. 
Give  an  account  of  Arnold's  march  through  the  wilderness. 


1  sor-eV,    3  eel-fi-noo'ah.    *  be-del'.    *  sham'-btt.    '  mont-re-awl'. 


THE  REVOLUTION.  16V 


yirnold's  Expedition  into  Canada.  Siege  of  Quebec. 

He  crossed  the  wilderness  by  way  of  the  Kennebec1  and 
Chaudiere 2  rivers,  with  about  a  thousand  men.  They  trav- 
ersed dark  forests  and  tangled  morasses  filled  with  snow  and 
ice.  They  suffered  dreadfully  from  cold,  hunger  and  fa- 
tigue, and  appeared  at  Point  Levi,  opposite  Quebec,  on  the 
9th  of  November. 

26.  Arnold  crossed  the  river,  ascended  to  the  Plains 
of  Abraham,  and  demanded  the  surrender  of  the  city  to 
him.     The  demand  was  refused.     He  could  not  enforce  it. 
Marching  up  the  St.  Lawrence  about  twenty  miles,  he  there 
met  Montgomery  on  the  1st  of  December. 

27.  The  united  troops  now  marched  directly  for  Quebec. 
For  three  weeks  they  besieged  the  city,  in  the  midst  of 
fearful  snow-storms.     At  length  Montgomery  determined 
to  force  his  way  into  the  town  through  one  of  the  gates. 

28.  Montgomery  divided  his  army.      He  led  a  part  of 
them  on  the  St.  Lawrence  side  of  the  town,  and  Arnold  led 

another  division  on  the  St.  Charles  side. 
They  were  to  meet,  and  force  Prescott 
gate.  While  pressing  forward  at  the  head 
of  his  men,  to  attack  a  battery,  at  dawn  on 
the  31st  of  December,  Montgomery  was 
killed. 

29.    Arnold  was  wounded.      After  a 
combat  of  several  hours,  and  the  capture  of 

WALLS   OP   QUEBEC.  ,,    ,    .  A  -,   -.  . 

many  of  his  troops,  Arnold,  who  was  now 
chief  in  command,  withdrew,  and  with  the  little  army  re- 

QITESTIONS.— 26.  What  did  Arnold  do  at  Quebec  ?  27.  What  can  you  tell  about  be- 
ginning the  siege  of  Quebec  ?  28.  Tell  about  an  attempt  to  force  an  entrance  into 
Quebec.  29.  What  can  you  tell  about  Arnold  and  the  army  at  Quebec  ? 

1  ken-ne-bek'.    *  sho-de-ehr*. 


168  THE  REVOLUTION. 

Americans  ^Driven  out  of  Canada.        Military  Operations  in  Virginia. 

raained  near  Quebec,  behind  ramparts  of  snow,  all  winter. 
He  was  relieved  by  General  Wooster  in  the  spring. 

30.  The  British  at  Quebec  were  strongly  reinforced  in 
the  spring  of  1776,  and  the  patriots  were  all   driven  out 
of  Canada  before  the  middle  of  June. 

31.  In    Virginia  the  patriots   were    more    successful. 
After  Governor  Dunmore  had  been  driven  to  the  shelter  of 
British  war-ships,  he  collected  a  motley  force  of  royalists, 
and  began  to  desolate  Southwestern  Virginia. 

32.  The  minute-men  gathered  in  large  numbers  to  oppose 
him.    At  the  Great  Bridge,  near  the  Dismal  Swamp, 
they  fought  a  severe  battle  on  the  9th  of  December.     Dun- 
more  was  defeated  and  driven  to  his  ships  at  Norfolk. 
In  revenge  he  burnt  that  city  on  the   1st  of  January, 
1776. 

33.  The  minute-men  of  Culpepper  County  had  a  flag 
with  a  snake  device  different  from  the  one  in  the  newspapers. 
It  was  the  picture  of  a  rattlesnake  coiled, 

ready  to  bite.     Under  it  were  the  significant 

words:    "Don't  tread   on  me!*'     It 

meant  to  say,  "I  have   dangerous   fangs." 

It  also  bore  the  words  of  Patrick  Henry  :     CULPEPPEB  FLAO 

"Liberty  or  Death." 

34.  Circumstances  now  drew  a  strong  line  of  distinction 
between  the  friends  and  the  opponents  of  the  British  gov- 
ernment.    The  loyalists  were  called  Tories  ;  the  patriots 
were  called  Whigs. 

35.  In  this  section  we  have  considered — 

(1)  The  preparations  of  the  Americans  for  war ;    (2) 

QUESTIONS.— 30.  What  occurred  in  the  spring  of  1776  f  31.  What  can  you  tell 
about  Governor  Dunmore  in  Virginia  ?  32.  What  did  the  minute-men  do  ?  What 
can  you  tell  about  a  battle  and  firing  of  a  city  ?  33.  Give  an  account  of  the  flag  of  the 
Culpepper  minute-men.  34.  What  can  you  tell  about  parties  ? 


THE  REVOLUTION. 


169 


of  Credit,  or   Continental  Money. 


the  effect  of  these  preparations  ;  (3)  the  skirmish  at  Lex- 
ington ;  (4)  the  gathering  of  patriots  near  Boston ;  (5) 
revolutionary  movements  in  the  Carotinas  and  Georgia ; 
(6)  the  capture  of  Ticonderoga  and  the  Battle  of  Bun- 
ker's Hill ;  (7)  the  formation  of  a  continental  army ;  (8) 
the  appointment  of  Washington  to  the  chief  command; 
and  (9)  military  operations  in  Canada  and  Virginia. 


SECTION     III. 

SECOND  YEAR  OF  THE  WAR  FOR  INDEPENDENCE. 
[1776.] 


•"T  HIS  Bill 
o  TV  °car*'p  to  -rtcev 
SIX  SPANISH  MILLED 
DOLLARS,  or 
Value  thereof  in£oLD 


A  BILL  OP  CREDIT,   OR  CONTINENTAL  MONEY. 

1.    We    have   observed   that   the   Continental   Congress 
authorized  the  issuing  of  bills  of  credit,  or  paper  money. 

QUESTIONS.— 35.  What  have  we  considered  in  this  section? 
QUESTIONS.— 1.  What  have  you  to  say  about  bills  of  credit? 


THE  REVOLUTION. 


Opening  Scenes  of  the  Revolution. 


THE  REVOLUTION. 


Preparations  for  the   Great  Struggle.  Continental  Tessels. 

These  bills  were  very  rude  in  appearance  when  compared 
with  our  present  paper  money. 

2.  The  people  received  these  bills  freely  at  first,  for  they 
promised  the  holder  gold  or  silver  in  exchange  for  them. 
That  promise  could  not  be  met,  and  in  time  the  bills  be- 
came worthless.     They  answered  a  good  purpose  at  the 
time,  in  helping  the  colonists  to  gain  their  independence. 

3.  In  the  autumn  of   1775  the  British  Parliament  de- 
clared the  American  patriots  to  be  rebels,  and  prepared  a 
heavy  force  of  ships   and  soldiers  to  make  war  on  them. 
They  also  hired  several  thousand  German  soldiers  to  fight  ] 
the  Americans,  and  these  were  sent  over  the  Atlantic  in 
the  spring  of  1776. 

4.  The  Americans  prepared  to  meet  their  foes.     The 
Congress  authorized  the  building  of  vessels  of  war, 
and  also  privateering,  and  very  soon  there  were  many 
armed   vessels   on   the   ocean   committing   depredations   on 
British  commerce. 

5.  Washington  felt  the    necessity    of    striking    an 
effectual  blow  for  the  liberties  of  his  country  at  once. 
So   did  the  Congress.     Both   worked  for  the  expulsion   of 
the  British  from  Boston. 

6.  As    Washington  could   not    leave    the    army,   Mrs. 
Washington  joined  him  at  Cambridge  in  December.    She 
arrived  there,  with  her  son,  Mr.  Custis,  and  his  wife,  on  the 
llth  of  December,  and  passed  the  winter  there. 

7.  At  the  beginning  of  1776,  Washington  had  fourteen 
thousand  men.      With  these  he  prosecuted  the  siege  of 

QUESTIONS.— 2.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  people  receiving  bills  of  credit  and  their 
use?  3.  Tell  about  the  British  making  preparations  for  war.  4.  What  did  the 
Americans  do  ?  5.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Washington  and  the  Congress  ?  6. 
What  can  you  tell  about  Mrs.  Washington  ?  7.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  American 
army,  and  the  British  proposing  to  leave  Boston  ? 


THE  REVOLUTION. 


173 


on  Soston    Common. 


Boston  with  vigor.      General  Howe,  in  command  of  the 
British  there,  perceiving  his  danger,  proposed  to  leave  the 


174  THE  REVOLUTION. 


The  British  leave  Boston.   Lee  Foils  Clinton.    Washington  at  New  York. 

city  and  harbor,  with  his  ships  and  troops,  if  Washington 
would  allow  him  to  do  so  quietly. 

8.  Washington  consented,  and  on  Sunday,  the  17th  of 
March,  the  British  army,  with  many  Tories,  sailed  from 
Boston  for  Halifax,  in  Nova  Scotia.     Congress  caused  a 
gold  medal  to  be  presented  to  Washington  in  commemora- 
tion of  the  evacuation  of  Boston. 

9.  One  of  Howe's  best  lieutenants    was    General    Sir 

Henry  Clinton.  He  left  Boston 
several  weeks  before  the  evacuation, 
with  ships  and  troops.  Washing- 
ton suspected  that  he  was  going  to 
attack  the  city  of  New  York,  and 
sent  General  Charles  Lee,  a  fiery 
soldier,  to  raise  troops  in  Connecti- 
cut, and  hasten  to  the  defence  of  the 
menaced  city. 

weeks  before  the  evacuation  of  Boston,  he  was  encamped, 
with  twelve  hundred  men,  near  New  York,  watching  for 
Clinton.  That  general  had  heard  of  Lee's  movement,  and 
sailed  southward  to  attack  Charleston,  South  Carolina. 

1 1 .  Suspecting  that  Howe,  also,  had  sailed  for  New  York, 
Washington  led  his  army  to  that  city,  leaving  a  sufficient 
number  of  troops  at  Boston  to  prevent  the  return  of  the 
British.  At  New  York  the  American  army  was  in- 
creased, and  Washington  built  fortifications  there  and  on 
the  Hudson  River. 

QUESTIONS.— 8.  Tell  about  the  evacuation  of  Boston.  9.  What  can  you  tell  about 
the  movements  of  Generals  Clinton  and  Lee  ?  10.  What  more  can  you  tell  about 
Clinton  and  Lee  ?  11.  What  did  Washington  suspect  and  do  ? 


THE  REVOLUTION.  175 


y±  Battle  in  Charleston  Harbor.  The  Sritish  Defeated  there. 

12.  On  the    coast  of  North  Carolina,   Clinton    was 
joined  by  a  fleet  under  Sir  Peter  Parker,  and  early  in  June 
the  combined  forces  appeared  at  the  entrance  of  Charles- 
ton Harbor.  On  Sullivan's  island,  within  that  harbor,  the  pa- 
triots had  a  nearly  completed  fort,  garrisoned  by  five  hun- 
dred men,  under  Colonel  William 

Moultrie.1 

13.  The  patriots  hastened    to 
arm  their  fort  well  with  cannon, 
and  when  Clinton  landed  his  troops 
on  Long  Island,  which  is  separated 
horn  Sullivan's  by  a  shallow  strait, 
they  were  ready  to   receive  him. 
Lee  arrived  at  Charleston  on  the 

GENERAL  MOUI/TBEB. 

same  day  on  which  Clinton  landed. 

14.  While  Clinton's  troops  were  trying  in  vain  to  reach 
the  fort  from  Long  Island,  Parker  sailed  into  the  harbor 
and  opened  a  heavy  fire  upon  the  patriots  on  the  28th  of 
June.      The   storm   of   cannon-balls   was   terrible,   but   did 
not  do  much  harm,  for  the  fort  was  built  of  soft  palmetto 
logs. 

15.  The  garrison  answered  the  assault  so  vigorously  that, 
after  a  conflict  of  ten  hours,  the  British  ships  were  dread- 
fully  shattered.      They   were   compelled  to   withdraw. 
Clinton  placed  his  troops  on  some  of  them,  and  they  all 
sailed  for  New  York. 

16.  The  work  so  gallantly  defended  was  named   Fort 

QUESTIONS.— 12.  What  can  you  tell  about  Clinton  on  the  North  Carolina  coast  and 
a  fort  in  Charleston  harbor  ?  13.  What  did  the  patriots  do  ?  14.  What  did  the  British 
ships  do  ?  15.  What  was  the  result  of  the  attack  on  the  fort  ?  16.  What  can  you  tell 
of  the  name  of  a  fort  and  a  brave  deed  there  ? 

1  mool-tr*. 


1V6 


THE  REVOLUTION. 


Resolution  in  favor  of  Independence  Passed. 


STATE  HOUSE. 


Moultrie.  During  the  battle  the  flag-staff  was  shot  away, 
and  the  flag  fell  outside  of  the  fort.  A  sergeant  named 
Jasper  climbed  down  while  the  balls  were  flying  thickly, 
picked  up  the  flag,  and  placed  it  on  a  temporary  staff.  It 
was  kept  flying  during  the  rest  of  the  battle. 

17.  The  Continental  Congress,  sitting  in  the  State  House 

at  Philadelphia,  now  took  an 
important  step.  On  the  7th  of 
June,  1776,  Richard  Henry 
Lee,  of  Virginia,  offered  a 
resolution  that  the  colonies 
were,  and  ought  to  be,  free 
and  independent  States. 

18.  For  almost  a  month  the 
Congress  had  this  subject  under  consideration.     On  the  2d  of 
July  the  resolution  was  adopted,  and 
on  the  4th  of  July  a  Declaration  of 
Independence  was  made. 

19.  This   Declaration   was   at  that 
time  signed  by  only  John  Hancock, 
the   President   of    Congress.      In  the 
course  of  a  few  months  it  received  the 
signatures  of   fifty -two   other  mem- 
bers of  that  body.     This  laid  the  foun- 
dation of  our  republic,  with  the  title, 
The  United  States  of  America. 

20.  There  were  great  rejoicings  throughout  the  country 
when  this  Declaration  was  proclaimed.     In  the  city  of  New 

QUESTIONS.— 17.  What  was  done  in  the  Continental  Congress  ?  18.  What  can  you 
tell  about  a  resolution  for  and  declaration  of  independence  ?  19.  What  can  you  tell 
about  the  signing  of  the  Declaration  ?  20.  What  can  you  tell  about  rejoicings  and  the 
destruction  of  a  statue  and  royal  arms  ? 


JOUN  HANCOCK. 


THE  REVOLUTION.  177 


Statue  of  the  King  fulled  Sown.     The  British  Army  near  JVew  York. 

York,  citizens  and  soldiers  pulled  down  the  leaden 
statue  of  King  George.  It  was  broken  in  pieces  and 
cast  into  bullets.  In  various  places  the  royal  arms  were 
taken  from  public  buildings  and  burned. 

21.  At  about  the  time  the  Declaration  of  Independence 
was  being  considered,  General  Howe  was  making  his  way 
toward  New  York  with  a  large  body  of  troops.    These  were 
landed  on  Staten  Island  on  the  3d  of  July. 

22.  Howe  was  joined  by  Clinton,  who   came  from  the 
South  on  the  llth,  and  by  his  brother,  Lord  Howe,  with  a 
fleet,  on  the  12th.     Very  soon  afterward  a  large  number  of 
the  hired  German  troops  joined  the  British.    They  were 
chiefly  from  Hesse-Cassel,1  and  were  called  Hessians,2 

23.  The  British  were  now  threatening  New  York  with 
thirty  thousand  veteran  troops.     Washington  had,  for  its 
defence,    only   seventeen   thousand, 

mostly  militia.  General  Sullivan 
was  in  a  fortified  camp  at  Brooklyn 
with  a  few  troops. 

24.  On  the  26th  of  August,  ten 
thousand  British  troops  and  forty 
pieces  of  cannon  were  landed  on  the 
western  end  of  Long  Island,  and 

moved  toward  Brooklyn.       Wash-  GENERAL  PUTNAM. 

ington  sent  General  Putnam  with  some  troops  to  reinforce 
Sullivan  and  take  the  chief  command. 

25.  There  were  now  about  five  thousand  American  sol- 

QTTESTIONS.— 21.  Give  an  account  of  the  arrival  of  British  troops  near  New  York. 
22.  By  whom  was  General  Howe  joined  ?  23.  What  can  you  tell  about  British  troops 
and  General  Sullivan  ?  24.  What  did  the  Briti  ^h  do  ?  What  did  Washington  do  ? 

1  liess-cas'-sd,       -  lies' -she-ans. 


178 


THE  REVOLUTION. 


BATTLE  OP  LONG  ISLAND. 


Battle  on  Long  Island.     Battle  on  Harlem  Plains  and  on  White  ^Plains. 

diers  on  Long  Island.     The  British  pressed  forward,  and 
on  the  27th  of  August  a  very  severe  battle  was  fought 

near  Brooklyn.     The  Americans 
were  defeated  with  heavy  loss. 

26.  Early  on  the  morning  of 
the  30th  of  August,  the  American 
troops  on  Long  Island,  under  the 
cover  of  a  thick  fog,  passed  over 
to  New  York  unobserved  by 
the  enemy.  The  British  pre- 
pared to  follow,  when  Washing- 
ton left  New  York  and  took  a  strong  position  upon  Har- 
lem Heights,  near  the  northern  end  of  Manhattan  Island. 

27.  The  British  crossed  over  and  took  possession  of 
the  city  of  New  York.     They  proceeded  to  attack  the 
Americans  in  their  new  position,  and  were  defeated  in  a 
sharp  battle  on  Harlem  Plains,  on  the  16th  of  Septem- 
ber. 

28.  Howe  now  determined  to  get  in  the  rear  of  Wash- 
ington.    He  went  up  the  East  River  and 

landed  his  troops  in  Westchester  County. 
The  Americans  also  went  into  Westches- 
ter County,  leaving  a  garrison  in  Fort 
Washington,  a  strong  work  on  the  high- 
est hill  near  Harlem  Heights. 

29.  The  two   armies   met   at   White     FOKT  WASHINGTON. 
Plains,  and  there  had  a  sharp  battle  on  the  30th  of  October. 
The  Americans  were  defeated  and  retreated  north- 


QUESTIONS.— 25.  What  have  you  to  say  about  troops  and  a  battle  ?  26.  Give  an 
account  of  the  escape  of  American  troops  and  their  new  position.  27.  Give  an  ac- 
count of  a  battle.  28.  What  did  Howe  determine  to  do  ?  What  did  he  and  the  Amer- 
icans do  ?  29,  Tell  about  another  battle  and  its  results. 


REVOLUTION! 

INTHE          f 

ortfternL 

EASTERN  STATE! 


SSL 


180  THE  REVOLUTION. 


Capture  of  Fort  Washington.        Washington    Chased  by   Cornwallis. 

ward.  On  the  4th  of  November,  Washington  crossed  the 
Hudson  River  into  New  Jersey  with  the  greater  portion  of 
his  army,  and  joined  General  Greene  at  Fort  Lee,  opposite 
Fort  Washington. 

30.  Hessians,  under  General  Knyphausen,1  and  some 
English  troops  now  crossed  the  Harlem  River,  and  after 
a  severe  conflict  on  the  16th  of  November,  captured  Fort 
Washington.      Two  thousand  Americans   were  made 
prisoners.     They  suffered 

much,  and  many  died,  in 
the  prisons  in  New 
'York,  and  prison  ships 
near  Brooklyn. 

3 1 .  Lord  Cornwallis, 

THE  JERSEY  PRISON-SHIP. 

one  of  Howe's  best  gen- 
erals, followed  Washington  across  the  Hudson,  and  chased 
him  to  Trenton,  on  the  Delaware  River.     Washington 
crossed  that  river  on  the  8th  of  December,  with  less  than 
three  thousand  men. 

32.  This  was  a  dark  hour  in  the  history  of  our  country. 
But  Washington  was  hopeful.     Believing  that  Cornwallis 
intended  to  seize  Philadelphia,  the  Congress,  sitting  in 
that  city,  fled  to  Baltimore,  in  alarm,  leaving  a  Committee 
to  deal  immediately  with  the  army. 

33.  Cornwallis  did  not  cross  the  Delaware.     He  placed 
the  army  in  winter  quarters  on  its  borders,  and  returned 
to  New  York.    The  Hessians  were  at  Trenton.     Wash- 


QUESTIONS. — 30.  Give  an  account  of  the  capture  of  Fort  Washington  and  the 
prisons.  31.  What  can  you  tell  about  Cornwallis  and  Washington  ?  32.  What  have 
you  to  say  about  the  time,  and  Washington  and  Congress  ?  33.  What  did  Corn  wall  is 
do? 

1  nip-haw'-zen. 


THE  REVOLUTION.  181 

Battle  at  Frenton .     Washington  a  "Dictator.     Cornwallis  at  frinceton. 

ington,  having  received  reinforcements,  resolved  to  attack 

them  there. 

34.  On  Christmas  night  Washington  crossed  the  river 

in  boats,  among  floating  ice,  a  few  miles  above  Trenton. 

At  dawn  the  next  morning  (Dec.  26)  he  attacked  the 

Hessians    at    Trenton.     They  were  defeated.     Their 

commander  was  killed,  and  a 
thousand  of  them  were  made 
prisoners.  Washington  then 
re-crossed  the  river. 

35.  This  victory  encouraged 
the  people.  The  Congress  gave 
the  powers  of  a  Dictator  to 

BATTLE  AT  TRENTON. 

Washington    to     do    as    he 

pleased  for  six  months.  His  army  was  strengthened  and  he 
resolved  to  drive  the  British  out  of  New  Jersey. 
So  he  crossed  the  Delaware  again  and  formed  a  camp  at 
Trenton.  Cornwallis  had  hastened  back  to  his  army, 
and  brought  with  him  German  and  British  soldiers,  and 
formed  a  camp  at  Princeton,  ten  miles  from  the  Delaware. 
36,  In  this  section  we  have  considered — 
(1)  The  issue  of  Bills  of  Credit ;  (2)  the  preparations 
for  war  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic ;  (3)  the  evacuation 
of  Boston ;  (4)  the  care  for  New  York ;  (5)  the  repulse  of 
the  British  at  Charleston;  (6)  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence ;  (7)  the  possession  of  Neiv  Yorlc  and  its  vicinity 
by  the  British ;  (8)  the  flight  of  Washington  to  the  Dela- 
ware and  of  the  Congress  to  Baltimore,  and  (9)  the  victoi^y 
at  Trenton. 

QUESTIONS.— 34.  Give  an  account  of  Washington's  attack  at  Trenton.  35.  What 
wa*  the  effect  of  the  victory  ?  What  did  Congress,  Washington,  and  Cornwallis  do? 
36.  What  have  we  considered  in  this  section  ? 


182  THE  REVOLUTION. 


The  British  Ministry  and  the   Congress. 


SECTION    IV. 

THIRD  YEAR  OF  THE  WAR   FOR   INDEPENDENCE. 
[1777.] 

1 .  The  British  ministry  and  the  parliament  did  not  seem 
to   comprehend  the   character   of  the  Americans.     They 
seemed  to  think  that  thirty  thousand  troops  would  frighten 
them  into  submission.     They  were  amazed  at  the  obstinate 
courage   of  the  "rebels."    Feeling  sure   that   a  few  more 
troops  would  crush  the  rebellion,  they  prepared  to  send 
them. 

2.  The  Congress  comprehended  the  power  and  the  weak- 
ness of  Great  Britain.    They  knew  that  her  haughty 
pride  had  offended   other  nations,  and 

that  France  longed  for  an  opportunity 
to  humble  her. 

3.  So  the  Congress  sent  Commission- 
ers to  ask  the  King  of  France  to  help 
the  Americans  in   their  struggle  for 
independence.     Silas  Deane  was   first 
sent.     He  was  joined  at  Paris  by  Dr. 

"  SILAS    DhANL. 

Franklin  and  Arthur  Lee.    The  King 
was  made  to  see  in  this  war  an  opportunity  of  depriving 
the  British  realm  of  more  domain  in  America  than  the 
English  had  won  from  France.    He  therefore  consented  to 
help  the  patriots  secretly. 

QUESTIONS.— 1.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  British  ministry  and  parliament  ? 
2.  What  about  the  knowledge  of  the  Congress  ?  3.  What  did  the  Congress  do  ?  Who 
were  sent  as  commissioners  to  France,  and  what  was  the  nature  and  effect  of  their 
mission  ? 


THE  REVOLUTION.  183 


^Plan  for  a  National  Government*  I"he  yimericans  in   "Peril. 

4.  Meanwhile  the  subject  of  a  permanent  national 
government  had  engaged  the  attention  of  the  Congress. 
Dr.  Franklin  had  submitted  a  plan  of  government  as  early 
as  1775.  Early  in  1777  a  more  per- 
fected plan  for  a  National  league 
was  laid  before  the  Congress.  It  was 
finally  adopted.  It  was,  however, 
several  years  before  the  scheme  .of 
government  known  as  The  Articles 
of  Confederation  was  adopted  by 
the  several  colonies. 

5.    We  left  the  American  and 

DB,  PBANKLIN, 

British  armies  in  New  Jersey,  near 

each  other.  Washington  had  five  thousand  men  at  Tren- 
ton on  the  first  of  January,  1777.  Cornwallis  marched 
from  Princeton  on  the  2d,  with  a  larger  force  to  attack 
him. 

6.  Washington  saw  his  peril.     He  lighted  his  camp-fires, 
and  at  midnight  he  stole  away  silently  with  his  troops 
and  cannon,  and  marched  rapidly  to  Princeton. 

7.  Cornwallis  was  persuaded  that  he  might  easily  capture 
Washington  and  his  army  in  the  morning.     He  was  aston- 
ished and  mortified  when  he  found  they  had  escaped.     He 
heard  the  firing  of  cannon,  and  mistook  the  noise  for  thun- 
der.    "  Thunder  in  a  clear  winter  sky  ! "  exclaimed  one  of 
his  officers.    " Washington  has  outgeneralled  us! 
You  hear  his  cannon  at  Princeton  !" 

8.  Washington  had  attacked  a  strong  guard  at  Prince- 

QUESTIONS. — 4.  What  have  you  to  say  about  a  national  government?  5.  What  can 
you  tell  about  the  American  and  British  armies  in  New  Jersey  ?  6.  What  did  Wash- 
ington do  ?  7.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Cornwallis  ? 

1  corn-wal'-lis. 


184 


THE  REVOLUTION. 


Battle  at  Princeton. 


Washington's  Operations  in  New  Jersey. 


ton  at  sunrise,  and  in  a  severe  battle  had  gained  a  vic- 
tory. But  he  lost  the  brave  General 
Mercer.  Cornwallis  hastened  toward 
Princeton.  When  he  arrived,  Wash- 
ington and  his  men  were  far  on  their 
way  toward  Morristown,  in  East 
Jersey. 

9.  From  this   hill-country,  where  he 
recruited  his  army,  Washington  sent 
out  parties  to  attack  the  British  and 
armed  Tories,  and  very  soon  they  were 
driven  out  of  New  Jersey,  excepting  at 
two    places.      The   Congress   now  re- 
turned to  Philadelphia. 

10.  It  was  almost  June  before  the  campaign  of  1777  was 
really  begun.     Neither  party  had  been  idle,  meanwhile.     In 
March  and  April  British  and  Hessian  troops  had  de- 
stroyed American  stores  at  Peekskill,  on  the  Hud- 
son, and  burned  Danbury,  in  Connecticut. 

1 1 .  General  Try  on,  who  had  been  governor  of  New  York, 
led  the  troops  to  Danbury  from  vessels  in  which  they  went 
up  Long  Island  Sound.     The  Connecticut  people  were 
aroused.     Led  by  Generals  Arnold,  Wooster,  and   Silli- 
man,  they  fought  the  marauders  near  Ridgefield,  on 
the  27th  of  April. 

12.  In   that  engagement  General    Wooster  was   killed. 


BATTLE  AT  PRIKCETON. 


QUESTIONS.— 8.  Tell  about  the  battle  at  Princeton.  9.  What  did  Washington  do  in 
the  hill-country  of  New  Jersey  ?  10.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  beginning  of 
the  campaign  ?  What  did  the  British  do  ?  11.  What  can  you  tell  about  Tryou's  ex- 
pedition into  Connecticut  ? 


1  The  little  building  in  the  comer  of  this  map  is  a  view  of  the  house  in  which 
General  Mercer  died. 


THE  REVOLUTION.  185 


Retaliation,      flan  of  the  British  Ministry.     Surgoyne  and  Howe. 

Tryon  was  defeated  and  driven  back  to  his  ships  with  a  loss 
of  almost  three  hundred  men. 

13.  The  Americans  retaliated.     Toward  the   close   of 
May  a  party  under   Colonel  Meigs  crossed  Long  Island 
Sound  to  Sag  Harbor,  and  burned  a  dozen  British 
vessels  there,  and  carried  off  ninety  prisoners. 

14.  The  British  had  held  possession  of  Rhode  Island 
for  several  months.     General  Prescott,  their  commander,  was 
a  tyrant,  and  the  people  were  much  irritated  by  his  conduct. 
On  a  warm  night  in  July,  Colonel  Barton,  of  Providence, 
and  some  others,  went  across  the  Bay  to  Prescottfs  quarters, 
seized  him  in  his  bed,  and  carried  him  away  a  prisoner. 

15.  The  British  ministry  had  formed  a  plan  for  sepa- 
rating New  England  from  the  rest  of  the  colonies, 
by  taking  military  possession  of  the  Hudson  Valley  and 
Lake  Champlain.    They  tried  to  effect  it  in  1777. 

16.  For  that  purpose,  a  large  force  under  General  Bur- 
goyne?  then   in   Canada,  assembled  at   St.  Johns,   pre- 
paratory to  a  movement  up  Lake  Champlain  and  so  into 
the  Valley  of  the  Hudson.     General  Howe  was  to  send 
a  force  up  the  Hudson  River  to  co-operate  with  Bur- 
goyne. 

17.  For  a  long  time  Washington  (who  had  about  ten 
thousand  men  under  him  at  Middlebrook  in  New  Jersey], 
was  uncertain  as  to  the  intention  of  Howe.    The  latter,  with  a 
large  army  at  New  Brunswick,  tried  to  draw  Washington 

QUESTIONS.— 12.  What  have  you  to  say  about  General  Wooster  and  the  defeat  of 
Tryon  ?  13.  How  did  the  Americans  retaliate?  14.  What  occurred  on  Khode  Island  ? 
15.  What  plan  had  the  British  ministry  formed,  and  for  what  purpose  ?  16.  What 
was  done  and  to  be  done  ?  17.  What  can  you  tell  about  Washington  and  Howe  in 
New  Jersey  and  at  New  York  ? 

1  far-gain'. 


186  THE  REVOLUTION. 


GENERAL  LAFAYETTE. 


Morements  of  Surffqyne  and  Howe.        Washington  at  ^Philadelphia. 

into  battle.     Then  he  suddenly  withdrew  his  troops  from 
New  Jersey,  and  encamped  them  on  Staten  Island- 

18.  Burgoyne1  went  up  Lake  Cham/plain?    Early  in 
July  he  took  possession  of  Crown  Point  and  Ticonderoga, 
and  spread  terror  over  northern  New  York  and  New  Eng- 
land.   At  the  same  time  Howe  embarked 

eighteen  thousand  troops  in  British  ships 
which  were  in  New  York  harbor,  and 
seemed  to  be  preparing  to  ascend  the 
Hudson. 

19.  Suddenly  the  British  fleet  sailed 
southward.     Washington  was  satisfied 
that  the  troops  were  destined  to  attack 
Philadelphia.    With  the   greater  por- 
tion of  his  army  he  hastened  to  that  city,  where  he  was  met 
by  young  Lafayette?  who  had  come  from  France  to  fight 
for  the  Americans. 

20.  Lafayette  was  a  French  nobleman  who  had  just 
married  a  beautiful  girl.     He  had  heard  of  the  struggle 
for  freedom  in  America,  and  he  determined  to  help  the 
patriots.     His   friends  tried  to  keep  him  at  home,  but  his 
wife,  generous  as  he,  consented  to  his  departure.     He  was 
commissioned  a  general,  and  served  our  cause  faithfully. 

21.  The  Americans  had  built  forts  on  the  Delaware 
River,  below  Philadelphia,   and  put  obstructions  called 
chevaux-de-frise 4  in  the  stream.     Howe  could  not  safely 
pass  up  that  river,  so  he  went  around  to  Chesapeake  Bay, 
and  landed  his  troops  at  the  head  of  it,  near  Elkton,  on  the 
25th  of  August. 

QUESTIONS.— 18.  What  did  Burgoyne  and  Howe  do  ?  19.  What  can  you  tell  about 
a  British  fleet  and  the  movements  of  Washington  ?  What  about  Lafayette  ?  20.  Give 
an  account  of  Lafayette.  21.  What  can  you  tell  about  forts  on  the  Delaware  and  the 
movements  of  Howe  ? 


bur-goin'.    a  sham-plant'.    *  lah-fa-et'.    *  shev1 '-ode-frees'. 


THE  REVOLUTION.  187 


Sattle  on  the  jB  randy  wine.  Movements  of  the  Armies* 

22.  Washington  had  marched  from  Philadelphia  to 
meet  General  Howe.  On  the  Brandywine  Creek,  several 
miles  above  Wilmington,  the  American  and  British 


BATTLE  AT  THE  BKANDTWINE. 

armies  had  a  severe  battle  on  the  llth  of  September.  The 
British  were  victorious.  The  Americans  lost,  in 
killed,  wounded  and  prisoners,  about  twelve  hundred  men. 
The  British  loss  was  about  eight  hundred. 

23.  Washington  and  his  thinned  ranks  retreated  to 
Philadelphia.  After  his  soldiers  had  rested  a  little,  he 
recrossed  the  Schuylkill 1  to  meet  the  approaching  British 
army  and  to  protect  his  stores  at  Reading.  On  the  16th  of 
September  the  two  armies  met  and  skirmished  twenty  miles 
west  of  Philadelphia. 


QUESTIONS.— 22.  What  did  Washington  do  ?    Tell  about  a  battle.     23.  What  did 
Washington  and  his  troops  do  ?    What  then  occurred  ? 

1  skool'-kU. 


188  THE  REVOLUTION. 


Affair  at  jPaoli  Tarern.  Capture  of  Forts  on  the  "Delaware. 

24.  General   Wayne  was   hanging  on  the  rear  of  the 
British,  with  a  considerable  force.      On  the  night  of  the 
20th  he  was  surprised  by  a  fierce  attack  near  the  Paoli 1 
tavern,  and  lost   about  three   hundred  men.      Three  days 
afterward  Howe  crossed  the  Schuylhill,  at  Norristown, 
and  marched  toward  Philadelphia. 

25.  On  the  18th,  when  the  British  were  approaching 
Philadelphia,  the  Congress  adjourned.     They  reassembled 
at  Lancaster  on  the  27th,  and  on  the  same  day  adjourned  to 
York,  on  the  other  side  of  the  Susquehanna  River — a 
place  of  greater  safety,  as  they  thought.     There  they  re- 
mained several  months. 

26.  Howe  encamped  at  Germantown,  four  miles  from 
Philadelphia,  and  prepared  to  make  that  city  his  winter 
quarters.    It  was  important  for  the  British  to  possess  the 
forts  and  remove  the  obstructions  below  Philadelphia,  that 
they  might  receive  supplies  by  water. 

27.  One  of  these  works,  on  an  island,  was  called  Fort 
Mifflin.    The  other,  on  the  New  Jersey  shore,  was  called 
Fort  Mercer.     They  were  attacked  late  in  September,  and 
were,  finally  captured  early  in  November,  when  the  obstruc- 
tions were  removed,  and  British  ships  went  up  to  Phila- 
delphia. 

28.  When    Washington  heard   that  Howe  had  sent  a 
part  of  his  army  against  the  Delaware  forts,  he  attacked  him 
at  Germantown  on  the  4th  of  October.     After  a  severe 
conflict  for  several  hours,  the  patriots  were  beaten, 

QUESTIONS.— 24.  What  can  you  tell  about  Wayne  and  his  command  ?  What  did 
Howe  do  ?  25.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  Congress  ?  26.  What  did  Howe  do, 
and  what  was  important  to  be  done  ?  27.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  forts  on  the 
Delaware  ?  28.  What  can  you  tell  about  a  battle  at  Germantown  and  the  winter 
quarters  of  the  American  army  ? 

1  pah-o'-lee, 


THE  REVOLUTION. 


189 


Encampment  at  Valley  Forge. 


Ficonderoffa  Evacuated. 


BATTLE  AT  GERMANTOWN. 


with  heavy  loss,  and  retreated  to  White  Marsh.  Later  in 
the  season  they  marched  to  Valley 
Forge,  where  they  encamped  until 
spring,  suffering  dreadfully  from 
cold  and  hunger. 

29.  While  these  events  were 
occurring  in  Pennsylvania,  more 
important  ones  were  taking  place  in 
Northern  New  York.  Burgoyne 
and  his  well-armed  force  caused 

General    St.    Clair,    who     commanded    Ticonderoga,  to 

retreat  from  that  post  on  the  night  of  the  5th  of 

July. 

30.  The  Americans  fled  toward  Fort  Edward,  through 
Vermont,  closely  pursued  by  British  and  Hessian  soldiers. 
They  were  overtaken  at  Hiibbardton  on  the  8th,  when  a 
sharp  battle  occurred,     The  Americans  were  beaten 
and  dispersed,   and  in  remnants 

made  their  way  to  Fort  Edward. 

31.  At  the   same  time  the  stores 
which    St.    Clair  had   sent  up  the 
lake   in    boats    to    Skenesborough 
(now    Whitehall)    were    overtaken 
by  another  pursuing  party  and  de- 
stroyed. 

32.  General   Schuyler  was  then 

in  command  of  the  Northern  Department.     His  force  was 
small,  and  was  composed  chiefly  of  raw  militia.    In  the 

QTTESTIONS.— 29.  Give  an  account  of  events  in  Northern  New  York.  30.  What  did 
the  Americans  and  British  do?  Give  an  account  of  a  battle.  31.  What  have  you  to 
say  about  the  destruction  of  stores  ?  32.  What  have  you  to  say  about  General 
Schuyler  and  his  army  ? 


GENERAL  ST.   CLAIR. 


190  THE  REVOLUTION. 

Schtiyler's  Operation*.  Saille  at  Zienninyton. 

loss  of  Ticonderoga  he  had  been  deprived  of  two  hun- 
dred pieces  of  cannon  and  much  provision. 

33.  Schuyler' s  army  was  too  weak  to  warrant  him  in 
giving  battle  to  Burgoyne.    He  could  only  impede  his 
march  toward  the  Hudson.    For  this  purpose  parties  were 
sent  out  to  destroy  bridges  and  fell  trees  across  the  roads 
on  the  line  of  Burgoyne's  march.     In  this  way  he  was 
prevented  from  reaching  Fort  Edward  until  the  close  of 
July. 

34.  Meanwhile  Schuyler  retreated  slowly  down  the  Val- 
ley of  the  Hudson  to  the  mouth  of  the  Mohawk  River, 
followed  as  slowly  by  Burgoyne.     When  the  latter  had 
almost  reached  Saratoga,  his   provisions  were  nearly   ex- 
hausted, and  he  sent  a  force  into  Vermont  to  seize  some 
stores  belonging  to  the  Americavis  at  Bennington.    There 
the  invaders  were  attacked  by  a  force  under  General  Starke, 
on  the  16th  of  August,  and  after  a  sharp  battle  the  British 
were  defeated. 

35.  In  this  battle  the  invaders  lost  a  thousand  men.      It 
was    a  severe  blow    for    Burgoyne.      It  encouraged  the 
Americans,  who  now  began  to  flock  to  Schuyler' s  camp. 
At  this  point  in  the  campaign,   when  the  tide  was  turning 
in  favor  of  the  patriots,  General  Gates  succeeded  Schuyler 
in  the  command  of  the  Northern  Army. 

36.  While  Burgoyne  was  pressing  slowly  down  the  Hud' 
son  Valley,  Colonel  St.  Leger,1  a  British  soldier,  whom 
he   had   sent   for   the  purpose,   was  making  his   way  from 
Oswego  to  the  Mohawk  Valley,  with  orders  to  meet  Bur- 

QUESTIONS.— 33.  What  did  General  Schuyler  do  and  effect  ?  34.  What  can  you  tell 
about  a  inarch  down  the  Hudson  Valley  and  an  expedition  to  Bennington  ?  35.  What 
was  the  result  of  the  battle  at  Bennington  ?  What  change  in  command  was  made  ? 
86.  What  can  yon  tell  "about  an  invasion  of  the  Mohawk  Valley? 

1  leh-sha'. 


THE  REVOLUTION.  191 


buttle  of  Oriskany.    Siege  of  Fort  Sctntyter.    Americans  at  Stillwater. 

goyne  at  Albany.  The  militia  of  the  valley  gathered  under 
General  Herlciiner 1  to  defend  it. 

37.  St.  Leger  led  a  motley  host  of  Tories  and  Indians. 
The  latter  were  led  by  Brant,  the 
great  Mohawk  chief.  At  Oriska- 
^^y,2  on  the  Mohawk,  they  encoun- 
tered Herlcimer,  and  a  severe  battle 
was  fought  on  the  6th  of  August. 
Herlcimer  was  mortally  wounded, 
and  his  followers  were  beaten. 

38.  At  the  same  time  St.  Leger 
was  besieging  Fort  Schuyler, 
on  the  site  of  Rome.    When  General 
JOSEPH  BRANT.  Sokuyler  heard  of  this  siege,  he  sent 

some  volunteers  under  General  Arnold  to  relieve  the  garri- 
son. Hearing  of  hia  approach,  St.  Leger  and  his  savages 
fled  back  to  Oswego. 

39.  This  failure   was    another    sore    disappointment  to 
Burgoyne.     He  could  not  retreat ;  to   advance  would  be 
perilous.     He  cautiously  crossed  the  Hudson  at  Saratoga, 
and  formed  a  fortified  camp  on  the  hills  there. 

40.  Gates  was  now  with  his  army  at  Stillwater,  where 
he  caused  his  camp  to  be  fortified  under  the  direction  of 
fCosciuszko,3  a  brave  Polander,  who,  like  Lafayette,  had 
come  over  the  sea  to  help  the  Americans. 

41.  Burgoyne  moved  forward,  and  on  the  morning  of 
the   19th   of  September  the  belligerents  met  in  battle   on 

QUESTIONS.— 37.  What  have  you  to  say  about  St.  Leger's  force  and  a  battle  ?  38. 
What  can  you  tell  about  a  siege  and  the  driving  away  of  the  besiegers?  39.  What 
have  you  to  say  about  Burgoyne  and  his  movements  ?  40.  Where  was  General  Gates 
and  his  army  ?  Who  fortified  his  camp  ? 

1  herf-ki-mer.    2  o-risk'-a-ne.     s  koh-zooz'-ko. 


102 


THE  REVOLUTION. 


KOSCIUSZKO. 


Capture  of  Forts  in  the  Hudson  Highlands.       oi  Marauding  Expedition. 

Bemis'  Heights,  and  fought  all  day.  Both  parties  claimed 
a  victory.  Burgoyne  fell  back  to 
his  camp,  where  he  resolved  to  wait 
for  a  British  force,  under  General 
Sir  Henry  Clinton,  which  he  ex- 
pected would  be  sent  up  the  Hud- 
son. 

42.  Clinton  tried  to  fulfill  the 
promise.      He  went  with  ships  and 
soldiers  to  the  Hudson  Highlands, 
and  there   captured   Forts    Clinton 
and  Montgomery  on  the  6th  of  October. 

43.  Then  a  large  party  of  soldiers  went  up  the  river  in 

ships  to  desolate  the  country  with 
fire  and  sword,  with  the  hope  that 
troops  might  be  drawn  from  the 
army  of  Gates  to  defend  it,  and  so 
give  Burgoyne  a  better  chance  for 
success.  These  marauders  burned 
Kingston,  and  extended  their 
raid  to  Livingston's  Manor, 
where  they  heard  of  such  disasters 
above,  that  they  hastened  back  to 
New  York. 

44.  Burgoyne  again  ventured  to  advance  toward  Bemis' 
Heights  early  in  October.     In  a  hard  conflict  that  ensued 
on  the  7th  of  October  he  was  beaten,  and  on  the  17th  of  the 


BEMIS'   HEIGHTS. 


QUESTIONS.— 41.  What  can  yon  tell  about  a  battle?  What  did  Burgoyne  do?  42. 
What  did  General  Clinton  do  ?  43.  What  can  you  tell  about  a  marauding  expedition 
up  the  Hudson  ?  44.  What  can  you  tell  about  another  battle  and  the  surrender  of 
British  troops? 


THE  REVOLUTION. 


193 


Surrender  of  ftttrffoyne's 


same  month  he  surrendered  his  whole  army,  almost 
six  thousand  in  number,  into  the  hands  of  the  Americans. 

45.  This    was  a   most    im- 
portant victory  for  the   pa- 
triots.   It  made  the  Americans 
very  hopeful.    European  govern- 
ments,     satis- 
fied   that    the 
Americans 

would  secure 
the  indepen- 
dence of  their 
country,  were 
now  willing  to 
help  them. 

The  King  of  France  resolved  to 
aid  them  openly. 

46.  In   this   section   we 
have  considered — 

(1)  The  opinions  of  the  con- 
tending parties  of  each  other's 
strength  and  weakness ;  (2)  the 
appeal  of  the  Americans  for 
foreign  aid;  (3)  the  attempts 
to  form  a  national  govern- 
ment; (4)  the  military  ope- 


ALBANY 


MASS 


GENERAL  BURGOYNE. 


BEGINNING  OF  BUBGOYNE'S  INVASION. 


rations  in  New  Jersey,  Penn- 
sylvania and  Northern  New  York  in  1777 ;  and  (5)  the 
effects  of  the  capture  of  Burgoyne  and  his  army. 


QUESTIONS.— 45.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  victory  and  its  effects  ?    46.  What 
have  we  considered  in  this  section  ? 


194 


TSE  REVOLUTION. 


simericans  JZncamped  at  Valley  Forge, 


Their  Sufferings  there. 


SECTION    V.  »r 

FOURTH  YEAR  OF  THE  WAR  FOR  INDEPENDENCE. 
[1778.] 

1 .  Twenty  miles  northwest  from  Philadelphia  is  a  little 
valley  that  opens  upon  a  wide  plain,  through  which  flows 
the  Schuylkill  river.      On  a  little  stream  in  that  valley, 
more  than  a  hundred  years  ago,  was  a  forge.     It  was  called 
the  valley  forge,  and  after  awhile  the  region  was  called 
Valley  Forge. 

2.  To  that  valley   Washington 
led  his  troops  from  his  encampment 
at  Whitemarsh,  through  the  snows 
of  December,  and  there  placed  them 
in  log-huts  for  the  winter.     The  sol- 
diers  suffered    dreadfully  on    their 
march  and  in  their  huts,  for  want  of 
food  and  clothing.      Many  of  them 
were  bare-footed;  and  their  foot- 
prints on  that  march  were  marked 
by  blood  from  their  wounded  feet. 

3.  In  the   spring   news  reached 

that  suffering  army  that  French  racAMPMENTATVAIXKrFORGE. 
ships  and  soldiers  were  coming 

to  help  the  Americans.  This  news  created  great  joy.  The 
Americans  had  asked  the  French  to  help  them.  They 
did  so,  secretly.  When  the  capture  of  Burgoyne  showed 

QTJBSTIOXS.— 1.  What  can  you  tell  about  Valley  Forge?  2.  What  can  you  tell 
about  events  at  Valley  Forge  ?  3.  What  good  news  reached  the  troops  at  Valley 
Forge  ?  Give  an  account  of  the  alliance  with  the  French. 


TttE  IfEVOLTJTlON.  195 


British    Commissioners  Rejected.        yiritish  Evacuate    "Philadelphia. 

the  world  that  the  Americans  could  help  themselves,  the 
French  openly  made  a  treaty  with  the  Congress  of  the 
United  States,  by  which  both  nations  agreed  to  help  each 
other  in  time  of  war. 

4.  News  also  came  that  messengers  of  peace  and  recon- 
ciliation were   coming  from  England.     When  they   came 
they  were  kindly  received.     They  would  not  acknowledge 
the  independence  of  the  Americans,  and  the  latter 
would  not  confer  with  them  without  such  acknowledgment. 
So  their  errand  was  fruitless. 

5.  In  the  month  of  May,  1778,  General  Howe  left  the 

British  army  in  Philadelphia  in 
charge  of  General  Sir  Henry  Clinton, 
and  returned  to  England.  When  the 
news  reached  the  British  commanders 
that  a  French  fleet  under  Admiral 
D'Estaing1  was  coming,  they  pre- 
pared to  leave  Philadelphia.  Admi- 
ral Howe  sailed  out  of  the  Delaware 

GENEBAL  CLINTON. 

River  and  went  to  Arriboy  Bay.  Sir 
Henry  crossed  into  New  Jersey  with  his  whole  army,  and 
hastened  toward  the  fleet.  This  was  at  about  the  middle 
of  June. 

6.  Washington  immediately  left  Valley  Forge,  and  pur- 
sued the  British  army  with  his  own.     He  overtook  them 
near  Monmouth  Court-House,  in  West  Jersey.     There, 
on  Sunday,  the  28th  of  June,  the  two  armies  fought  a  severe 

QUESTIONS. — 4.  What  can  you  tell  about  messengers  of  peace  and  reconciliation  ? 
5.  What  did  the  British  forces  at  Philadelphia  do  in  the  spring  of  1778?  6.  What  did 
Washington  then  do  ?  What  occurred  in  New  Jersey  ? 

1  dehs-taing'. 


196 


TffE  REVOLUTION. 


Sattle  at  Monmouth. 


Movements  of  the  vimericans. 


battle.  The  Americans  would  have  won  but  for  the  bad 
conduct  of  General  Lee.  It  was  a  very  hot  day.  Fifty 
American  soldiers  died  of  thirst. 


BATTLE  OF  MONMOUTH. 


7.  Both   armies   rested   on  the    battle-field  that   night. 
Washington  intended  to  renew  the  fight  in  the  morning, 

but  Sir  Henry  stole  away  with  his  broken  army  under 
cover  of  the  darkness,  and  escaped  to  the  fleet.  Wash- 
ington then  marched  his  troops  slowly  to  the  Hudson  River, 
crossed  it,  and  encamped  near  White  Plains,  in  Westches- 
ter  County.  Late  in  autumn  he  made 
his  winter  quarters  at  Middlebrook, 
on  the  Raritan,  in  New  Jersey. 

8.  IfEstaing  could  not  reach  the 
British  vessels  in  shallow  Amboy  Bay, 
with  his  great  ships.     At  the  request 
of   Washington,  he   sailed   eastward 
with  his  ships  and  five  thousand  troops 
to  assist  the  Americans  under  Gen- 
erals Sullivan  and  Lafayette,  in  their  efforts   to   drive 
the  British  from  Rhode  Island. 

9.  In  August,  when  the  French  fleet  lay  in  Narrajj>an- 

QUESTIONS.— 7.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  escape  of  the  British  and  the  march 
of  the  Americans  ?  8.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  movements  of  the  French  forces  ? 
9.  What  can  you  tell  about  fleets  off  Rhode  Island  f 


COUNT  D'ESTAING. 


THE  REVOLUTION.  197 


Events  on  Rhode  Island.  ftaids  by  Indians. 

set  Bay,  the  British  fleet  appeared  in  sight.  The  French 
vessels  went  out  to  attack  them,  taking  the  troops  with  them. 
A  violent  storm  which  arose  suddenly  shattered  both 
fleets.  D'Estaing  went  to  Boston  to  get  his  ships  re- 
paired, leaving  the  Americans  to  help  themselves. 

10.  Sullivan,  who  had  marched  almost  to  Newport,  now 
retreated.     The  British  pursued.     On  Quaker  Hill,  near  the 
northern  end  of  the  Island,  the  two  armies  fought.     The 
British  were  repulsed  in  the  battle,  but  the  Americans 
were  compelled  to  leave  the  island. 

11.  The  Six  Nations  of  Indians  in  the  State  of  New 
York  took  sides  with  the  British.     They  joined  the  Tories, 
or  friends  of  the  King,  and  made  sad  havoc  among  the  settle- 
ments in  New  York  and  Pennsylvania,  in  the  summer  and 
autumn  of  1778.     In  the  Mohawk,  Schoharie,  and  Cherry 
Valleys,  they  murdered  men,  women,  and  children,  and 
burned  their  houses. 

12.  Early  in  July,  a  leader  named  John  Butler,  with  a 
band  of  Tories  and  Indians,  broke  into  the  Wyoming  Val- 
ley.    Most  of  the  strong  men  were  away  in  the  army.    Old 
men  and  boys,  under  Zebulon  Butler,  fought  the  invaders, 
but  were  overpowered.     The  savages  swept  through  the  val- 
ley, murdering  and  plundering  the  inhabitants 
and  burning  their  houses.     Some  of  the  people  escaped 
from  the  valley  and  suffered  in  the  wilderness  on  its  borders. 

13.  Meanwhile  Brant,  the  Mohawk  chief,  with  a  son  of 
Sir  William  Johnson,  were  desolating  the  Mohawk  Valley 
and  its  neighborhood  with  fire,  sword,  musket,  and  tomahawk. 

QUESTIONS.— 10.  What  did  the  Americans  do  on  Rhode  Island  ?  11.  What  can  yop 
tell  about  the  doings  of  the  Six  Nations  and  their  allies  ?  12.  Give  an  account  of 
events  in  the  Wyoming  Valley.  13.  What  have  you  to  say  ahout  Brant  and  John- 
son? 


198  THE  REVOLUTION. 


Change  in  the  Seat  of  War.  The  British  in    Georgia. 

So  dreadful  were  the  events  there  during  three  or  four  years 
that  the  region  was  called  "  the  dark  and  bloody 
ground," 

14.  Late  in  the  autumn  of  1778,  the  seat  of  actual  war 
was  transferred  to   Georgia.      In  November,  D'  Estaing 
sailed  to  the  West  Indies  to  attack  the  British  possessions 
there,   and  the   British  fleet   hastened    to   protect  them. 
Being  deprived  of  a  naval  power,   Clinton  could  not  do 
much  in  the  populous  north,  so  he  sent  Colonel  Campbell 
with  two  thousand  troops  to  invade  Georgia. 

1 5.  General  Robert  Howe  commanded  the  few  American 
troops  then  in  Savannah.     He  was 

driven  up  the  Savannah  River,  and 
took  shelter  in  South  Carolina. 
Savannah  then  became  the  head- 
quarters of  the  British  in  the  South, 
and  they  held  it  almost  four  years. 

16.  During  the  fourth    year    of 
the  war  the  British  gained  almost 
nothing,  while  the  Americans  had 

BARON  STEUBEN, 

found   a  powerful    ally   in  France, 

with  the  Baron  de  Steuben  as  Inspector-General,  and 
had  gained  strength  by  military  experience.  Their  finan- 
ces, however,  were  in  a  wretched  condition.  They  had 
a  hundred  million  dollars  of  paper  money 
afloat,  which  was  rapidly  depreciating  in  value  ;  and  the 
public  credit  was  daily  sinking.  Yet  the  Americans  were 
hopeful. 

QUESTIONS.— 14.  What  can  you  tell  about  a  change  in  the  seat  of  war  ?  15.  Give  an 
account  of  the  American  troops  in  Georgia,  and  the  possession  of  that  State  by  the 
British.  16.  What  was  the  relative  condition  of  the  British  and  Americans  at  the 
close  of  the  fourth  year  of  the  war  ? 


THE  REVOLUTION.  199 


The  American  ^Policy.        Preparations  for  the  Campaign  in  the  South. 

17.  In  this  section  we  have  considered — 

(1)  The  Americans  at  Valley  Forge ;  (2)  the  alliance 
with  France,  and  the  advent  of  English  commissioners ; 
(3)  the  flight  of  the  British  from  Philadelphia  and  the 
pursuit  by  Washington;  (4)  operations  on  and  near 
Rhode  Island ;  (5)  the  distressing  warfare  of  Indians  and 
Tories ;  (6)  the  invasion  of  Georgia,  and  (7)  the  relative 
position  of  the  contending  parties. 

SECTION    VI. 

FIFTH  YEAR  OF  THE  WAR  FOR  INDEPENDENCE, 
[1779.] 

1,  The  Americans  determined  to  act  on  the  defen- 
sive during  the  campaign  of  1779,  excepting  in  chastis- 
ing the  hostile  Indians.  The  British  were  to  be  con- 
fined to  the  sea-board.  A  wild  scheme  for  the  conquest 
of  Canada  was  abandoned.  The  safer  and  less  expensive 
mode  of  warfare  was  applauded  by  the 
people. 

2.  Campbell  opened  the  campaign 
at  Savannah,  where  he  was  joined 
by  General  Prevost,1  from  Florida. 
Prevost  took  the  chief  command,  and 
prepared  to  penetrate  the  State.  Gen- 
eral Lincoln  was  sent  to  take  com- 

GENERAL    LINCOLN. 

mand    of    the    Americans    in    the 
South.     He  made  his  headquarters   at   Purysburg,  about 

QUESTIONS.— 17.  What  have  we  considered  in  this  section  ? 

QUESTIONS.— 1.  Give  an  account  of  the  plan  of  the  campaign  for  1779  by  the  Ameri- 
cans.   2.  What  can  you  tell  about  operations  on  the  banks  of  the  Savannah  River  ? 


200  THE  REVOLUTION. 


The  British    Occupy  ylugusta.  disasters  to  the  Americans. 

twenty  miles,  above  Savannah,  where,  with  the  broken 
army  of  Howe,  he  had  collected  a  considerable  force  at  the 
close  of  January. 

3.  Campbell,  meanwhile,  marched  up  the  Georgia  side 
of  ;the  Savannah  River,  and  took  possession  of  Au- 
gusta. -  This  enabled  the  British  to   communicate   with 
their  friends,  the  Creek,  Indians,  in  Alabama.     At  the 
same  time  a  band  of  Tories  were  desolating  the  Caro- 
lina frontier.    They  were  defeated,  however,  in  a  battle 
on  Kettle  Creek  on  the  14th  of  February  (1779). 

4.  Lincoln  sent  Colonel  Ashe  with  some  troops  to  drive 
Campbell  from  Augusta.     He  did  so,  and  then  pursued  the 
enemy  forty  miles  down  the  Savannah,  where  he  encamped 
on  Brier  Creek.    There  he  was  surprised  and  attacked  by 
Prevost  on  the  3d  of  March  (1779),  and  lost  nearly  the 
whole  of  his  two  thousand  troops. 

5.  By  this  disaster  Lincoln  was  deprived  of  a  quarter 
of  his  army.     Yet  he  was  not  discouraged.     Prevost, 
feeling  strong,  crossed  the  Savannah  River,  with  a  large 
force  of  British,  Tories  and  Indians,  and  marched  on   the 
capital  of   South  Carolina.     Lincoln  followed  him  with  a 
larger  force,  to  prevent  his  capturing  that  city. 

6.  Prevost  appeared  before  Charleston  early  in  May,  and 
demanded  the  surrender  of  the  city.     It  was  promptly  re- 
fused.    The  inhabitants  expected  an  immediate  attack,  and 
slept  but  little  the  ensuing  night.      To  their  surprise,  no 
enemy  was  visible  in  the  morning.      Prevost  had  heard  of 
the    near  approach  of    Lincoln,  and  had  fled   at  mid- 
night, along  the  sea  islands,  toward  Savannah. 

QUESTIONS.— 3.  Tell  about  Campbell's  movements  and  their  effects,  and  a  battle 
with  Tories.  4.  What  can  you  tell  about  Colonel  Ashe  and  hiH  defeat  ?  5.  What 
have  you  to  say  about  the  armies  of  Lincoln  and  Prevost  ?  6.  What  did  Prevost  do  ? 


THE  REVOLUTION.  201 


Sritifh  Marauding   yartiet  in    "Various  ^Placet. 

7.  Prevost  lingered  among  the  islands.     On  the  20th  of 
June  a  fight  occurred  between  a  detachment  of  his  army  and 
the  Americans  at  Stono  Ferry,  below  Charleston.     The 
latter  were  defeated.     But  the  capital  was  saved. 

8.  Sir  Henry  Clinton  contented  himself  with  sending  out 
marauding  parties  to  plunder  and  destroy  towns.     Gov- 
ernor Tryon,  whom  the  patriots  had  driven  from  New  York, 
was  a  willing  leader  in  these  expeditions.     First  he  scattered 
some  American  troops,  under  General  Putnam,  at  Green- 
wich, in  Connecticut.     Later  in  the  season  he  landed  on  the 
shores  of  Connecticut  with  two  thousand  troops.     He  plun- 
dered New  Haven,  and  laid  East  Haven,  Fairfield  and 
Norwalfo  in  ashes. 

9.  Meanwhile  some  British  vessels,  commanded  by  Sir 
George  Collier^-  bore  troops  to  Hampton   Roads,    Vir- 
ginia.   They  plundered  the  country  in  the  vicinity. 
The  same  ships,  at  the  end  of  May,  went  up  the  Hudson 
River  with  troops,  and   captured  Stony  and  Verplanck's 
Points,  below  the  Highlands.    At  the  beginning  of  July 
these  vessels  bore  Tryon  and  twenty-five  hundred  men  to 
Connecticut. 

10.  The  bold  and  dashing   General  Wayne  struck  the 
British  a  retaliating  blow  about  the  middle  of  July.     He 
marched   some   troops   secretly   to   the   vicinity   of    Stony 
Point  on  a  warm  evening.     At  midnight  he  surprised  and 
attacked  the  fort  ;  and  at  two  o'clock  in  the  morning  of  the 
16th,  though  badly  wounded  in  the  hand,  he  wrote  to  Wash- 

QUESTIONS.— 7.  What  more  have  you  to  say  about  Prevost  and  a  battle  ?  8.  What 
c.in  you  tell  about  British  marauding  expeditions  ?  9.  What  can  you  tell  about  the 
doing*  of  British  ships  and  troops  ?  10.  Tell  about  a  brave  exploit  of  General 
Wayne. 

1  kol'-yer. 


202 


THE  REVOLUTION. 


GENERAL  WAYNE. 


^British   ^Post  at  JPaulus*  Hook   Captured.         Events  in  Kentucky. 

ington:    "The  fort  and  garrison,  with   Colonel 
Johnson,     are     ours,"       The 

British  lost  in  killed,  wounded  and 

prisoners  six  hundred  men. 

11.  A  few   weeks   later   (August 

19)    Major  Henry  Lee  captured  a 

British    post    at    Pautus's   HooTc 

(now  Jersey  City),  killing  thirty-six 

of  the  garrison  and  making  one  hun-  > 

dred  and  sixty  men  prisoners.     The 

Congress  voted  to  Wayne  and  Lee 

each  a  silver  medal.  In  September,  forty  vessels,  sent 
from  Massachusetts,  with  soldiers, 
to  seize  Castin,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Pendbscot  River,  were  captured  or 
destroyed,  and  the  soldiers  were 
driven  into  the  wilderness. 

12,  The 
war  had  now 
extended  into 
the  wilder- 
ness beyond 
the  Mlegha- 

ny  Mountains,  where  Daniel  Boone, 

the  great  hunter  and  pioneer,  had  made 

settlements.      They   had    there    been 

fighting  the  Indians  for  several  years.    Further  north,  in  the 

present  State  of  Illinois^  the  British  had  forts,  and  the 

QUESTIONS.— 11.  What  did  Major  Lee  do  ?    What  happened  on  the  Eastern  coast  ? 
12  and  13.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  war  beyond  the  Alleghany  Mountains  ? 


STONY  POINT. 


DANIEL  BOONE. 


U-le-nois'. 


THE  REVOLUTION. 


203 


Eventt  in  the   Illinois   Country.         Indian*  in  Aetr   York  Scourged, 

soldiers  there  were  continually  urging  the  Indians  to  fight 
the  Americans. 

13.  In  January,  1779,  Major  George  Rogers  Clarke  led 
an  expedition  from  Kentucky  against  these  posts.     After 
great  hardships  in  the   wilderness,   they   captured   the 
forts,  drove  away  the  British,  and  formed  peaceable  rela- 
tions with  the  Indians. 

14.  In  the  summer  of  1779,  General  Sullivan  was  sent 

with  a  military  force  to  chastise  the 
Six  Nations  in  New  York,  who  had 
been  engaged  in  the  horrid  cruelties 
the  previous  year.  He  collected  an 
army  in  the  Wyoming  Valley,  and 
marched  up  the  Susquehanna  River 
into  the  country  of  the  Senecas.  In 
the  course  of  a  few  weeks  he  de- 
stroyed forty  Indian  villages 
and  a  vast  amount  of  corn,  fruit  and 
This  chas- 


GENERAL  SULLIVAN. 


garden   vegetables, 
tisement  was   long  remembered 
by  the  Indians  with  bitter  ha- 
tred. 

15.  Early  in  September  (1779) 
D'Estaing  appeared  off  the  coast 
of  Georgia  with  a  powerful 
French  fleet,  to  assist  Lincoln 
in  an  attempt  to  drive  the  Brit- 
ish from  Savannah.  D'Es- 
taing landed  troops  and  siege-guns ;  and  for  more  than 
a  fortnight  the  town  was  bombarded. 

QUESTIONS.— 14.  What  can  you  tell  about  Sullivan's  campaign  against  the  Indians  ? 
15.  Give  an  account  of  operations  against  Savannah. 


SEEGB  Or  SAVANNAH.     1779. 


204  THE  REVOLUTION. 


ylfsault  on   Savannah.  The  French  Desert  the  Americans. 

16.  On  the   9th  of  October  an   attempt  was  made  to 
take  the  town  by  a  close  and  furious  assault.    After  a  des- 
perate fight  pf  five  hours,  there  was  a  truce  to  bury 
the  dead.     Many  brave  men  had  been  killed.     Among  them 
was  Count  Pulaski,1  who,  like  Kosci- 

uszko,  came  from  Poland  to  help  the 
Americans  in  their  struggle  for  free- 
dom. 

17.  D'Estaing  now  suddenly  pro- 
posed to  abandon  the  siege.    Lin- 
coln believed  that  the  British  would 

soon  surrender  ;  but  he  was  compelled         CQUNT  PULASKI 
to  submit  to  D'Estaing's  determina- 
tion, and  a  few  days  afterward  the  French  fleet  was  at  sea 
and  the  Americans  were  in  full  retreat  toward  Charleston. 
This  was  the  second  time  D'Estaing  had  abandoned  the 
Americans  when  a  speedy  victory  seemed  certain. 

18.  During  the   summer  of    1779   Lafayette    was    in 
France,  and  persuaded  the  King  to  send  another  fleet  and 
thousands  of  soldiers  to  help  the  Americans.     The  British 
were  alarmed  when  they  heard  this  news,  and  their  troops  in 
Rhode  Island  were  ordered  to  New  York,  so  that  the  army 
should  not  be  too  much  scattered. 

19.  .Other  dangers   now   threatened   England.     Spain 
declared  war  against  her,  and  a  French  and  Spanish  ar- 
mament attempted  an  invasion  of  England  in  August, 
1779.     In  the   autumn,  French  and   American    cruisers 


QUESTIONS.— 16.  What  farther  can  you  tell  about  the  siege  of  Savannah?  17. 
What  did  D'Estaing  do,  and  what  was  the  result  ?  18.  What  did  Lafayette  do,  and 
what  was  the  effect  ?  19.  What  dangers  now  threatened  England  ? 


THE  REVOLUTION. 


205 


The    Continental  JVary  and  yinterican  JVaval  Operations. 

spread  much  alarm  in  Great  Britain,  because  of  their  dep- 
redations upon  commerce  in  British  waters. 

20.  The  naval  operations  of  the  Americans  during  the 
Revolution  do  not  hold  a  conspicuous  place  in  history,  but 
they  were  important.      The  Americans  were  not  able  to 
build  large  ships  of  war,  but  vessels  armed  by  private  citi- 
zens, commissioned  by  the  Congress,  and  known  as  priva- 
teers, captured  a  great  many  British  vessels  and  so  helped 
the  cause. 

2 1 .  Arrangements  were  made  for  creating  a  navy  in  the 

autumn  of  1775.  The  first  vessels 
built  were  gun-boats.  These 
were  used  by  Washington  against 
the  British  ships  at  Boston.  They 

were  armed  with  heavy  cannon  at  each  end  and  lighter  ones 

on  the  top. 

22.  Eseh  Hopkins  was  the  first  commander-in-chief  of 
the  naval  forces,  and  performed  good 

service  along  our  southern  coasts  and 
among  the  Bahama  Islands.  There 
were  other  commanders,  such  as  Man- 
ly, Barry,  McNeil,  and  Himnan, 
whose  exploits  made  them  famous. 
But  John  Paul  Jones  became  the 
most  famous  of  them  all. 

23.  Some  vessels  fitted  out  on  the 
coast  of  France  were  put  under  the 

command  of  Jones.     He  cruised  around  Great  Britain  in 


A  GUN-BOAT  AT  BOSTON. 


AbMIRAL  HOPKINS. 


QUESTIONS.— 20.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  American  navy?  21.  What  more 
can  you  toll  about  the  navy?  22.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  first  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  navy,  and  other  leaders  ? 


206  THE  REVOLUTION. 


JVavat  Victory  by  John   Paul  Jones. 


the  summer  of  1779,  and  filled  the  people  of  the  coast  towns 
with  alarm  because  of  his  devasta- 
tions. 

24.  In  September,  Jones,  in  a  ship 
named  Bonhomme  Richard 1  (Good 
Man  Richard),  attacked  and  defeated 
the  British  ship  of  war  Serapis,2  off 
the  eastern  coast  of  England.    The 
fight  was  in  the  moonlight,  and  it  was 
a  terrible  one.     At  one  time,  when  the 

i«  IT.JA  A-L  ±1  JOHN  PAUL  JONES. 

ships  were  lashed  together,  they  were 
both  on  fire.    Jones  was  the  victor.    He  took  pos- 
session of  the  Serapis,  and  his  own  shattered  vessel  went  to 
the  bottom  of  the  sea. 

25.  Although  England  was  surrounded  with  many  diffi- 
culties at  the  close  of  1779,  and  many  of  her  own  people 
sympathized  with  the  Americans,  she  put  forth  amazing 
strength  and  energy,  and  made  ample  provision  of  men  and 
money  to  carry  on  the  campaign  against  the  Americans  in 
1780. 

26.  In  this  section  we  have  considered — 

(1)  The  plans  of  the  Americans ;  (2)  military  opera- 
tions in  Georgia  and  South  Carolina ;  (3)  British  ma- 
rauding expeditions;  (4)  the  conquests  by  General 
Wayne  and  Major  Lee ;  (5)  the  war  beyond  the  Allegha- 
nies;  (6)  Sullivan's  campaign  against  the  Indians; 
(7)  the  siege  of  Savannah,  and  (8)  the  naval  operations. 

QUESTIONS.— 23  and  24.  What  can  you  tell  about  John  Paul  Jones  and  his  exploits  ? 
25.  What  have  you  to  Bay  about  England's  troubles,  strength,  and  actions  ?  26.  What 
have  we  considered  in  this  section  ? 

1  ban-om'  ree' -shard.       '  se-ra'-pis. 


THE  REVOLUTION.  207 


Movements  of  Sir  Henry   Clinton.  Change  in  the  Seat  of  War. 

SECTION    VII. 

SIXTH  YEAR  OF  THE  WAR  FOR  INDEPENDENCE. 
[1780.] 

1.  When  Clinton  was  joined  by  the  British  troops  from 
Rhode  Island,  he  sailed  for  Charleston  with  a  large  force, 
to  capture  that  city,  leaving  the  remainder  in  New  York, 
under  the  charge  of  the  Hessian  general,  Knyphausen.1 
Early  in  the  spring  of  1780  Washington  sent  the  Baron 
De  Kalb*  and  other  good  officers   to   assist  the  Ameri- 
can troops  in  the  South. 

2.  The  chief  seat  of  war  was  now  transferred  to  the 
South,  and  the  people  of  the  North  had  a  little  rest.     Clin- 
ton and  his  troops  were  borne  to  Charleston  Harbor  in  a 

fleet  commanded  by  Admiral  Ar- 
buthnot.*  Near  the  middle  of  Feb- 
ruary, they  were  landed  on  the 
islands  and  shores  thirty  miles  below 
Charleston. 

3.  General  Lincoln  was  then  in 
Charleston  with  a  few  troops.  The 
patriotic  militia  of  South  Carolina 

GOVERNOR  RUTLEDGE.  ^^  ftt  ^   ^   °f    ®°™™*  Rut- 

ledge,    and    when    the      invaders 

appeared  before  Charleston  early  in  April,  the  force  gath- 
ered there  felt  strong  enough  to  resist  them. 

4.    The    patriots    built    strong    military    works    across 

QUESTIONS.— 1.  What  did  Sir  Henry  Clinton  do?  What  did  Washington  do?  2. 
What  can  you  tell  about  the  seat  of  war  and  the  movements  of  Clinton  ?  3.  What 
can  you  tell  about  the  Americans  in  Charleston  ? 

1  nip-how'-zen.    *  kawlb.    *  ar-buth'-not. 


THE  REVOLUTION.  209 


Siege  of  Charleston  and  itt  Surrender. 


Charleston  Neck,  and  manned  Fort  Moultrie,  in  the  har- 
bor, with  many  soldiers.  Near  the  town  were  six  armed 
vessels  under  Commodore  Abraham  Whipple,  and  along 
the  wharves  batteries  were  constructed. 

5.  On  the  9th  of  April,  Arbuthnot  sailed  into  diaries- 
ton  Harbor  with  his  fleet.    At  the  same  time  Clinton^  who 
had    come    up    from    below,   approached  the   defences   on 
Charleston  Neck.     He  sent  a  summons  to  Lincoln  to 
surrender  his  army  and  the  city,  and  threatened  to  destroy 
the  town  and  capture  the  troops  in  case  he  refused.      Lin- 
coln did  refuse,  and  sent  word  to  Clinton  that  he  was 
ready  for  war. 

6.  The   siege  of   Charleston    continued   for    a    month. 
Meanwhile  Lord   Cornwallis  came 

from  New  York,  with  an  army,  to 
help  Clinton.  The  British  sur- 
rounded the  town.  On  the  night  of 
the  9th  of  May,  two  hundred  cannon 
opened  fire  upon  the  city.  The  fleet 
joined  in  the  bombardment. 

7.  For    more    than    forty-eight 

J  LOUD  COBNWAJXI8. 

hours  the  inhabitants  of  the  city  en- 
dured the  dreadful  cannonade,  when,  at  about  two 
o'clock  in  the  morning  of  the  12th  of  May,  Lincoln  of- 
fered to  surrender.  The  firing  ceased.  About  six 
thousand  citizens  and  soldiers  were  made  prisoners  of  war, 
with  four  hundred  cannon  and  a  large  quantity  of  provisions 
and  stores. 


QUESTIONS. ^4.  What  did  the  patriots  at  Charleston  do?  5.  What  can  you  tell 
about  a  British  fleet  at  Charleston  and  the  movements  of  Clinton  against  the  city  ? 
6.  Give  an  account  of  the  siege  of  Charleston.  7.  What  more  can  you  tell  about  the 
siege  ?  What  about  the  surrender  ? 


210 


THE  REVOLUTION. 


The  British  in  South  Carolina.      American  Troops  Sent  to  the  South. 

8.  This  was  a  heavy  blow  for  the  Americans.    The 
British  commander  immediately  sent  large  bodies  of  troops 


OP  CHARLESTON,  1780. 

into  the  country,  in  various  directions,  to  conquer  and 
hold  the  State.  For  awhile  it  seemed  to  the  patriots  that 
all  was  lost,  and  the  quiet  of  despair  prevailed  throughout 
South  Carolina. 

9.  Mistaking  this  quiet  for  permanent  tranquillity,  Clin- 
ton and  Arbuthnot,  with  many  troops,  sailed  for  New 
York  in  June,  leaving  the  remainder 
of  the  army  in  the  South  under  the 
chief  command  of  Lord  Comwallis. 

10.  The  deceptive  quiet  was  soon 
broken.  De  Kalb  had  moved  too 
slowly  to  effect  anything  in  favor  of 
Lincoln.  General  Gates  had  also 
been  sent  to  the  South,  and  he  took 
the  chief  command  when  he  joined 
De  Kalb.  The  news  that  the  con- 
queror of  Burgoyne  was  coming  revived  the  spirits  of 


GENERAL  GATES. 


QUESTIONS.— 8.  What  did  the  British  commander  then  do  ?  What  was  the  result  ? 
9.  What  did  Clinton  and  Arhuthnot  think  and  do  ?  10.  What  can  yon  tell  about  De 
Kalb  and  Gates,  and  Southern  patriots  ? 


THE  REVOLUTION. 


211 


Active  Southern  Partisans.     Battle  near  Camden.    3)eath  of  De  Ralb. 

the  patriots,  and  partisan  leaders  like  Marion}-  Sumter, 
Pickens  and  Clarke  were  soon  in  the  field  at  the  head  of 
daring  men. 

11.  Sumter  first  appeared,  with  strength,  on  the  Ca- 
tawba  River.     At  the  same  time 

Marion  was  striking  the  British 
and  Tories  in  the  swamps  of  the 
lower  country,  on  the  borders  of 
the  Pedee ;  and  the  other  parti- 
sans were  active. 

12.  When,  in  August  (1780), 
Gates    marched  down   from  the 
hill  country  and  approached  Cam- 
den,   he    was    joined    by    many 

patriots  and  felt  strong.  Lord  Rawdon  was  then  in  com- 
mand of  British  troops  at  Camden.  Cornwallis  hastened 
to  join  him,  and  then  moved  forward  to 
meet  Gates. 

13.  The  two  armies,  marching  silently 
along  a  sandy  road,  met  at  midnight,  unex- 
pectedly to  both,  in  a  swamp  on  Sanders' 
Creek,  seven  miles  north  of  Camden. 
They  skirmished  in  the  darkness,  and  at 
daylight  began  a  fierce  battle.  The 
Americans  were  defeated  and  scattered. 
De  Kalb  was  killed,  and  Gates  and  a  few 
of  his  troops  fled  into  North  Carolina. 


GENERAL   SUMTER. 


SANDERS1   CREEK. 


QUESTIONS.— 11.  Give  an  account  of  Sumter  and  Marion.     12.  What  can  you  tell 
about  Gates  and  Cornwallis  ?    13.  Give  an  account  of  a  march  and  a  battle. 


mah'ri-on. 


212 


THE  REVOLUTION. 


BARON  DE  KALB 


American  Losses.     Cornwallis' s  Mistakes.    Battle  at  King's  Motmtain. 

14.  This  was  another  severe  blow  for  the  patriots. 
Within  the  space  of  three  months  two 
of  their  armies  in  the  South  had 
been  destroyed,  and  the  armed  bands 
of  the  partisans  were  now  scattered  to 
the  winds  by  Tarleton  and  other 
British  leaders.  All  seemed  hopeless, 
and  yet  the  patriots  were  hopeful. 

15.  With  the  foolish  idea  that  ex- 
tremely harsh  treatment  would 
secure  submission,  Cornwallis  employed  very  oppressive 
measures.  The  exasperated  patriots  despised  and  defied  him, 
and  instantly  prepared  to  strike  an  effectual  blow  for 
freedom. 

16.  Believing  South  Carolina  to  be  thoroughly   con- 
quered, Cornwallis  marched  into  North  Carolina,  and  sent 
out  armed  parties  to  frighten  the  Whigs  and  encourage  the 
Tories.     The  patriots  in  Western 

Carolina  rallied,  and  at  King's 
Mountain  they  fought,  early  in 
October,  and  defeated  Colonel  Fer- 
guson. He  lost  a  thousand  men 
and  fifteen  hundred  guns. 

17.  As  the  battle  at  Benning- 
ton  was   a   severe  blow  to  Bur- 
goyne,  so  this  was  a  hard  blow  for 
Cornwallis.    Meanwhile  Marion 

was  annoying  the  British  and  Tories  near  Charleston; 


GENERAL  MARION. 


QUESTIONS.— 14.  What  had  the  patriots  lost?  15.  What  did  Cornwallis  do,  and 
what  was  the  result  ?  16.  What  more  did  Cornwallis  do  ?  What  did  the  patriots  do  ? 
17.  How  were  the  British  affected?  What  have  you  to  say  about  Marion  and 
Sumter  ? 


THE  REVOLUTION.  213 


Marion  and  Sumler.  British  Invasion  of  JVe*>  Jersey. 

and  Sumter  and  Marion  again  appeared  at  the  head  of 
brave  patriots.  So  stealthy  were  the  movements  of  one, 
and  so  full  of  fight  was  the  other,  that  the  British  called 
Marion  The  Swamp  Fox,  and  Sumter  The  Carolina 
Game  Cock. 

18.  Cornwallis  hastened  back  to  South  Carolina,  and 
encamped  between  the  Broad  and  Catawba  Rivers,  about 
the  middle  of  October.     Here  we  will  leave  him  while  we 
consider  military  movements  in  the  North. 

19.  Extensive  military  operations  were  almost  suspended 
in  the  North  during  the  summer  of  1780.     As  we  have  seen, 
Knyphausen  was  left  in  command  at  New  York.    That 
officer  sent  a  force  of  five  thousand  men  into  New  Jersey, 
under   General  Mathews,  early  in  June,  on  a  marauding 
expedition. 

20.  Mathews  crossed  over  from  Staten  Island  to  Eliz- 
abethtown,  and  near  that  village  burned  a  small  settlement, 
and  commenced  plundering  the  inhabitants.     Wash- 
ington sent  a  detachment  from  his  camp  at  Morristown  to 
drive  them  back.     This  was  effectually  done. 

21.  A  fortnight  afterward,  Clinton,  who  had  returned 
from  Charleston,  joined  Mathews,  and  marching  toward 
Morristown^  tried  to  drive  Washington  out  of  his  encamp- 
ment.    They  were  met  at  Springfield  by  Americans  under 
General  Greene,  on  the  23d  of  June,  when  a  severe  skir- 
mish ensued.     The  British  set  fire  to  the  village  and  fled 
back  to  Staten  Island. 

22.  Early  in  the  same  month  a  French  fleet  arrived  at 

QTTESTTONS.— 18.  What  did  Cornwallis  do  ?  19.  What  have  you  to  say  about  mili- 
tary operations  in  the  North  ?  20.  What  can  you  tell  about  an  invasion  of  New 
Jersey?  21  What  can  you  tell  about  a  second  invasion  of  New  Jersey,  and  a 
battle  ? 


214 


TSE  REVOLUTION. 


GOVERNOR  TRUMBULL. 


Arrival  of  French  Forces,     ol  fiat-gain  for  Treason,      frice  to  be  Paid. 

Newport,  Rhode  Island,  with  six  thousand  soldiers  under 
the  Count  de  Rochambeau.1  A  part 
of  the  French  army  wintered  at  Leb- 
anon, near  the  residence  of  Gover- 
nor Truwibull.  The  British  were 
alarmed,  and  did  not  send  out  any 
more  marauding  expeditions.  .  At  that 
time  Clinton  was  hoping  to  accom- 
plish, through  the  agency  of  a  traitor, 
what  he  could  not  secure  by  force  of 
arms. 

23.  General  Benedict  Arnold,  a  brave  and  active  officer, 
was  the  traitor.  He  was  a  quarrel- 
some man  and  a  spendthrift.  He  be- 
came soured  toward  many  officers,  and 
his  expensive  living  involved  him  deeply 
in  debt.  Dishonest  practices  caused 
him  to  be  publicly  reprimanded  by 
Washington,  by  order  of  the  Congress. 

24.  Irritated  and  pressed  for  money, 
he  resolved  to  betray  his  country 

for  a  price.  He  bargained,  through  correspondence  with 
Major  Andr^  Clinton's  adjutant-general,  to  receive  fifty 
thousand  dollars  and  the  commission  of  Brigadier- 
General  in  the  British  army,  as  the  price  of  his 
treason. 

25.  To  accomplish  his  wicked  purpose,  Arnold  obtained 

QUESTIONS.— 22.  What  can  you  tell  about  a  French  fleet  with  troops  ?  What  can 
you  tell  about  the  British  ?  23.  Give  an  account  of  Benedict  Arnold.  24.  What 
moved  Arnold,  and  what  did  he  do  ?  25.  What  was  the  plan  of  his  treason  ?  With 
whom  did  he  confer  ? 

1  rosh'-aum-bo'.       9  an'-dray. 


BENEDICT  ARNOLD. 


TSE  REVOLUTION.  215 


Conference  Between  Arnold  and  ylndr&. 


command  of  the  important  military  post  of  West  Point,  on 
the  Hudson  River.  He  bargained  to  betray  that  post  and 
its  dependencies  into  the  hands  of  the  British.  In  Septem- 
ber, 1780,  he  and  Major  Andre  had  a  conference  at  Haver- 
straw,  on  the  Hudson,  to  complete  the  arrangements. 

26.  The  ship  in  which  Andre  had  ascended  the  Hudson 
was  driven  back  by  American  cannon  on  the  shore,  and 
Andre  was  compelled  to  go  back  by  land.     He  crossed  the 
river,  and  was  making  his  way  on  horseback  toward  New 
York,  when  he  was  arrested,  near  Tarrytown,  by  three 
militia-men,  who  searched  him  and  found  papers  in  his  boots 
which  convicted  Arnold  of  Treason. 

27.  By  a  stupid  blunder,  Arnold  was  allowed  to  escape. 
He  heard  of  the  arrest  of  Andre  while  at  breakfast  in  his 
house  opposite  West  Point.      Kissing  his   wife   and  babe 
farewell,  he  hurried  to  his  barge,  and  offering  his  oarsmen  a 
reward  for  speed,  they  took  him  swiftly  down  the  river  to 
the  British  sloop-of-war  Vul- 
ture, and  so  he  escaped. 

28.  Major  Andre  was  tried 
and  executed  as  a  spy.    If 
the    Americans    could     have 
caught  Arnold,  they  would  have 
let  the  youthful  Andre  go. 

__        __.  CAPTORS1   MEDAL. 

29.  The  names  of  the  militia- 
men who  arrested  Andrb  were  John  Pauldin^,  David 
Williams,  and  Isaac  Van  Wart.1    Because  of  this  useful 


QUESTIONS.— 26.  What  can  you  tell  about  Major  Andre"  ?  27.  Tell  about  a  blunder, 
and  the  escape  of  Arnold.  28.  What  more  can  you  tell  about  Andre*  and  Arnold  ? 
89.  What  about  Andrews  captors  ? 

1  wart. 


216  THE  REVOLUTION. 


Madness  of  the  British  Ministry.       Sufferings  of  American  Soldiers. 

act  the  Congress  voted  them  each  a  silver  medal  and  two 
hundred  dollars  a  year  for  life. 

30.  And  now,  as  another  year  of  the  war  drew  to  a  close, 
the  patriots  were  firm  and  hopeful.     Great  Britain  had 
made  really  no  progress  toward  conquering  the  Americans, 
after  spending  much  blood  and  treasure.     Yet  the  King  and 
Parliament  went  blindly  on.     They  declared  war  against 
Holland,  which  had  favored  America,  and  made  extensive 
preparations  to  crush  the  rebellion  in  the  colonies. 

31.  In  this  section  we  have  considered — 

(1)  The  campaign  of  Clinton  against  Charleston ;  (2) 
the  defeat  of  Gates  and  the  career  of  Cornwallis  in  South 
Carolina ;  (3)  the  partisan  leaders  in  the  South  ;  (4)  the 
invasion  of  New  Jersey  by  British  troops  ;  (5)  the  ar- 
rival of  French  allies,  and  (6)  the  treason  of  Arnold. 


SECTION    VIII. 

SEVENTH   YEAR   OF  THE  WAR   FOR    INDEPENDENCE. 

[1781.] 

1.  The  patriotism  of  the  Americans  had  a  trial  and 
a  triumph  at  the  beginning  of  1781.     The  troops  had  suf- 
fered every  want.     The  paper  money  with  which  they  had 
been  paid  had  become  worthless,  and  the  Congress  was  not 
able  to  be  prompt  in  redeeming  its  promises. 

2.  The  soldiers  had  asked  for  relief  in  vain.     Finally 

QUESTIONS.— 30.  What  can  you  tell  about  Great  Britain  and  the  King  and  Parlia- 
ment ?    31.  What  have  we  considered  in  this  section  ? 

QUESTIONS.— 1.  What  can  you  tell  about  a  trial  of  the  patriotism  of  the  Americans? 


THE  REVOLUTION.  21 7 


Mutiny  of  American    2'roopt.  '2'heir  Vitriolic    Conduct. 

on  the  1st  of  January,  more  than  a  thousand  left  the  camp 
at  Morristown  and  started  for  Philadelphia  to  compel 
the  Congress  to  do  something  for  them. 

3.  General  Wayne  was  sent  to  bring  them  back.    He 
coaxed  and  threatened  them.     When  he  pointed  his  pistol 
at  the  leader,  they  said  :  "  We  love  and  respect  you,  but  if 
you  fire  you  are  a  dead  man.     We  are  not  going  to  the 
enemy ;   on  the  contrary,  if  they  were  now  to  come  out, 
you  should  see  us  fight  under  your  orders  with  as 
much  cheerfulness  as  ever." 

4.  Their  promise  was  soon  redeemed  in  another  way.     Sir 
Henry  Clinton  heard  of  the  mutiny,  and  sent   agents  to 
entice   the  discontented   soldiers  to   his  army. 
These  agents  went  among  the  mutineers  at  Princeton.    The 
indignant  patriots  seized   them  and  handed  them  over  to 
Wayne  to  be  punished  as  spies. 

5.  The  Congress  satisfied  the  demands  of  the  soldiers,  and 
offered   to  reward  them  for  this 

mark  of  their  fidelity.  They  nobly 
replied  :  "  Our  necessities  com- 
pelled us  to  demand  justice 
from  our  government ;  we  ask 
no  reward  for  doing  OUT  duty 
to  our  country  against  its  enemies." 

6.  The  Congress  saw  the  ne- 
cessity of  promptly  meeting  the  ROBERT  MORBIS. 
wants  of  the   soldiers.      They   imposed   taxes   which  were 
cheerfully  paid.     They  borrowed  money  in  Europe  ;  and  a 

QUESTIONS.— 2.  What  did  the  soldiers  do?  3.  What  can  you  tell  about  General 
Wayne  and  the  soldiers  ?  4.  What  promise  did  the  soldiers  redeem,  and  how  ?  5. 
What  can  yon  tell  about  the  Congress  and  the  soldiers  ?  6.  What  did  Congress  do 
about  money  matters  ?  What  can  you  tell  about  Robert  Morris  ? 


218  THE  REVOLUTION. 


National  Sank  Established.  Arnold  in  Virginia. 

national  bank  was  established  in  Philadelphia  under 
the  management  of  Robert  Morris,  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury,  which  was  a  great  help  in  that  time  of  need.  Mr. 
Morris  used  his  own  private  fortune  freely  for  the  public  good. 

7.  At  the  beginning  of  this  year   (1781)   Arnold  the 
traitor  was  desolating  lower  Virginia  with  a  band  of 
British  and   Tory  soldiers.     Lafayette  was  sent  to  Vir- 
ginia to  catch  the  traitor,  but  Arnold,  after  doing  all  the 
mischief  he  could,  escaped  to  New  York  in  April. 

8.  Arnold  was  cautious,  for  he  knew  his  countrymen 
would  show  him  no  mercy  if  they  should  catch  him.     One 
day  he   asked  a  captive    Virginian,   "What   would    the 
•Americans  do  with  me  if  they  should  catch  me  ?  "     The 
prisoner  replied  :    "  They  would  bury  your  leg  that  was 
wounded  at  Quebec,  with  military  honors,  and  hang  the  rest 
of  you." 

9.  Turning  toward  the  Carolinas,  where  most  of  the 

fighting  was  done  in  1781,  we  see 
General  Greene,  the  brave  soldier 
from  Rhode  Island,  at  the  head 
of  the  Southern  army.  A 
part  of  it  he  sent  toward  the  sea, 
eastward  of  the  Pedee,  and  the 
remainder,  under  General  Mor- 
gan, he  caused  to  be  encamped 

1      °f     ^ 


GENERAL  GBEENK. 

and  Broad  rivers. 
10.   Greene  had  succeeded  Gates  in  the  autumn  of  1780. 


QUESTIONS.— 7.  What  can  you  tell  about  Arnold  and  Lafayette?  8.  Relate  an  anec- 
dote of  Arnold  and  a  prisoner.  9.  What  can  you  tell  about  Greene  and  his  army  ia 
the  Carolinas  ?  10.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Greene  and  Gates  ? 


TttE  REVOLUTION. 


^Battle  at  the  Cowpens.      Itace  Between  "British  and  American  2'roops. 

Cornwallis,  who  now  lay  between  the  two  portions  of  the 
American  army,  found  in  Greene  a  much  better  soldier 
than  Gates.  He  was  just  preparing  to  march  into  North 
Carolina,  when  he  found  himself  menaced  by  this  active 
leader. 

11.  Unwilling  to  leave  Morgans  his  rear,  Cornwallis 
sent  Colonel  Tarleton,  a  fiery  British  soldier,  to  capture  or 
scatter  the  Americans.      The  foes 

met  in  a  desolate  place  in  Western 
South  Carolina,  called  The  Cow- 
pens,  where  they  had  a  severe  bat- 
tle. The  British  were  beaten  and 
scattered,  and  many  of  them  were 
made  prisoners  This  was  on  the  17th 
of  January,  1781. 

12.  At  the  close  of  the  battle  Mor- 
gan started  for  Virginia  with  his  prisoners.      Cornwallis 

tried  to  head  him  off.  He  was  a  little 
too  late,  for  Morgan  had  crossed  the 
Catawba  river  before  Cornwallis 
reached  its  banks.  The  British  com- 
mander felt  sure  of  catching  the 
"  rebel  "  leader  in  the  morning,  so  he 
halted. 

13.  As  at  Trenton,  the  active  foe 

of  Cornwallis  escaped.     A  heavy  rain  during  the  night  so 

swelled  the  river,  that  the  British  troops  could  not  cross. 

Morgan,  meantime,  had  pushed  forward  and  joined  Greene 

on  the  Yadlcin. 

QUESTIONS.— 11.  What  can  you  tell  about  a  battle  between  Morgan  and  Tarleton? 
12.  What  did  Morgan  and  Cornwallis  do  ?  13.  What  more  can  you  tell  about  the 
movements  of  Morgan  and  Cornwallis? 


COLONEL  TARLETON. 


GENERAL  MORGAN. 


220 


THE  REVOLUTION. 


Between    Greene  and  Cornwallis. 


14.  Now  began  a  wonderful  flight  and  pursuit, 
which  extended  from  the  Tadkin  to  the  Dan.  Greene 
was  joined  by  the  forces  eastward  of  the  Pedee.  Three 
times  the  rivers  were  filled  by  rains  after  the  Americans 
had  crossed,  leaving  the  British  on  the  other  side.  The 
Americans  finally  crossed  the  Dan 
into  Virginia  (February  3,  1781), 
and  Cornivallis  gave  up  the 
chase. 

15.  Greene  remained,  in.  Virginia 
only  long  enough  to  allow  his  troops 
to  rest,  and  with  some  recruits  he 
recrossed  the  Dan  and  pursued 
Cornwallis,  who  had  gone  into  the 
interior  of  North  Carolina.  He 
sent  forward  Colonel  Henry  Lee  with  cavalry  or  horsemen 
to  foil  Tarleton  and  scatter  the  Tories. 

16.  On  the   15th   of  March  the  two  armies  met  near 
Guilford  Court-house,  and  there  they 

fought  one  of  the  most  severe  battles 
of  the  war.  Both  suffered  dread- 
fully. The  Americans  lost  four 
hundred  men  and  the  British  six  hun- 
dred. 

17.  Neither  party  gained  a  victory. 
Cornwallis,    badly    crippled,   marched, 
with   his   shattered   army,  toward  Wil- 
mington, on  the  Cape  Fear,  and  Greene  marched  into  South 


COLONEL  HENRY  LEE. 


BATTLE   OF   GUILFORD. 


QUESTIONS.— 14.  What  can  you  tell  about  a  race  between  Greene  and  Cornwallis  ? 
15.  What  did  Greene  and  Cornwallis  then  do  ?  16.  What  can  you  tell  about  a  battb 
between  Greene  and  Cornwallis  ?  17.  What  was  the  result  of  the  battle  ? 


THE  REVOLUTION. 


221 


Battle  at  Hobkirk's  Hill. 


Siege  of  Ninety-Six. 


HOBKIRK'S  TTTT.T.. 


COLONEL  WASHINGTON. 


Carolina  to  attack  the  British  under  Lord  Rawdon  at 
Camden. 

18.  Greene  encamped  ou  Hobkirk's 
Hill,  a  mile  from      amden,  where  Raw- 
don  attacked  him  on  the  25th  of  April, 

1781.  A  desperate 
fight  ensued,  each 
party  losing  nearly 
three  hundred  men. 
In  that  battle  Colo- 
nel William  Washington  was  con- 
spicuous for  his  bravery.  He  captured 
fifty  British  soldiers.  With  these 

prisoners  and  all  of  his  cannon,  Greene  retreated  a  few  miles 

and  encamped. 

19.  Raivdon,  alarmed,  set  fire  to  Camden  early  in 
May,  and  retreated   down  to  Nelson's 

Ferry,  on  the  Santee  River.  At  about 
the  same  time  the  Americans  captured 
four  important  British  posts  in 
the  interior  of  South  Carolina;  and 
Greene,  with  his  whole  army,  marched 
against  the  strong  post  of  Ninety-Six, 
between  the  Saluda  and  Savannah  rivers. 

20.  Greene  besieged  Fort  Ninety -Six.    for  a  month. 
Meanwhile  Lee,   Pickens,   and  others,   had  attacked    the 
British  and  Tories  at  Augusta,  in  Georgia,  and  took  pos- 


QUESTIONS. — 18.  Give  an  account  of  a  battle  between  Greene  and  Lord  Rawdon. 
What  have  you  to  say  about  Colonel  Washington  ?  19.  What  did  Rawdon  do  ?  What 
had  the  Americans  done,  and  where  did  Greene  go  ?  20.  What  did  Greene  do  ?  What 
did  other  leaders  do  ? 


TORT  NINETY-SIX. 


222  THE  REVOLUTION, 

yimericans  in  Summer   Quarters.  Hattle  at  Eutaw  Springs* 

session  of  that  place  on  the  5th  of  June.  They  then 
hastened  to  help  Greene,  before 
Ninety-Six,  which  place  the  Amer- 
icans were  compelled  to  leave  on 
the  approach  of  Rawdon,  and  flee 
beyond  the  Saluda.1 

21.  Rawdon  fell  back  toward 
Orangeburg,  and  Greene  became 
his  pursuer.  The  summer  heats 
were  now  approaching,  and  Greene 

GENEBAL  PICKENS. 

marched   his   army  to    the    High 

Hills  of  Santee,2  below  Camden,  where  they  were  en- 
camped during  a  portion  of  the  sickly  season.  Rawdon, 
leaving  his  troops  at  Orangeburg  in  charge  of  Colonel 
Stewart,  went  to  Charleston  and  sailed  for  England. 

22.  Many  North   Carolina  troops   joined   Greene,  in 
August,  and  at  the  close  of  that  month  his  entire  army  were 
in  motion  toward  Orangeburg.     The  British  fled  down  the 
Santee  and  encamped  at  Eutaw3  Springs,   two  miles 
from  that  river,  where  Greene  attacked  them  on  the  8th  of 
September,  1781. 

23.  The  battle   raged  for  four  hours.      At   night   the 
British  held  the  field,  but  the  advantage  was  with  the 
Americans.    The  British  had  lost  about  seven  hundred 
men,   and  the  Americans  about  five  hundred  and  fifty. 
The  victory  was  claimed  by  both  parties  in  this  Battle  of 
Eutaw  Springs. 

24.  On  the  night  after  the  battle  the  British  fled  toward 

QUESTIONS.—  21.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  movements  of  Greene  and  Rawdon? 
22.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  movements  of  hostile  troops  ?  23.  Tell  about  a  bat- 
tle and  its  results. 

mn-tee'<    '  u'-taw. 


THE  REVOLUTION.  223 


"Position  of  the  "British.  Marion  and  the  Sritish   Officer. 

Charleston,  pursued  by  the  main  American  army  and  by 
the  partisans,  Marion,  Sumter,  Lee,  and  others.  The 
British  took  refuge  in  Charleston,  and  at  the  close  of  1781 
they  held  only  that  city  and  Savannah  in  all  the  country, 
excepting  the  city  of  New  York. 

25.  Of  all  the  Southern  partisans,  Marion  became  the 
most  famous.     He  was  bold  but  cautious,  and  was  generally 
successful.     His  followers  were  ready  to  endure  any  priva- 
tions demanded  by  their  leader.     At  one  time  his  camp  was 
upon  an  island  at  the  junction  of  the  Pedee 1  and  Lynch 's 
Creek. 

26.  To  that  camp  a  British  officer  was  once  sent  with  a 
flag  of  truce.     He  was  conducted  to  Marion  with  his  eyes 
covered.     The  partisan  invited  the  young  officer  to  dine  with 
him.     All  that  he  could  offer  his  guest  were  a  few  roasted 
potatoes  served  on  pieces  of  bark. 

27.  The  officer  was  informed  that  this  was  better  than  the 
usual  fare  to  which  Marion  and  his  men  were  accustomed. 
When  the  young  man  returned  to  his  camp  he  gave  up  his 
commission,  declaring  that  such  a  people  could  not  and  ought 
not  to  be  conquered. 

28.  While  these  events  were  occurring  in  South  Caro- 
lina,  Cornwallis  was  trying    to   subdue   Virginia.    He 
marched  from  Wilmington,  and  at  the  close  of  May  he  was 
at   Petersburg,   in   Virginia,   with   a  considerable    army. 
Lafayette  was  then  in  that  State,  but  his  troops  were  too 
few  to  do  much  against  the  stronger  British  force. 

QUESTIONS.— 24.  What  did  the  British  do?  25.  What  have  you  to  say  about 
Marion  ?  26.  Tell  the  story  about  a  British  officer  in  Marion's  camp.  27.  What  did 
Marion  say,  and  what  did  the  officer  do  ?  28.  What  was  Cornwallis  then  trying  to 
do  ?  What  can  you  tell  about  him  and  Lafayette  ? 


224  THE  REVOLUTION. 


Cornwatlis  in   "Virginia,  The  French  and  Americans  go  there. 

29.  Virginia  seemed,  for  awhile,  to  be  doomed  to  abso- 
lute submission  to  the  enemy.      Cornwallis  marched  to 
Richmond  and  beyond,  destroying  an  immense  amount  of 
property.    Then  turning  toward  the  sea,  he  marched  slowly 
down  the  James  River,  followed  by  Generals  Lafayette, 
Wayne,  and  Steuben.1 

30.  Crossing  the  James  at  old  Jamestown,  where  the 
first  English  settlement  was  made,  Cornwallis  marched  to 
Portsmouth,   opposite  Norfolk,  in  July.      In  August  he 
went  to  Yorktown,  on  the  York  River,  and  there,  building 
strong  fortifications  around  his  camp,  he  gathered  together 
all  the  British  troops  in  Virginia. 

31.  Washington  so  deceived  Sir  Henry   Clinton,  at 
New  York,  that  the  British  commander  had  no  suspicion 
that  the  French  and  American  armies  were  going  to  Vir- 
ginia until  they  were  so  far  on  the  way  that  pursuit  would 
be  useless.     Then  Clinton  sent  the  traitor  Arnold  to  deso- 
late the  New  England  coasts,  hoping  thereby  to  cause  the 
Americans  to  return  for  their  defence. 

32.  Arnold  performed  the  task  willingly.    He  burned 
New  London,  almost  in  sight  of  his  birth-place   at  Nor- 
wich.    He  allowed  a  horrid  massacre  of  prisoners  captured 
at  Fort  Griswold.     But  these  cruelties  did  not  turn  Wash- 
ington from    his   purpose ;    and    late    in   September  the 
allied  armies,  twelve  thousand  strong,  appeared  before  York- 
town. 

33.  Meanwhile  the  French  admiral,  Count  de  Grasse? 

QUESTIONS.— 29.  What  seemed  to  be  the  doom  of  Virginia  ?  What  did  Cornwallis 
do?  30.  What  more  can  you  tell  about  the  movements  of  Cornwallis  ?  31.  How  did 
Washington  deceive  Clinton?  What  did  Clinton  do?  32,  Give  an  account  of 
Arnold's  doings.  What  did  the  allied  armies  do  ? 

1  sty'-ben.        a  deh-grastt. 


THE  REVOLUTION. 


225 


French  Fleet  near  Yorktown. 


Siege  of  Yorktown. 


COUNT  DE  GRASSE. 


had  arrived  with  a  French  fleet,  and,  after  battling  with  the 

British  fleet   under  Admiral  Graves,  at  the  entrance  to 

Chesapeake  Bay,  blockaded  the  York 

and  James  Rivers.     He  was  now  ready 

to   assist  the   land   forces  in  besieging 

Yorktown. 
34.    After   careful    preparations   the 

allied  armies  began  a  general  attack  upon 

the  British  fortifications  and  shipping. 

Several   of    the   British    vessels   were 

burned  by  hot  shot,  and  Cornwallis  was 

driven  out  of  his  quarters  in  Governor  Nelson's  stone  house, 

to  the  shelter  of  a  cave 
in  the  high  river-bank. 

35.  For      awhile, 
Cornwallis  hoped  for 
aid     from      Clinton. 
This  hope  failed,  and 
he  attempted  to  escape 
by  crossing  the  York 
River  in  the  darkness 
of  a  stormy  night.    He 
failed  in  this,  and  then, 
in   despair,  offered  to 
surrender. 

36.  Arrangements 
were  soon  made,  and  on  the  19th  of  October,  1781,  Corn- 
wallis and  his  troops,  about  seven  thousand   in  number, 

QUESTIONS.-^.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  French  and  British  fleets  ?  84.  What 
can  you  tell  about  the  attack  on  fortifications  and  shipping?  35.  What  did  Corn- 
wallis hope  for  ?  What  did  he  attempt  to  do  ?  36.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  sur- 
render of  Cornwallis  ? 


SIEGE  OF  YORKTOWN. 


226 


THE  REVOLUTION. 


Effects  of  the   Surrender  of  Cornwallis. 


with  his  vessels  and  seamen,  were  surrendered  to  Washing- 
ton and  Rochambeau.  Clinton,  who 
had  just  arrived  with  as  many  more 
troops,  amazed  at  the  event,  returned 
to  New  York  thoroughly  disheartened. 
37.  The  surrender  of  Corn- 
wallis  was  a  signal  and  crowning 
victory  for  the  Americans.  It  was 
the  final  blow  which  secured  their  inde- 


KOCHAMB3ATT. 


Britain.    The  King  and  his  ministers,  the  parliament  and 
the  people,  were  confounded  by  the  disaster. 

38.  Throughout  the  United  States  there  was  universal 
joy,  such  as  had  never  been  felt  before.     From  churches  and 
legislative  halls;  from  the  army  and  from  the  Congress,  and 
at  wayside  gatherings  of  the  people,  went  up  a  shout  of 
thanksgiving  and  praise  to  the  Lord  God  Omnipotent  for 
the  success  of  the  allied  troops. 

39.  The  news  reached  Philadelphia  at  midnight.    The 
watchmen  cried  out,  with  their  loudest  voices  :    "  Twelve 
o'clock,  and  Cornwallis  is  taken  !  "     Very  soon  lights  were 
seen  moving  in  all  the  houses.     The  inhabitants  poured  into 
the  streets  and  filled  the  air  with  huzzas.     The  news  had 
been  nearly  five  days  coming  from  YorJctown  to  Philadel- 
phia.   Now  it  could  be  sent  in  five  seconds. 

40.  The  next  morning  (Oct.  24,  1781),  the  secretary  of 
the  Congress  then  in  session  in  Philadelphia,  read  a  letter 
from  Washington,  to  that  body,  giving  an  account  of  the 

QUESTIONS.—  37.  What  have  you  to  say  about  this  victory  and  its  effects  in  Eng- 
land ?  38.  What  were  the  effects  of  the  victory  in  the  United  States  ?  39.  What  can 
you  tell  about  the  arrival  and  effect  of  the  news  in  Philadelphia  ?  40.  What  did  the 
Congress  do  ? 


THE  REVOLUTION. 


227 


Congress,  in  a  ftody,   Offer   Thanksgivings  for  yictoty. 

surrender.  Then  the  members  all  went  in  procession  to  the 
Lutheran  Church,  and  there  returned  thanks  to  God  for  the 
great  victory.  Yet  the  war  was  not  quite  ended 


41.  We  have  considered  in  this  section — 

(1)  The  character  of  the  American  patriots ;  (2)  justice 
toward  the  army  and  the  establishment  of  a  National 
Bank ;  (3)  doings  of  the  traitor  Arnold ;  (4)  the  Cam- 
paign of  Greene  in  the  Carolinas ;  (5)  the  battle  at  the 
Cowpens,  and  the  race  between  Greene  and  Cornwallis  ; 
(6)  the  battles  at  Guilford  Court  House,  Hobkirk's  Hill, 
and  Eutaw  Springs ;  (7)  the  camp  of  Marion ;  (8)  Corn- 
wallis inVirginia;  (9)  the  siege  of  Yorktown,  and  (10) 
the  surrender  of  Cornwallis. 

QUESTIONS.— 41.  What  have  we  considered  in  this  section  ? 


228  THE  REVOLUTION. 


Military   Operations  after  the  Surrender.        ^Preparations  for 


SECTION    VIII. 

CLOSING  EVENTS  OF  THE  WAR  FOR  INDEPENDENCE. 
[1782-1789.] 

1.  The   news   of    the   surrender    of    Cornwallis 

reached  General  Greene  on  the  High  Hills  of  the  Santee 
on  the  30th  of  October.  It  was  an  omen  of  peace  to  the 
patriots  of  South  Carolina,  and  Governor  Rutledge  soon 
called  a  legislative  assembly.  Yet  vigilance  was  necessary, 
for  there  was  a  considerable  body  of  British  troops  yet  in 
Charleston,  and  Tories  were  plentiful  everywhere. 

2.  Marion  kept  watch  near  Charleston  ;  Greene  and  his 
army  took  a  position  on  the  Edisto  ;   Wayne,  always  wide 
awake,  kept  the  British  in  Georgia  close  within  the  city  of 
Savannah;  St.   Glair,  marching  down  from  Yorlctown, 
made  the  British  troops  at  Wilmington  flee  into  Charles- 
ton ;  and  Washington,  who  had  returned  to  the  North  with 
his  army,  made  Sir  Henry  Clinton  and  his  troops  close 
prisoners  in  the  city  of  New  York. 

3.  It  was  now  the  spring  of  1782.     The  British  govern- 
ment now  gave  up  the  American  colonies  as  lost  to  the 
realm,  and  ordered  the  British  commanders  in  America  to 
stop  fighting  and  prepare  to  leave  the  country.      At  mid- 
summer the  British  left  Savannah,  but  those  in  Charles- 
ton did  not  depart  until  near  the  close  of  the  year. 

4.  General  Leslie,  in  command  at  Charleston,  tried  to 
seize  food  for  his  army  in  the  interior  of  South  Carolina. 

QUESTIONS,  —  1.  What  have  you  to  tell  about  the  effects  of  the  news  of  the  surrender 
of  Cornwallis  in  South  Carolina  ?  2.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  movements  of 
American  troops  ?  3.  What  did  the  British  government  and  its  troops  do  ? 


THE  REVOLUTION.  229 


The  Last  Blood  Shed  in  the  War.  Treaty  for  Peace. 

Late  in  August,  1782,  a  British  foraging  party  attempted 
to  ascend  the  Combahee 1  River,  when  they  were  met  by 
some  Americans  under  Colonel  John  Laurens,  and  in  a 
skirmish  on  the  25th  that  young  officer  was  killed.  In  Sep- 
tember following,  the  American  captain  Wilmot,  was 
killed  in  a  skirmish  at  Stono  Ferry,  below  Charleston. 
This  was  the  last  blood  shed  in  the  old  War  for  Inde- 
pendence. 

5.  Meanwhile  commissioners,  appointed   by  the    United 
States  and   Great  Britain,  had  met  at   Paris  to  make 
arrangements  for  peace.    A  preliminary  treaty  to  that  effect 
was  signed  there  on  the  30th  of  November,  1782.      A  final 
and  definitive  treaty  was  signed  on  the  3d  of  September,  1783. 
Then  the  British  monarch  acknowledged  the  independence 
of  the  United  States. 

6 .  While  these  peace  measures  were  going  on,  the  British 
held  New  York  with  a  military  force,  and  Washington, 
with  a  small  army  at  West  Point  and 

Newburgh,  on  the  Hudson,  watched 
them.  In  the  spring  of  1783,  the 
suffering  American  troops  were 
tempted  to  revolt,  but  the  prudence 
of  Washington  and  their  own 
patriotism  prevented  the  calamity. 

7.  On    the    25th    of    November, 

1783,  the  British  troops  left  New  GENEBAL  KNOX' 

York  and  sailed  for  England.     On  the  same  day  American 

QUESTIONS.^.  What  can  you  tell  about  skirmishes  in  South  Carolina  and  the  last 
blood  shed  in  the  war  ?  5.  What  can  you  tell  about  negotiations  for  peace  ?  6.  What 
can  you  tell  about  the  two  armies  and  the  temptations  of  the  American  troops?  7. 
Give  an  account  of  the  movements  of  British  and  American  troops  at  New  York. 

1  kom-ba-heef. 


230 


THE  REVOLUTION. 


"British  Evacuate  New  York. 


"Washington  jKesigns  his  Commission. 


troops  under  General  Knox,  accompanied  by  Washington, 
marched  into  the  city,  and  Governor 
George  Clinton  established  civil  gov- 
ernment there. 

8.  On  the  2d  of  November  Wash- 
ington issued  a  Farewell  Address  to 
the  Armies  of  the  United  States, 
about  to  be  disbanded.     A  few  days 
after  the  British  left  New  York,  he 
called  his   principal   officers  together 
there,  and  in   person  bade  them  an        GOVERNOR  CLINTON. 
affectionate  farewell.     Then  he  went  to  Annapolis,  m  Mary- 
land, where  the  Congress  was  in  ses- 
sion,  and    resigned    his 
commission      as      corn- 
man  der-in-chief  into  the 
hands  of  General  Mif- 
flin,  then  their   Presi- 
dent. 

9.  A  little  while  be- 
fore the  disbanding  of 
the  Continental  army, 

the  officers  formed  an  association,  for  mutual 
friendship  and  assistance,  which  they  called  the 
Society  of  the  Cincinnati.  They  adopted 
an  "  order,"  or  badge,  made  of  gold  and  enamel, 
which,  with  membership,  was  to  descend  to 
their  nearest  masculine  representative  for  all  time.  This 
society  is  yet  in  existence. 

QUESTIONS.— 8.  What  did  Washington  do  ?  9.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  Society 
of  the  Cincinnati  ?  10.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  first  plan  of  a  national  gov- 
ernment ? 


GENERAL  MIJTLIN. 


THE   ORDER. 


THE  REVOLUTION.  231 

ff  ylrticles  of  Confederation"  a  Failure. 

10.  The  States,  in  1781,  by  their  representatives  in  Con- 
gress, had  adopted  a  plan  for  a  national  government,  called 
Articles  of  Confederation.    It  was  simply  a  League 
of  States,  with  no  real  sovereign  power,  and  was  not  fitted 
for  the  foundation  of  a  nation.     The  people  in  some  places 
refused  to  pay  taxes  at  the  call  of  the  general  government, 
and  in  Massachusetts  they  were  in  armed  rebellion,  led  by 
Daniel  Shays.    This  is  known  as  Shays's  Rebellion. 

1 1 .  Leading  men  soon  perceived  the  necessity  for  another 
plan  of  government,  and  in  the  course  of  a  few  years  a  con- 
vention was  called  at  Philadelphia  to  consider  the  subject. 
Representatives  from  all  the  States  excepting  Rhode  Island 
met  there  in  the  summer  of  1787,  and  framed  what  is  known 
as  our  National  Constitution.    Washington  was  Presi-i 
dent  of  the  Convention,  and  Dr.  Franklin,  then  more  than! 
eighty-one  years  of  age,  was  one  of  the  most  active  of  its 
members. 

12.  For  several  days  the  Convention  could  not  agree  upon 
a  plan,  and  it  seemed  as  if  their  labors  would  be  fruitless. 
One  morning  Dr.  Franklin  proposed  that  the  proceedings 
should  be  opened  each  day  with  prayers  to  Almighty  God 
for  guidance.     This  was  not   done,  because  there  was   no 
money  which  could  be  appropriated  for  the  payment  of  a 
minister  of  the  Gospel  for  the  sacred  service. 

13.  The  Constitution  then  formed  was  submitted  to  the 
people  of  the  several  States  for  consideration.     It  was  agreed 
to  by  a  majority  of  them,  and  on  the  4th  of  March,  1789, 
the   old   Continental   Congress   expired,    and  the    National 
Constitution  became  the  Great  Law  of  the  Republic. 

QUESTIONS.— 11.  What  did  leading  men  perceive,  and  what  was  done  ?  12.  What 
did  Franklin  do  in  the  Convention,  and  what  was  the  result?  13.  What  was 
done  with  the  National  Constitution,  and  what  did  it  become  ? 


232 


THE  REVOLUTION. 


Washington   Inaugurated  President  of  the  United  States. 

Washington  was  inaugurated  the  first  President  of  the 
United  States  on  the  30th  of  April  following. 


FRANKLIN  OFFERING  HIS  MOTION  FOR  PRAYERS  IN  THE  NATIONAL  CONTENTION. 

14.  This  was  the  final  act  of  the  Revolution  ;  and  was 
the  closing  work  of  the  patriots.  Then  the  United  States 
of  America  commenced  their  glorious  national  career. 

QUESTIONS. — 14.    What  have  you  to  say  about  the  effects  of  the  Constitution 
on  the  national  character  ? 


THE  REVOLUTION.  233 


Character  of  the  National  Government.      Outline  of  Important  Event*. 

They  were  no  longer  a  mere  League  of  States,  but  united 
under  one  General  Government.  Then,  for  the  first 
time,  did  England  fully  acknowledge  our  independence,  by 
sending  a  representative  of  the  British  government  to  reside 
at  our  national  capital. 

15.  We  have  considered  in  this  section— 
(1)  The  vigilance  of  the  Americans  after  the  surrender 
of  Cornwallis ;  (2)  the  action  of  the  British  govern- 
ment ;  (3)  the  last  skirmishes  of  the  war ;  (4)  the  nego- 
tiations for  peace ;  (5)  the  abandonment  of  the  country 
by  the  British  ;  (6)  the  formation  of  the  Society  of  the 
Cincinnati ;  and  (7)  the  establishment  of  a  national  gov- 
ernment. 

OUTLINE  OF  IMPORTANT  EVENTS  FROM  1763  TO  1789.* 

1765.  Stamp  Act  Congress  meets  in  New  York  in  October.     Patrick 

Henry's  great  speech  in  the  Virginia  Assembly. 

1766.  Stamp  Act  repealed  in  March. 

1768.  Tax-gatherers  sent  to  Boston  and  opposed  by  the  people. 
1770.  Massacre  of  citizens  in  Boston  by  British  troops  in  March. 
1111.  The  "  Kegulator  "  movements  in  North  Carolina. 

1772.  The  British  schooner   Gaspe  burned  in  Narraganset   Bay,   by 

Americans,  in  June. 

1773.  Cargoes  of  tea  destroyed  by  a  mob  in  Boston  Harbor  in  Decem- 

ber. 

1774.  The  port  of  Boston  closed  against  commerce  by  the  British  min- 

istry in  June.  A  general  or  Continental  Congress  assemble 
in  Philadelphia  in  September.  Minute-men  organized  in 
different  colonies. 

1775.  Attention  of  Parliament  called  to  American  affairs  in  January. 

Skirmishes  at  Lexington  and  Concord  in  jLpril.  A  second 
Continental  Congress  assembles  at  Philadelphia  in  May. 

QUESTIONS.— 15.  What  have  we  considered  in  this  section? 
*  See  foot-note  on  page  32, 


234  THE  REVOLUTION. 


Outline  of  Important  Events. 


Capture  of  Ticonderoga  and  Crown  Point  by  the  Americans  in 
May.  A  considerable  British  army  in  Boston  in  June. 
Battle  of  Bunker's  (Breed's)  Hill,  and  Washington  appointed 
commander-in-chief  of  the  Americans,  in  June.  Washing- 
ton takes  command  of  the  army  at  Cambridge  in  July.  The 
Congress  issues  Bills  of  Credit,  or  paper  money.  Revolution- 
ary movements  throughout  the  colonies.  Governor  Dunmore 
driven  from  Virginia.  St.  Johns,  on  the  Sorel,  and  Montreal 
captured  by  the  Americans  in  November.  Quebec  besieged 
and  Americans  repulsed  in  "December.  Americans  declared 
to  be  "  rebels."  German  troops  hired  by  the  British  govern- 
ment to  fight  the  Americans. 

1776.  The  British  army  driven  out  of  Boston  in  March.     German 

troops  arrive  at  Quebec  in  May.  A  British  land  and  naval 
force  attack  the  fort  on  Sullivan's  Island  in  the  harbor  of 
Charleston  and  are  repulsed  in  June.  British  troops  under 
General  Howe  near  New  York  in  June.  Declaration  of 
Independence  adopted  by  the  Congress  in  July.  Battle  on 
Long  Island  near  New  York,  in  August.  British  take  pos- 
session of  New  York,  and  battle  on  Harlem  Plains,  in  Sep- 
tember. Battle  at  White  Plains  in  October.  Capture  of 
Fort  Washington  in  November.  Flight  of  Washington 
across  New  Jersey,  pursued  by  Cornwallis,  in  JVov ember 
and  December.  The  Congress  flee  to  Baltimore  from  Phila- 
delphia, and  the  Americans  capture  Hessians  or  Germans  at 
Trenton  in  ^December.  Commissioners  sent  to  France  to  ask 
for  aid  for  the  Americans. 

1777.  Battle  at  Princeton,  and  march  of  Americans  to  Morristown,  in 

January.  Danbury  burned  by  Governor  Tryon,  and  battle 
near  Ridgefield,  in  April.  Raid  by  Colonel  Meigs  on  the 
British  vessels  at  Sag  Harbor  in  May.  Capture  of  the 
British  General  Prescott  on  Rhode  Island  by  Colonel  Barton, 
in  July.  Burgoyne  collects  a  force  at  St.  Johns  in  Canada, 
in  June  and  July.  British  plans  for  the  campaign  of  1777 
revealed.  Crown  Point,  Ticonderoga,  and  Skenesborough  cap- 
tured by  Burgoyne,  and  the  battle  at  Hubbardton,  in  July. 
Lafayette  joins  the  army  under  Washington  in  July.  Battle 
near  Bennington  and  at  Oriskany  in  August.  Battle  on  the 
Brandy  wine ;  Congress  flee  to  Lancaster  and  York  ;  and  battle 
on  Bemis'  Heights,  in  September.  Battle  on  Bemis'  Heights 
and  capture  of  Burgoyne  and  his  army  at  Saratoga,  in  Octo- 
ber. Battle  at  Germantown,  and  capture  of  Forts  Clinton  and 


THE  REVOLUTION.  235 


Outline  of  Important  J&rents. 


Montgomery  by  the  Americans  in  October.  Capture  of  Forts 
Mifflin  and  Mercer  by  the  British  in  November.  Washing- 
ton's army  marches  to  Valley  Forge  in  ^December. 

1778.  A  treaty  of  alliance  between  the  United  States  and  France  com- 

pleted in  February.  Commissioners  to  treat  for  peace  came 
from  England  in  April.  The  British  army  and  navy  retreat 
from  Philadelphia  in  June.  The  army  under  Clinton  chased 
by  Washington  across  New  Jersey,  and  fight  a  battle  at  Mon- 
mouth  Court-House,  in  June.  D'Estaing  .arrives  with  a 
French  fleet  in  July,  and  sails  for  Rhode  Island  to  help  Gen- 
eral Sullivan  drive  the  British  from  there.  Tories  and  Indians 
desolate  the  Wyoming  Valley  in  July.  French  and  English 
fleets  off  Rhode  Island,  scattered  by  a  storm,  and  the  Ameri- 
cans defeated  in  a  battle  on  Quaker  Hill,  Rhode  Island,  in 
August.  Cherry  Valley  desolated  by  Brant  and  Tories  in 
November.  Savannah  captured  by  the  British  in  Decem- 
ber. 

1779.  The  British  under  Campbell   take  possession  of  Augusta  in 

January ,  and  George  Roger  Clarke  captures  British  posts 
in  the  Illinois  country  the  same  month.  Tories  defeated  at 
Kettle  Creek  in  February.  Americans  under  Colonel  Ashe 
defeated  at  Brier  Creek  in  JWarch.  The  British  under  Gen- 
eral Prevost  threaten  Charleston,  but  decamp,  in  May. 
Southern  Virginia  ravaged,  and  Stony  Point  captured  by  the 
British  the  same  month.  Americans  defeated  at  Stono  Ferry 
in  June.  Tryon  burns  East  Haven,  Fairfield,  and  Norwalk, 
and  Stony  Point  recaptured  by  General  Wayne,  in  July. 
British  post  at  Paulus'  Hook  captured  by  Major  Henry  Lee  in 
August.  General  Sullivan  chastises  the  Indians  in  Western 
New  York,  and  Paul  Jones  gains  naval  victories,  in  Septem- 
ber. The  American  and  French  troops  besiege  and  abandon 
Savannah,  where  Pulaski  was  killed,  in  October. 

1780.  Charleston,  S.  C.,  besieged  by  the  British  under  Clinton  in  April, 

and  surrendered  to  him  in  JWay.  Clinton  returns  to  New 
York ;  a  French  fleet  with  an  army  under  Rochambeau  arrives 
at  Newport,  Rhode  Island ;  New  Jersey  invaded  by  the  British, 
and  a  battle  at  Springfield  in  that  State,  in  June.  Battle  at 
Sanders'  Creek  between  Gates  and  Cornwallis,  the  former 
defeated,  in  August.  Arnold's  treason  discovered  in  Sep- 
tember* Battle  of  King's  Mountain,  and  Major  Andre  hung 
as  a  spy,  in  October. 

1781.  Mutiny  in  the  American  army  at  Morristown,  and  noble  display 


236 


THE  REVOLUTION. 


Outline  of  Important  Events.        ^Principal  "Battles  of  the  Revolution. 

of  patriotism,  in  January.  The  traitor  Arnold  desolates 
Virginia  during  the  winter  and  spring.  Battle  of  the  Cow- 
pens  in  January .  Race  of  Greene  and  Cornwallis  across 
the  Carolinas  in  February,  Battle  at  Guilford  Court-House, 
in  North  Carolina,  in  March.  Battle  at  Hobkirk's  Hill  in 
April.  Capture  of  four  British  posts  in  South  Carolina  in 
May.  Siege  of  Fort  Ninety-Six  in  June.  Cornwallis  at 
the  head  of  British  troops  in  Virginia  in  June  and  July, 
Greene  on  the  High  Hills  of  Santee  in  July  and  August. 
Cornwallis  forms  a  fortified  camp  at  York  town  in  August* 
Battle  at  Eutaw  Springs,  and  New  London  burned  by  Arnold 
the  traitor,  in  September.  Surrender  of  Cornwallis  and  his 
army  to  Washington  and  Rochambeau  in  October. 

1782.  In  March  the  British  government  order  the  troops  in  America 

to  stop  fighting  and  prepare  to  leave  the  country.  The  British 
leave  Savannah  in  July.  Colonel  Laurens  killed  on  the 
Combahee  in  August.  The  last  blood  of  the  Revolution 
shed  near  Stono  Ferry  in  September.  Preliminary  treaty  of 
peace  signed  at  Paris  in  November. 

1783.  Temptation  to  mutiny  in  the  army  at  Newburgh  in  the  spring, 

opposed  by  patriotism.  Washington  issues  his  Farewell 
Address  to  the  Armies  of  the  United  States,  and  the  British 
troops  leave  New  York,  in  November.  Washington  takes 
leave  of  his  officers  the  same  month.  Resigns  his  commission 
into  the  hands  of  the  President  of  Congress  in  'December. 

1787.  A  convention  at  Philadelphia  frames  a  national  constitution  in 
September.  Northwestern  territory  organized. 

1789.  The  Continental  Congress  expires  and  a  national  government 
begins  its  career  in  March.  Washington  inaugurated  first 
President  of  the  United  States  in  April. 


The  following  is  a  list  of  the  principal  battles  of  the  Revo- 
lution, with  the  dates  of  their  occurrence  : 


NAME.  DATE. 

1775. 

Lexington April  19 

Bunker  Hill June  17 

Siege  of  St.  Johns Nov. 

Quebec Dec.  31 

1776. 
Fort  Moultrie June  28 


NAME.  DATE. 

Long  Island  Aug.  27 

White  Plains Oct.  28 

Fort  Washington Nov.  16 

Trenton Dec.  26 

1777. 

Princeton  Jan.  3 

Kidgefield April 27 


THE  REVOLUTION. 


"Principal  Battles  of  the    "Revolution. 


NAMK. 

Hubbardton 

DATE. 

July  7 

NAMK. 

Savannah  .  .  . 

DATE. 

Oct  9 

Oriskany  

.  .  Aug.  6 

Bennirgton 

Auo-  16 

1780. 

Sept  11 

Monk's  Corner  

April  14 

Scut      1Q 

Santee  Ferry  

May6 

Paoli 

<apnt  on 

Charleston  

May  12 

Waxhaw  

May  29 

Springfield. 

June  23 

Forts  Clinton  and  Montgomery. 

.  .  Oct.  6 
Ort   7 

Rocky  Mount  

July  30 

Oft   ^2 

Hanging  Rock  

Aug.  6 

Fort  Mifflin 

Nov  16 

Sanders'  Creek  

...  .Aug.  16 

Fishing  Creek 

Aug  18 

1778. 

King's  Mountain 

Ort  7 

Monmouth  

.  June  28 

Irish  Tlnm  Tfnrrl 

Wyoming  

.  .  July  3 

Nov  20 

Quaker  Hill,  on  Rhode  Island.  .  . 
Savannah                    

.  Aug.  29 
.  Dec.  29 

1781. 

Cowpens                          • 

Jan  17 

1779. 

Guilford  Court-House  

March  15 

Sunbury  

.  .  Jan.  9 

Kettle  Creek  

.  Feb.  14 

Brier  Creek  

March  3 

J  .     •  •  •  *  

Stono  Ferry  

.  June  20 

Gpnf     0 

Stony  Point  

.  July  15 

Aug  13 

Paul  us'  Hook 

July  19 

1782. 

Indian  Country  in  New  York 

Aug  29 

Combahee      

Aug.  55 

Flamboro'  Head.  .  . 

Sept.  23 

Near  Stono  Ferry... 

.  .  September. 

THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 


239 


Washington  Inaugurated  First   "President  of  the    United  States. 


CHAPTER    V. 

THE  J1ATIOJ1,  Oft   UJ1IOM  OF  STATES. 


WASHINGTON  AND  HIS   RESIDENCE. 


body,   the    most 


SECTION    I. 

WASHINGTON'S   ADMINISTRATION. 

[1789-1797.] 

1.  Washington  reluctantly 
left  the  quiet   of  his   home  at 
Mount  Vernon,  on  the  Poto- 
mac 1  River,  travelled  to  the 
city   of   New  Fork,  and  was 
there      inaugurated      the 
first    President     of     the 
United    States  by    publicly 
taking  the  required  oath,   ad- 
ministered by  the  chancellor  of 
the  State  of  New  York,  R.  R. 
Livingston,   on    the   30th   of 
April,  1789. 

2.  The    National    Con- 
gress was  then   in  session  in 
the   same   city.     It   was   com- 
posed  of  two  bodies  of    men 
from   the  several  States.     One 

numerous,   were    called    Representatives, 


'  QUESTIONS.— 1.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Washington  being  made  President  of 
the  United  States  ?    2.  Of  what  is  the  National  Congress  composed  ? 

1  po~W-mak. 


240  THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 

Construction  of  the  National  Legislature.  President's  Teto. 

who  were  chosen  by  the  people.  The  smaller  body,  chosen  by 
the  State  Legislatures  of  the  various  States,  were  called 
Senators,  each  State  having  two  senators  in  the  National 
Congress. 

3.  The  Representatives  were  chosen  to  serve  two  years, 
and  the  Senators  six  years.     The  two  bodies  meet  in  sepa- 
rate rooms.     As  the  National  Congress  was  then  organized, 
so  it  remains  now — composed  of  the  Senate  and  House  of 
Representatives. 

4.  An  act  of  either  house,  or  body,  can  become  a  law  only 
when  it  shall  be  agreed  to  by  the  other  house,  and  be  signed 
by  the  President  of  the  United  States ;  or  if  the  President 
shall  refuse  to  sign  it,  it  may  become  a  law  by  receiving 
two-thirds  of  the  votes  of  both  houses  in  favor  of  it.     Such 
refusal  of  the  President  is  called  his  Veto. 

5.  The  Congress  meets  once  a  year,  each  Congress  hav- 
ing two   sessions.      The   President,    whose    business   is   to 
execute  the  laws  made  by  the  Congress,  is  authorized  to 
have  advisers  or  assistants  in  the  management  of  the  affairs 
of  the  government.     They  are  called  cabinet  ministers,  and, 
at  first,  were  only  four  in  number. 

6.  The  minister  for  the  transaction  of  business  with  other 
nations  was  called  Secretary  of  State.     The  one  who  had 
charge  of  the  money  affairs  of  the  nation  was  named  Secre- 
tary of  the  Treasury.     Military  matters  were  entrusted  to 
a  Secretary  of  War ;  and  the  legal  adviser  of  the  President 
was  called  Attorney-General. 

7.  Afterward,  when  a  navy  was  authorized,  a  Secretary 

QUESTIOKS.— 3.  What  can  you  tell  about  Senators  and  Representatives  ?  4.  What 
can  you  tell  about  the  making  of  laws  ?  5.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  sessions 
of  Congress  and  the  President's  advisers  ?  6.  Give  the  titles  of  the  cabinet  minis- 
ters and  tell  what  are  their  duties. 


THE   UNION  OP  STATES. 


241 


Supreme    Court. 


Composition  of  the  National   Government. 


of  tine  Navy  was  added  to  the  Cabinet.  Then  the  one  who 
had  the  general  management  of  postal  affairs  was  called 
Postmaster-  General,  and  added  to  the  Cabinet.  Finally 
another  cabinet  officer  was  created,  called  Secretary  of  the 
Interior,  who  manages  the  Indian  and  other  internal  affairs 
of  the  government. 

8.  A  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  was 
formed,  consisting  of  several  able  lawyers.     Whatever  may 
be  its  decrees,  in  the  line  of  its  duty,  is  law,  for  it  is  the 
highest  tribunal  in  the  land.     It  is  composed  of  a  Chief 
Justice  and  five  Associate  Justices,  appointed  by  the  Presi- 
dent and  Senate.     There  were  also  circuit  and  district  courts 
established  in  different  parts  of  the  country. 

9.  The  President,  Congress,  and  the  Supreme  Court  formed 
the  three  co-ordinate  branches  of  the  government,  which  the 
National  Constitution  authorizes. 

In  the  Constitution,  which  was  put 
into  proper  shape  by  the  pen  of 
Gouverneur  Morris,  the  duties 
of  the  members  of  each  branch  of 
the  government  are  clearly  de- 
fined, as  we  shall  see  hereafter. 

10.  Alexander  Hamilton 
was  made  the  first  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury.  As  soon  as  the  new 
government  was  set  in  motion,  he 
devised  a  plan  for  the  manage- 
ment of  its  receipts  and  expenditures,  which  has  always  been 

QUESTIONS.— 7.  What  have  you  to  tell  about  other  cabinet  ministers  ?  8.  What 
have  you  to  say  about  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  ?  9.  What  composes 
the  national  government  ?  By  whom  was  the  Constitution  put  into  shape  ?  10.  What 
have  you  to  say  about  Alexander  Hamilton  and  the  money  affairs  of  the  government  ? 


GOUVERNEUR 


242  THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 

Treasury,  Mint,   and  Sank.  Seat  of  Government. 

considered  a  wise  one,  and  which,  with  some  slight  changes, 

is  yet  used. 

11.  Very  soon  a  Mint  for  coming  money  was  estab- 
lished ;  also  a  National  Bank.  The 
seat  of  the  national  government  was 
permanently  fixed  in  a  territory  ten 
miles  square,  lying  on  each  side  of  the 
Potomac  River.  Part  of  it  was  in 
Virginia  and  part  in  Maryland.  It 
was  named  by  Washington,  The  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia. 

HAMILTON.  12»  In  1791  Vermont  was  admitted 
into  the  Union  as  the  fourteenth  State, 
and  in  1792,  Kentucky  as  the  fifteenth  State.  Already  set- 
tlements had  been  made  north  of  the  Ohio  River,  beyond 
the  limits  of  the  original  thirteen  States.  The  region  now 
covered  by  the  States  of  Ohio,  Indiana,1  Illinois,2  Michi- 
gan* and  Wisconsin*  was  put  under  a  governor  in  1787, 
and  called  The  North-  Western  Territory. 

13.  Meanwhile  the  British  held  forts  in  that  region,  and 
urged  the  Indians  to  make  war  on  the  Americans.     They 
did  so.     General  Hdrmer  was  defeated  by  them  in  October, 
1790.     General  St.  Clair  was  defeated  by  them  in  Novem- 
ber, 1791  ;  but  in  August,  1794,  troops  under  General  Wayne 
made  them  beg  for  peace,  and  keep  quiet  for  more  than  a 
dozen  years. 

14.  Political  parties  were  formed  in  the  Republic  during 

QUESTIONS.— 11.  What  can  you  tell  about  a  mint,  a  national  bank  and  the  seat  of 
government?  12.  What  States  were  admitted  to  the  Union?  What  can  you  tell 
about  a  territory  beyond  the  Ohio  River  ?  13.  What  did  the  British  do,  and  what  was 
the  result  ?  14.  What  can  you  tell  about  political  parties  ? 

1  in-de-an'-ah.    *  il-le-nois'.    3  mish'-e-gan.    *  wis-con'-sin. 


THE   'UNION  Off  STATES.  243 


Political  Parties.       Sympathy  for  French   ftepnblicans.       Neutrality. 

the  administration  of  Washington.  Those  who  were  in 
favor  of  giving  great  power  to  the  general  government  were 
called  Federalists.  Those  who  wished  to  give  more 
power  to  the  people  and  State  governments  were  called 
Republicans. 

15.  At   about  the  time   our  national  government  was 
established,   the  people   of  France  rebelled  against   their 
King.     They  finally  cut  off  his  head,  and  set  up  what  they 
called  a  republican  government.     They  made  bad  work  of  it, 
and  soon  found  themselves  involved  in  war  with  England 
and  several  other  nations  of  Europe. 

16.  The  American  Republicans  wished  to  help  the 
French  Republicans.     Washington,  desiring  to  keep  his 
people  from  the  danger  of  meddling  with  the  affairs  of  other 
nations,  issued  a  proclamation,  declaring  that  the   United 
States  would  not  take  part  in   the  foreign   quarrels,  and 
warning  the  people  not  to  engage  in  them. 

17.  That  proclamation  offended  the  Republicans,  and 
they  encouraged  the  French  minister,  to  our  government, 
to  defy  the  President,  and  to  fit  out  ships  of  war  here  to 
fight  the  English.    The  President  asked  the  French  gov- 
ernment to  call  him  home  and  send  a  less  mischievous  man. 
They  did  so. 

18.  Just  as  this  trouble  was  passing  away,  a  little  rebel- 
lion broke  out  in  Western  Pennsylvania.     Congress  had 
taxed  liquors  which  were  made  in  this  country.     The  whiskey 
distillers   in   Western   Pennsylvania   declared    that  they 
would  not  pay  the  tax.     They  armed  themselves,  and  ill- 

QUESTIONS.— 15.  What  have  you  to  say  about  a  revolution  in  Prance?  16.  What 
did  American  republicans  do  ?  What  did  Washington  do  ?  17.  What  was  the  effect 
of  his  proclamation  ?  What  can  you  tell  about  a  French  minister?  18,  What  can 
you  tell  about  a  little  rebellion  ?  -  . 


244  THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 


Whiskey  Insurrection.  Jay's   Treaty.  silgerine   ^Pirates. 


treated  the  tax-collectors.  In  1794,  Washington  sent  troops 
there  to  enforce  the  laws.  That  is  known  as  The  Whis- 
key Insurrection. 

19.  Bad  feeling  was  beginning  to  grow  between  the 
Americans  and  British,  because  the  latter  did  not  act  ac- 
cording to  the  agreement  made  by  the  treaty  of  1783.  The 
President  sent  John  Jay  to  Eng- 
land to  adjust  all  matters  in  dispute. 
Jay  negotiated  a  new  treaty,*which 
some  Americans  condemned  and 
some  approved.  This  treaty  was  a 
subject  for  hot  disputes  for  some 
time. 

20.  American  commerce  was 
now  working  its  way  into  the 
Mediterranean  Sea,  where  it  met 

the  African  sea-robbers  of  Algiers,1  who  seized  the  ships 
and  made  slaves  of  the  sailors.  Congress  authorized  ships 
to  be  built  to  protect  American  commerce,  and  this  was  the 
beginning  of  our  Navy.  For  several  years  our  govern- 
ment was  compelled  to  pay  tribute  to  the  Algerine 2  ruler, 
to  keep  his  pirates  from  American  merchantmen. 

2 1 .  Washington  was  twice  elected  President.  The  peo- 
ple wished  to  elect  him  for  a  third  term  of  four  years,  but  he 
would  not  consent.  In  the  autumn  of  1796,  they  were  com- 
pelled to  make  choice  of  a  new  man.  The  political  parties 
had  a  sharp  contest.  John  Adams,  the  Vice-President,  and 
a  Federalist,  was  elected  President. 

QUESTIONS. — 19.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  conduct  of  the  British  and  a  new 
treaty?  20.  What  can  you  tell  about  American  commerce  in  the  Mediterranean  Sea  ? 
21.  What  can  you  tell  about  a  choice  for  President  ? 

1  aM-jeers'.       »  ahl-je  reen'. 


THE    UNION  OF  STATES.  245 


y\"ashing  ton's  Farewell  Address.        President  aidants  and  his  Troubles. 

22.  Before  retiring  from  office,  Washington  issued  his 
Farewell  Address  to  the  people  of  the  United  States. 
It  was  a  noble  exhortation  to  the  people  to  preserve  their 
national  union.     On  the  4th  of  March,  1797,  he  returned  to 
Mount  Vernon,  with  no  expectation  of  being  called  into 
public  life  again. 

23.  In  this  section  we  have  considered — 

(1)  Washington  as  the  first  President ;  (2)  the  structure 
of  the  national  government ;  (3)  organization  of  the 
North-  West  Territory ;  (4)  war  with  the  Indians ;  (5)  the 
French  Revolution  and  its  effects  here  ;  (6)  the  Whiskey 
Insurrection;  (7)  Jay's  Treaty;  (8)  the  Algerine  pi- 
rates ;  and  (9)  the  retirement  of  Washington. 


SECTION     II. 

ADAMS'S    ADMINISTRATION. 

» 

[1797-1801.] 

1.  John  Adams,  of  Massachusetts,  was  inaugurated  the 
second  President  of  the  United  States  on  the  4th  of 
March,  1797.     He  had  to  contend  with  serious  troubles  from 
the  beginning.     There  was  opposition  from  parties  at  home 
and  enemies  abroad. 

2.  The  rulers  of  France  were  offended  because  the  Amer- 
ican government  would  not  help  them  in  their  struggle 
against  Kings.    Jay's  treaty  seemed  to  show  friendliness  on 

QUESTIONS.— 22.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Washington's  Farewell  Address,  and 
his  retirement  from  office  ?    23.  What  have  we  considered  in  this  section  ? 

QUESTIONS.— 1.  What  have  you  to  say  about  John  Adams  ?    2.  What  can  you  tell 
about  the  rulers  of  France  and  the  Americans  ? 


246 


THE   UNION  OF  STATES, 


Troubles  with  the  French   Settled. 


2)eath  of  Washington. 


the  part  of  America  to  England,  with  whom  France  was 
at  war. 

3,  The  President  called  Congress  together  in  May,  1797, 

to  consult  upon  the  matter. 
They  sent  three  agents  to 
France  to  adjust  all  matters  in 
dispute.  These  were  insulted  by 
the  Directory,  as  the  five  men 
who  ruled  France,  were  called. 
4.  War  with  France 
seemed  probable,  and  our  gov- 
ernment prepared  for  it.  Pro- 
vision was  made  for  an  army 
with  Washington  at  its  head. 
Soon  afterward  Napoleon  Bo- 
naparte, an  ambitious  soldier, 
took  the  government  of  France 
into  his  own  hands.  He  was 
wise  and  courteous,  and  the  dif- 
ficulty was  soon  settled  after  a 
few  contests  between  American 
and  French  war-vessels  on  the 
ocean. 

5.  Washington  did  not  live 
to  see  this  happy  result.  He  died  at  Mount  Vernon  on  the 
14th  of  December,  1799,  and  was  mourned  by  Americans 
and  Europeans,  who  loved  the  liberty  for  which  he  had 
struggled.  Statues  have  been  erected  to  his  memory,  and 

QUESTIONS.— 3.  What  did  the  President  do  ?  What  did  Congress  do  ?  4.  What 
Beemed  probable  ?  What  did  the  government  do  ?  What  can  you  tell  about  Napo- 
leon Bonaparte  ?  5,  What  have  you  to  say  about  Washington  ? 


ADAMS,  AND  HIS  RESIDENCE. 


THE    UNION  OF  STATES.  247 


City  of  Washinglon  Founded. 


people   of  all   lands,    who   know  of  his   deeds,   revere  his 
name. 

6.  In  the  District  of  Columbia,  a  capital,  or  chief  town 
of  the  nation  was  laid  out,  and  named  the  City  of  Wash- 
ington.   It  was  made  the  seat  of  the  national  govern- 
ment in  the  year  1800,  and  has  remained  so  ever  since. 

7.  In  the  autumn  of  the  year  1800,  the  Federalists  and 
Republicans  had  a  severe  contest  for  power.     The  Repub- 
licans finally  won  the  victory  by  electing  Thomas  Jeffer- 
son, of  Virginia,   President   of  the    United  States,  and 
Aaron  Bum,  of  New  York,  Vice-President. 

8.  We  have  considered  in  this  section — 

(1)  The  inauguration  of  John  Adams  as  President  of 
the  United  States  ;  (2)  the  relations  of  the  United  States 
with  France ;  (3)  preparations  for  war  with  France,  and 
a  settlement  of  the  difficulties  ;  (4)  the  death  of  Washing- 
ton; (5)  the  establishment  of  a  seat  of  government  at 
Washington  City,  and  (6)  the  election  of  a  new  Presi- 
dent. 

SECTION     III. 

JEFFERSON'S  ADMINISTRATION. 
[1801-1809.] 

1.  Thomas  Jefferson  was  inaugurated  the  third  Pres- 
ident of  the  United  States  on  the  4th  of  March,  1801. 
The  ceremony  took  place  at  the  new  capitol,  in  Washington 

QUESTIONS.— 6.  Tell  about  the  national  capitol  and  seat  of  government.  7.  What 
can  you  tell  about  an  election  ?  8.  What  have  we  considered  in  this  section  ? 

QUESTIONS — 1.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Mr.  Jefferson  and  the  place  where  he 
was  inaugurated  ? 


248 


THE    UNION  OF  STATES. 


Purchase  of  Louisiana  and  its  ^Division.       The  African  Sea-Jtobbers. 

City,  a  building  not  nearly  so  large  as  it  is  now.  Mr.  Jef- 
ferson was  the  man  who  wrote  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence. 

2.  Much   was   done   for  the   prosperity   of  the   United 

States  during  the  administration 
of  Mr.  Jefferson.  In  the  au- 
tumn of  1802  Ohio  was  admitted 
into  the  Union  of  States.  The 
next  year  the  vast  region  west  of 
the  Mississippi  River  from  the 
Gulf  to  Minnesota  and  west- 
ward to  the  Pacific,  known  as 
Louisiana,  was  purchased  from 
France  by  the  United  States 
for  $15,000,000. 

3.  This   great   territory   was 
divided.     The  southern  part  was 
called  the    Territory  of  New 
Orleans,  and  the  northern  part 
the    District    of  Louisiana. 
Since  then    several   States   and 
many     Territories     have     been 
formed  from  this  domain. 

4.  The  African  sea-robbers 
were  again  troublesome,  and  our 

government  resolved  not  longer  to  pay  tribute  for  their  for- 
bearance from  plunder.  The  ruler  of  Tripoli  on  the  north 
African  coast  finally  declared  war  against  the  United 
States. 

QUESTIONS.— 2.  Wh.it  can  yon  tell  about  the  country,  and  the  purchase  of  Louisi- 
ana ?  3.  How  was  that  territory  divided  ?  4,  What  can  you  say  about  the  African 
sea-robbers  and  rulers  ? 


JEFFERSON,   AND  HIS  RESIDENCE. 


THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 


249 


American  Vessel   Captured  at  Tripoli. 


STATES  FRIGATE. 


5.  In  the  year  1801,  American  war  vessels  were  sent  to 
the  Mediterranean  to  protect  Amer- 
ican commerce  there.     They  did  not 

effect  much.  Finally,  in  1803,  Com- 
modore Pi^eble 1  was  sent  with  a  num- 
ber of  vessels  to  chastise  the  pi- 
rates. 

6.  One    of    Preble's    vessels,  the 
frigate  Philadelphia,  struck  upon  a 

rock  in  the  harbor  of  Tripoli? 
and  was  captured  by  the  enemy. 
Her  commander,  Captain  Bain- 
bridge,  and  his  officers  were  made 
prisoners  of  war,  and  the  sailors 
were  made  slaves,  and  suffered 
dreadfully. 
7.  Early 

COMMODORE  BAINBRIDGE.  HI  1804  LieU- 

tenant    De- 

catur 8  sailed  into  the  harbor  of 
Tj*ipoli  with  a  small  vessel  on  a  dark 
night,  drove  the  Tripolitans  from  the 
Philadelphia,  set  her  on  fire,  and 
escaped.  This  bold  act  alarmed  the 
governor  of  Tripoli. 

8.  That  governor  had  no  right  to  his 
office.     It  belonged  to  his  brother  Harriet,  whom  he  had 

QUESTIONS.— 5.  What  did  Americans  do  ?  6.  Tell  about  the  capture  of  an  Ameri- 
can frigate  and  her  officers  and  crew.  7.  What  did  Decatur  do  ?  8.  What  have  you 
to  say  about  the  governor  of  Tripoli  ? 


LIEUTENANT   DECAT0B. 


preb'-l.      *  trip'-o-le.      s  de-ka'-tur. 


250 


THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 


MOHAMMEDAN 
SOLDIEB. 


Military  Expedition  in  Africa.          Chastisement  of  the  Sea -Robbers. 

driven  into  Egypt.  Harriet  joined  the  Americans  against 
his  usurping  brother. 

9.  In  the  spring  of  1805  some  American 
seamen  and  Mohammedan  soldiers  led  by 
General  William  Eaton  and  accompanied 
by  Hamet,  traversed  the  Egyptian  deserts 
from  Alexandria,  captured  the  Tripolitan 
city  of  Derne,1  and  were  pressing  on  Tripoli 
when  the  governor  made  peace  with  the  agent 
of  the  United  States,  who  was  there. 

10.  The  American  navy  restrained,  but 
did  not  subdue  the  pirates.     That  task  was 
left  for  Decatur  to  perform  in  after  years. 

1 1 .  In  the  summer  of  1804,  Alexander  Hamilton  and 
Aaron  Burr,  rival  political  leaders, 

fought  a  duel.  Hamilton  was  killed, 
and  Burr  became  a  fugitive.  Beyond 
the  Alleghany  Mountains  he  devised 
a  scheme  for  self -elevation  which  has 
never  been  fully  revealed. 

12.  It  was  believed  that  Burr  con- 
templated a  division  of  the  Union, 
and  setting  up  a  separate  nation  west- 
ward of  the  Alleghany  Mountains, 

with  himself  at  its  head.  He  was  arrested  on  a  charge  of 
treason  in  1807,  tried,  and  acquitted.  He,  however,  lost  the 
respect  of  his  countrymen  forever. 

QUESTIONS.— 9.  What  can  you  tell  about  an  expedition  under  Eaton  ?  10.  What 
did  the  American  forces  effect  ?  11.  Give  an  account  of  Hamilton  and  Burr.  12. 
What  have  you  to  say  about  Burr  and  his  scheme  ? 


AARON  BURR. 


der'-ne. 


THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 


251 


first  Successful  Steamboat. 


The    United   States  and  Europe. 


ROBERT  FULTON. 


13.  The  same  year,  Robert  Fulton,  an  American  artist 
and    inventor,    having    made    ma- 
chinery for  driving  vessels  by  steam, 

performed  a  successful  voyage  on 
the  Hudson  River,  from  New 
York  to  Albany,  with  a  steam- 
boat. This  was  the  beginning  of 
successful  navigation  by  steam 
in  the  world. 

14.  Now  there  was  serious  trouble 

in  Europe.  War  was  raging  in  many  parts.  Bonaparte 
had  made  himself  Emperor  of  France 
and  three  of  his  brothers  Kings  of 
other  countries.  The  Continent  of 
^*fci^tEgg-  <"''  Europe  and  Great  Britain  were 
in  arms  against  him. 

15.  The  United  States  kept 
aloof  from  the  strife,  and,  for  a  long  time,  American  mer- 
chant vessels  were  allowed  to  trade  in  all  parts  of  the  world. 
They  were  called  neutrals,  because  they  did  not  take  sides 
with  any  party. 

16.  A  change  came  in  the  year  1806.  England  and 
Finance,  in  order  to  injure  each  other,  closed  many  Euro- 
pean ports,  and  both  parties  seized  American  vessels. 
American  commerce  was  soon  ruined.  Our  government 
had  but  few  large  ships  to  protect  it,  and  the  swarm  of  gun- 
boats which  Congress  ordered  were  hardly  sufficient  to  form 
a  coast-guard. 

QUESTIONS.— 13.  Tell  about  the  first  successful  steamboat.  14.  What  have  you  to 
pay  about  affairs  in  Europe,  and  Bonaparte  ?  15.  What  did  the  United  States  do,  and 
what  was  the  effect  ?  16.  Tell  about  the  treatment  of  American  vessels,  and  the 
action  of  our  government. 


FULTON  S  STEAMBOAT. 


252  THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 

Right  of  Search,  Chesapeake  and  Leopard.          Embargo  Act. 

17.  Americans  naturally  felt  bitter  toward  the  English, 
with  whom  they  had  treaties  of  friend- 
ship. This  feeling  was  increased  by  the 
British  claiming  the  right  to  enter 
American  vessels  and  take  away  any 
English  seamen  found  on  board  of 
them.  This  was  called  the  right  of 
search. 

A  FELLUCA  GUN-BOAT. 

18.    The    exercise   of    the    claimed 

right  of  search  finally  led  to  war  between  the  United  States 
and  Great  Britain.  British  cruisers  became  so  insolent 
that  the  Americans  could  not  endure  their  insults. 

19.  In  June,  1807,  the  British  ship  Leopard,  attacked 
the  American  ship  Chesapeake,  off  the  coast  of  Virginia, 
because  the  commander  of  the  latter  would  not  allow  the 
British  to  search  his  vessel.     The  Chesapeake  was  badly 
injured,  and  British  seamen  were  taken  from  her  by  force. 

20.  This  outrage  made  the  Americans  very  angry.     The 
President  issued  a  decree,  in  which  he  ordered  every  British 
armed  vessel  to  leave  American  waters  immediately, 
and  not  to  return  until  the  British  government  should  give 
full  satisfaction  for  the  outrage. 

21.  Meanwhile,  England  and  France  did  all  they  could 
to  injure  each  other.     American  commerce  continued  to 
suffer  at  their  hands.     The  British  would  not  give  up  the 
right   of  search.     Therefore,  late  in  1807,  Congress  passed 
an  Embargo  Act,  which  forbade  vessels  of  all  kinds  leaving 
or  entering  American  ports. 

QUESTIONS.— 17.  What,  caused  ill-feelings  between  the  Americans  and  the  English  ? 
18.  What  right  did  the  British  claim,  and  how  did  they  exercise  it  ?  19.  What  can 
you  tell  ahout  a  British  outrage?  20.  What  did  the  President  do?  21.  How  did 
England  and  France  act  ?  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  action  of  the  English  and 
Americans  ? 


THE   UNION  OF  STATES.  253 

Embargo  Act  Repealed.  James  Madison   ^President. 

22.  This  was  a  hard  blow  against  American  com- 
merce.    It  killed  it,  without  seeming  to  do  good,  for  Eng- 
land and  France  cared  very  little  what  the  Americans 
did  or  said.     Early  in  the  spring  of  1809  the  Embargo 
Act  was  repealed,  and  Congress  forbade  commercial  inter- 
course with  France  and  England. 

23.  Mr.  Jefferson  had  now  been  President  of  the  United 
States  eight  years.     He  was  succeeded  in  office  by  James 
Madison  of  Virginia. 

24.  In  this  section  we  have  considered — 

(1)  The  inauguration  of  Mr.  Jefferson ;  (2)  the  ad- 
dition of  a  State  and  Territories ;  (3)  the  doings  of  the 
African  sea-robbers,  and  a  war  with  them  ;  (4)  the  duel 
of  Hamilton  and  Burr ;  (5)  Burr's  conspiracy ;  (6) 
the  first  successful  steamboat ;  (7)  affairs  in  Europe,  and 
their  influence  on  Americans ;  (8)  events  tending  to  war 
between  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States,  and  (9) 
the  Embargo  Act. 

SECTION     IV. 

MADISON'S      ADMINISTRATION. 
[1809-1817.] 

1.  It  was  a  time  of  great  commotion  in  the  political 
world  when,  on  the  4th  of  March,  1809,  James  Madison, 
the  fourth  President  of  the  United  States,  took 
his  oath  of  office.  He  had  been  a  member  of  the  Continental 

QUESTIONS.— 22.  How  was  American  commerce  destroyed,  and  what  was  done  ? 
23.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Mr.  Jefferson  and  a  new  President?  24.  What  have 
we  considered  in  this  section  ? 

QUESTIONS.— 1.  What  have  you  to  say  about  President  Madison? 


254 


THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 


The    "British  King  and  Ministry. 


JVon  -  In  tercourse. 


Congress  and  an  earnest  advocate  of  the  National  Consti- 
tution. 

2.  On  account  of  continued  troubles  with  France'  and 
Great  Britain,  he  called  Congress  together  soon  after  h«o 

entered  the  office  of  President,  to 
consult  upon  public  matters. 

3.  Mr.  Madison  was  assured 
by     the     British    minister    at 
Washington  City  that  a  special 
envoy  or  agent  would  soon  come 
from  the  King,  to  settle  all  ex- 
isting   difficulties    between    the 
two    governments.       Thereupon 
the   President  proclaimed   a  re- 
newal   of    commercial  relations 
with  the  British. 

4.  The  British  ministry,   in 
spite  of  the  good  intentions  of 
the  King,  proceeded  in  their  un- 
righteous course,  and  the  Presi- 
dent felt  compelled  to  proclaim 
commercial    non-inter- 
course  with  Great  Britain. 

5.  British  war-ships    seized 
American     vessels     and    sent 

them  to  England  as  prizes.  About  the  middle  of  April, 
1811,  the  British  sloop-of-war  Little  Belt  attacked  the 
American  ship  President,  off  the  coast  of 


MADISON,  AND  HIS  RESIDENCE. 


Virginia. 


QUESTIONS.— 2.  What  did  Madison  do?  3  How  was  the  President  deceived? 
4.  What  did  the  British  ministry  and  the  President  do  ?  5.  What  can  you  tell  about 
British  war-ships  and  a  fight  ? 


THE   UNION  OF  STATES.  255 

Indian    Confederacy.  Saltle  at  Tippecanoe.  The  Issue  Met, 

They  had   a  severe  fight.     This   event   created  much   ill- 
feeling. 

6.  British  officers  and  traders  in   the  northwest   again 
tried  to  get  the  Indians  to  make  war  on  the  Americans. 
A  Shawnoese1  chief  named  Tecumtha2  formed  a  con- 
federacy of  tribes,  for  the  purpose  of  driving  the  Amer- 
icans from  the  country  northwest  of  the  Ohio  River 

7.  General  Harrison  (afterward  President  of  the  United 
States)  was  then  governor  of  the  Indiana  Territory.     He 
saw  the  impending  danger,  and  caused  the  settlers  there  to 
arm  themselves.     In  the  summer  of  1811,  he  marched  a  con- 
siderable force  into  the  Indian  country  to  watch  the  move- 
ments of  the  savages. 

8.  Early  in  November,  when  Harrison  and  his  men  were 
encamped  near  the  Tippecanoe 3  River ',  the  Indians  fell 
upon  them  on  a  dark  night.      A  hard  fight  ensued,  which 
lasted  until  near  morning,  when  the  Indians  were  driven 
away.     That  was  on  the  7th  of  November.     Tecumtha's 
plan  was  ruined. 

9.  The  people  now  felt  that  longer  forbearance  with  the 
insults  and  injuries  of  Great  Britain  would  be  to  make 
themselves  slaves  to  that  government.      They   resolved  to 
fight  again  for  their  independence.     British  newspapers 
had  insolently  asserted  that  "  the  Americans  can't  be  kicked 
into  a  war." 

10.  Abhorring  an  appeal  to  arms,  yet  accepting  it  with 
cheerfulness  when  it  became  necessary,  the   President,  on 

QUESTIONS.— 6.  What  did  British  officers  and  traders  do  ?  What  did  an  Indian 
chief  do  ?  7.  What  can  you  tell  about  General  Harrison  and  the  Indians  ?  8.  What 
can  you  tell  about  an  encampnient  and  battle  ?  9.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the 
Americans  and  the  British?  10.  What  did  the  President  now  do  ?  What  may  that 
war  be  properly  called  ? 

1  shaw-no-ees' '.    3  teh-kum'  -tha.    s  tip-pe-ca-noo'. 


THE    UNION  OF  STATES.  257 

War  Against  England  Declared.       Invasion  of  Canada   Planned. 

the  19th  of  June,  1812,  declared  war  against  Great 
Britain,  by  the  authority  of  the  National  Congress.  That 
conflict,  known  in  history  as  The  War  of  1812,  may  properly 
be  called 

THE   SECOND   WAR  FOB   INDEPENDENCE. 

11.  Congress  made  ample  provisions  for  prosecuting  the 
war  on  land.     The  American  Navy  was  then  feeble  com- 
pared to  that  of  Great  Britain,  it  having  only  twelve  large 
war  vessels,  while  the  Royal  Navy  contained  over  nine  hun- 
dred of  all  kinds.     Yet  the  Americans  went  into  the  war 
with  a  confidence  that  they  would  win. 

12.  General  Dearborn^  of  Massachusetts,  an  officer  of 

the    old    war  for  independence,   was 
chosen  general-in-chief  of  the  armies, 
with   other  old    army   officers   as   his 
assistants.     A   plan   for   the  invasion 
and    capture     of     Canada    was 
arranged,  and  General  William  Hull, 
^rr  then  governor  of  the  Territory  of  Mich- 
igan, was  instructed  to  carry  it  out. 
13.     Hull  was    ordered    to   cross 

GENERAL  DEARBORN. 

the  Detroit*  River  into    Canada, 

capture  Fort  Maiden?  and  take  possession  of  the  prov- 
ince. He  went  over  in  July,  but  soon  felt  compelled  to 
return.  Hearing  of  the  capture  of  Fort  Mackinaw,4 
a  strong  barrier  against  the  Indians  of  the  northwest,  the 
defeat  of  a  detachment  which  he  had  sent  out,  under  Major 

QUESTIONS.— 11.  What  did  Congress  do  ?  What  can  you  tell  about  the  American 
and  British  navies  ?  12.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  appointment  of  officers  and 
plan  of  a  campaign?  13.  What  was  general  Hull  ordered  to  do?  What  did  he  hear 
of,  and  what  did  he  do  ? 

1  dehr'-burn.    '  deb-trait'.    •  mawl'-den.    « twk'-i-naw. 


258  THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 


Surrender  of  Detroit.  The  Fate  of  Hull. 

Van  Home,  to  escort  a  provision  train  to  Detroit;  and 
confronted  by  a  strong  British  force,  he  thought  it  prudent 
to  take  shelter  in  the  fort  at  Detroit. 

14.  The  British  General  Brock  followed  Hull  across 
the  river  and  demanded  the  surrender  of  the  fort   at  De- 
troit.    He  threatened    to   take  it  by  force,   and  let  his 
Indians  loose  upon  the  garrison.     Hull  believed  that  he 
would  carry  out  his  threat,  and,  for  the  sake  of  his  people,  he 
surrendered  the  fort,  army  and  territory  on  the  16th  of 
August. 

15.  Because  of  this  loss  the  Americans  were  greatly 
mortified  and  irritated.     Hull  was  charged  with  cowardice 
and  treason  ;  and  by  a  court-martial  was  sentenced  to  be 
shot.      He  was  pardoned  by  the  President.     In  after  years 
his  conduct  was  commended  by  the  American  people  as 
humane  and  right. 

16.  A  plan  was  arranged  in  the  summer  of  1812  for  in- 
vading Canada  across  the  Niagara1  River.      On  the 
morning   of    the   13th   of    October,    about   three    hundred 
American  troops,   under  Colonel   Solomon  Van  Rens- 
selaer?  crossed  from  Lewiston  to  attack  the  British  on 
Queenstown  Heights. 

17.  The  battle  was  severe.      Colonel  Van  Rensselaer 
was   badly   wounded   and    carried   across   the  river.      The 
British  were  driven  from  the  Heights,  and  there  General 
Brock  was  killed.     Other  British  troops  attacked  and  beat 
the  Americans  the  same  day.     Both  armies  suffered  much. 
Many  Americans  were  made  prisoners. 

QUESTIONS.— 14  What  did  General  Brock  do  and  threaten  ?  and  what  did  Hull 
do  ?  15.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  feeling  of  the  Americans  and  the  treatment  of 
Hull?  16.  What  plan  of  invasion  was  arranged,  and  what  was  done?  17.  What 
can  you  tell  about  battles  on  Queenstown  Heights  ? 

1  ni-ag'-a-rah,       a  rens'-e-lehr. 


A  SLOOP-OF-WAK. 


THE    UNION  OF  STATES.  259 

The  JVar  on  the   Ocean.  Success  of  American   Privateers. 

18.  Very  little  more  was  done   on  land  during  the  re- 
mainder of  that  year.     On  the  ocean  the  little  American 

navy  was  winning  great  honors  by  its 
victories.  In  August  the  American 
frigate  Essex,  Captain  Porter,  captured 
the  British  sloop  Alert,  and  the 
American  frigate  Constitution,  Cap- 
tain Hull,  destroyed  the  British 
frigate  Guerriere.1  Two  months  after- 
ward the  sloop-of-war  Wasp,  Captain 
Jones,  captured  the  British  brig  Frolic,  but  in  the  after- 
noon of  the  same  day  (October  18),  the  Wasp  was  taken  by 
another  British  vessel. 

19.  A  week  later  (October  25)  the  frigate  United  States, 
Captain  Decatur,  captured  the  British  frigate  Macedo- 
nian ;   and  on  the  20th  of  December,  the   Constitution, 
Captain  Bainbridge,  captured  the  British  frigate  Java 2 
off  the  coast  of  Brazil. 

20.  These   victories  made  the  Americans  feel   strong 
and  joyful.     Their  privateers  were  rapidly  increasing  on  the 
ocean  ;  and  during  the  year  1812,  they  captured  about  three 
hundred  merchant-ships,  three  thousand  prisoners,  and  val- 
uable cargoes,  from  the  British.      Thus   encouraged,   the 
Americans  prepared  for  the   next   campaign  with    great 
vigor. 

21.  During  the  excitement* of  the  war,  Mr.  Madison  was 
again  chosen  President  of  the  United  States.    A  portion  of 

QUESTIONS.— 18.  What  have  you  to  tell  ahout  the  war  on  land  and  sea?  19.  What 
more  can  yen  tell  about  the  war  on  the  sea  ?  20.  What  was  the  effect  of  victories  ? 
What  did  American  privateers  do  ?  21.  What  have  you  to  say  ahout  Madison  and  the 
Federalists  ? 

1  geh-ree-ehr1 '. 


260  THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 

^Preparations  for  the    Campaign  of  18 f 3. 

the  Federalists  opposed  the  war,  but  the  better  class  of 
them  patriotically  supported  the  measures  necessary  to  carry 
it  on. 

22.  In  this  section  we  have  considered — 
(1)  The  inauguration  of  Mr.  Madison;  (2)  dealings 
with  the  British  government ;  (3)  the  conduct  of  Brit- 
ish vessels ;  (4)  troubles  with  the  Indians  and  their  de- 
feat ;  (5)  the  declaration  of  war  against  Great  Britain  ; 
and  (6)  the  conduct  of  the  war  on  land  and  sea. 


SECTION     V. 

THE  SECOND  WAR  FOR  INDEPENDENCE. 
[1813.] 

1.  The   campaign   of   1813  opened  early.     The  military 
forces  were  in  three  divisions.     The  Army  of  the  West 
was  under  General  W.  H.  Harrison ;  the  Army  of  the 
Centre   was  under  General   Henry   Dearborn,  and   the 
Army  of  the  North  was  under  General  Wade  Hamp- 
ton. 

2.  Harrison  had  his  headquarters  in  Ohio ;  Dearborn's 
were  on  the  Niagara  River,  and  Hampton's  were  in  the 
neighborhood  of   Lake  Champlain.      Sir   George  Pre- 
vost,1  who  succeeded  General  Brock  in  command  of  Canada 
and    the   British    army,   had   his  headquarters   at    York 
or  Toronto. 

3.  The  campaign  was  opened  in  the  West  at  the  begin- 

QTTESTIONS.— 22.  What  have  we  considered  in  this  section  ? 

QUESTIONS.— 1.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  army  in  1813  ?    2.  Where  were  the 
headquarters  of  the  generals  ? 

1  pra-vosV. 


THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 


261 


Events  on  the  Hirer  Raisin.        Massacre  by  Indians. 


War-  Cry. 


ning  of  the  year.  There  were  hundreds  of  young  men  in 
that  region,  in  the  field,  eager  to  drive  the  British  from 
Michigan. 

4.  In  January,  General  Winchester,  with  a  fine  body  of 
Kentuckians,  was  encamped  at  Frenchtown  (now  Mon- 
roe), on  the  River  Raisin,  from  which  they  had  driven  a 
British  force.  The  British  General  Proctor,  who  was 
at  Maiden,  marched  against  them.  He  crossed  the  Detroit 
River,  with  a  force  of  white  men  and  Indians,  to  attack 
Winchester. 

6.  A  hard  battle  was  fought  on  the  morning  of  the  22d 
of  January,  and  the  Americans,  defeated,  surrendered  on 
the  condition  that  they  should  be  well-treated.  Proctor 
inarched  away  without  leaving  a  guard  to  keep  his  promise. 
The  Indians  soon  turned  back,  fired  the  houses,  murdered 

many  of  the  prisoners,  and  kept  others  alive 

for  torture  in  the  woods. 

6.  General  Harrison  was  at  the  Maumee 
Rapids  when  he  heard  of  this  massacre.     He 
and  his  troops  were  very  indignant.     After 
that  the   war-cry  of  the   Kentuckians   was  : 
"  Remember  the  River  Raisin!" 

7.  At  the  Rapids,  Harrison  built  Fort 
Meigs*  a  strong  work,  and  remained   there 
with   his  troops   until  May,  when  he  was  at- 

tacked by  General  Proctor,  with  two  thousand  white  men 
and  Indians.  The  latter  were  led  by  Tecumtha.  General 


PORT  MEIOS. 


QUESTIONS.— 3.  Where  was  the  campaign  opened,  and  with  what  spirit?  4.  What 
can  you  tell  about  troops  on  the  Kiver  Raisin  ?  5.  What  about  a  battle  and  of  Indian 
cruelties  ?  6.  What  can  you  tell  about  Harrison  and  a  war  cry.  7.  What  did  Harri- 
son do  ?  What  occurred  at  Fort  Meigs  ? 


262 


THE   UNION  Of  STATES. 


Events  at  Fort  Meigs.  si    Gallant  "Defence  of  Fort  Stephenson. 

Green  Clay  came  with  troops  to  assist  Harrison,  and 
Proctor  was  soon  driven  to  Canada.  He  fled  on  the  8th 
of  May. 

8.  General  Clay  was  left  in  command  of  Fort  Meigs. 
Late  in  July  the  post  was  again  besieged  by  Proctor  and 
Tecum,tha>  with  four  thousand  men.     They  were  driven  off, 
and    then  marched  swiftly  toward  Fort  Stephenson,   at 
Lower  Sandusky.1 

9.  Fort    Stephenson  was    commanded    by   Major 
Croghan?    a    brave    young    soldier,    only 

twenty-one  years  of  age,  and  having  with 
him  only  one  hundred  and  fifty  men.  When 
Proctor  summoned  him  to  surrender  imme- 


diately, Croghan  replied  :  "  Never,  while    PORT 
I  have  a  man  left." 

10.  A  terrible  conflict  ensued  on  the 
2d  of  August.    Finally  the  British  and 
Indians,  thoroughly  beaten,  fled  from 
Fort  Stephenson  in   great    confusion. 
One  shot  from  a  cannon  in  a  block-house 
of  the  fort  swept  a  ditch  filled  with  Brit- 
ish troops,  and  killed  or  wounded  one 
hundred  and  fifty  of  them.  Croghan  lost 
only  one  man  killed  and  seven  wounded. 
11.   Lakes  Erie  and  Ontario  now  became  theatres  of 
important  events.     In  the  autumn  of  1812  the  Americans 
cympleted  a  small  fleet  on  Lake  Ontario.    In  the  sum- 

.  QUESTIONS.— 8.  What  more  can  you  tell  about  events  at  Fort  Meigs?  9.  What 
have  you  to  say  about  Fort  Stepheneon  ?  10.  Tell  about  a  battle  there.  11.  What 
can  you  tell. about  Lakes  Erie  and  Ontario? 


MAJOR  CROGHAN. 


1  san-dusk'-ee.         "  kro'-an. 


THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 


263 


COMMODORE  PERRY. 


Victory  of  Americans  on  Lake  Erie.  ferry's  famous  "Despatch. 

mer  of  1813  another  had  been  constructed  on  Lake  Erie,  and 
placed  under  the  command  of  Commodore  O.  H.  Perry. 

12.  The  British  also  had  a  fleet 
on  Lake   Erie,   under   Commodore 
Barclay.    The  two  fleets  met  near 
the  western  end  of  the  lake  on  the 
10th    of    September,    1813.      They 
fought  a  hard  battle  from  morn- 
ing till   evening ;%   and  before    the 
twilight  every  British  vessel  had 
surrendered  to  Perry. 

13.  General  Harrison  was  then 

* 

near  the  western  shores  of  Lake  Erie  with  a  small  army. 
To  him  Perry  wrote  :  "  We  have  met  the  enemy  and 
they  are  ours  !  "  A  few  days  after- 
ward Harrison  was  joined  by  the  brave 
veteran,  Governor  Shelby,  with  four 
thousand  Kentuckians. 

14.  These  land   troops   were    borne 
across  the  lake  in  some  of  Perry's  ves- 
sels to   attack  Maiden.    The  Ameri- 
cans found  the  place  deserted.     Proctor, 
with  his  British  troops,  and  Indians, 

under  Teciimtha,  were  flying  toward  the  interior  of  western 
Canada.  A  part  of  the  American  army  took  posses- 
sion of  Detroit,  and  the  remainder  pursued  the  fugitives. 

15.  The  Americans,  about  three  thousand  in  number, 
led  by  Harrison,  overtook  Proctor  and  his  army  on  the 

QUESTIONS.—  12.  What  can  you  tell  about  a  British  fleet  and  a  battle  on  Lake  Erie  ? 
13.  Where  was  General  Harrison,  and  what  was  done  ?  14.  What  was  done  with  Har- 
rison's troops,  and  what  did  they  do  ?  15.  What  can  you  tell  about  a  battle  in  Can- 
ada, and  the  leaders  of  the  British  and  Indians  ?  .  ,  . 


GENERAL   SHELBY. 


264  THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 

Battle  at  the   Thames.  Events  on  the  St.  Lawrence. 

little  river  Thames,  and  there,  on  the  5th  of  October,  they 
fought  a  desperate  battle.  Tecumtha  was  killed,  and 
Proctor,  defeated,  fled  toward  the  head  of  Lake  Ontario. 

16.  All  that  Hull  had  lost  was  now  recovered,  and  the 
war  ceased  in  that  region.     HaJ*rison  left  Detroit  in  charge 
of  Colonel  Cass  and  a  few  soldiers,  dismissed  many  of  the 
volunteers  from  Kentucky r,  and  with  the  remainder  of  his 
force  marched  to  Niagara,  and  there  joined  the  Army  of 
the  Centre. 

17.  General  dearborn-  was    at    Sackett's    Harbor 
toward  the  close  of  April.     Ogdensburgh  had  been  attacked 
by  the  British  in  February,  who  destroyed  much  property 
there.     Dearborn  had  not  troops  sufficient  to  send  any  in 
that  direction,  so  he  determined  to  attack  York  (now  To- 
ronto1),  on  the  northern  shore  of  Lake  Ontario. 

18.  Commodore  Chauncey2wa&  there  in  command  of  the 
little  fleet  on  Lake  Ontario.    These  vessels  conveyed  land 
troops  under  General  Pike  across  the 

lake.     They  attacked  the  British  post 
at  York  and  captured  it. 

19.  The   British,   commanded  by 
General  Sheaffe?  fled  from  York 
(April  27,  1813),  after  blowing  up  the 
fort  there.     Some  stones  set  flying  by 
the  explosion  mortally  wounded  Gene- 

GENERAL  PIKE. 

ral  Pike.    He    died   on   Chauncey's 

flag-ship,  with  the  captured  British  flag  under  his  head. 

QUESTIONS.— 16.  What  was  recovered  ?  What  did  Harrison  do  ?  17.  What  have 
you  to  say  about  doings  at  Ogdensburgh,  and  Dearborn's  determination  ?  18.  What 
did  Commodore  Chauncey  and  his  vessels  do  ?  What  have  you  to  say  about  York 
or  Toronto  ?  19.  What  did  the  British  do  ?  Tell  about  the  death  of  Pike. 

1  to-ron'-to.       *  chan'-se.       *  sheef. 


THE   UNION  OF  STATES.  265 

Capture  of  Fort   George.  JErents  at  Sackett's  Jfarbor. 

20.  A  month  later  (May  27,  1813)  the  same  troops,  borne 
by  the  same  ships,  attacked  the  British  Fort  George,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Niagara  River.    The  garrison  abandoned 
the  fort  and  fled  westward  to  Burlington  Heights,  at  the 
western  end  of  Lake  Ontario,  closely  pursued  by  the  con- 
quering Americans. 

21.  While  Chauncey  and  his  ships  were  at  the  western 
end  of  Lake   Ontario,  Sir   George  Prevost  proceeded  to 
attack  Sackett's  Harbor,  on  its  eastern  border,  with  a  land 
and  naval  force.     On  the  27th  of  May  he  landed  more  than 
a  thousand  men.     General  Jacob  Brown  had  hastily  gath- 
ered the  American  militia,  and  these  appeared  so  formidable 
that  Prevost  fled  with  his  ships  and  men. 

22.  The  Americans  who  had  followed  the  flying  British 
from  Fort  George,  were  now  encamped  at  Stoney  Creek, 
not  far  from  the  present  city  of  Hamilton,  where  they  were 
attacked  in  the  dark,  on  the  6th  of  June.     The  assailants 
were  repulsed,  but   Generals  Chandler  and  Winder*  the 
American  commanders,  were  made  prisoners. 

23.  Late  in  the  autumn  of  1813  an  attempt  was  made  to 
capture  Montreal.     General  Wilkinson  had  taken   com- 
mand, Dearborn  being  sick.      Early  in  November  he  as- 
sembled about  seven  thousand  soldiers  at  French  Creek,  on 
the  St.  Lawrence.    After  a  brief  skirmish  there  (November 
13),  he  proceeded  with  his  army  down  the  St.  Lawrence  in 
a  flotilla  of  boats. 

24.  A  portion  of  the  army  under  General  Brown  landed 

QUESTIONS.— 20.  What  can  you  tell  about  an  attack  on  Fort  George,  and  move- 
ment of  the  British  troops  ?  21.  What  can  you  tell  about  an  attack  on  Sackett's 
Harbor  ?  22.  What  can  you  tell  about  a  battle  at  Stoney  Creek  ?  23.  What  can  you 
tell  about  an  expedition  to  capture  Montreal  ?  24.  Tell  about  a  battle  at  Chrysler's 
Field. 

1  wine'-der. 


266  TOE   UNION  OF  STATES. 

Sat  tie  at  Chrysler's.  Fires  on  the  Niagara  Frontier. 

on  the  Canada  side  of  the  St  Lawrence,  near  Williams- 
burg,  and  at  a  place  known  as  Chrysler's  J  Field,  he 
fought  a  severe  battle  with  the  British  on  the  llth  of  No- 
vember. 

25.  Neither  party  won  a  victory  in  the  fight.     Wilkin- 
son passed  on,  expecting  to  find  General  Hampton  at  St. 
Regis?  with  a  co-operating  force.     Hampton  failed  to  be 
there,  and  the  expedition  against  Montreal  was  abandoned. 
The  Americans  encamped  for  the  winter  at  French  Mills, 
nine  miles  from  the  St.  Lawrence. 

26.  At  about  this  time  some  exciting  events  occurred  on 
the  banks  of  the  Niagara  River.     The  Americans  burned 
the  Canadian  village  of  Newark,  near  Fort  George,  on  the 
10th   of   December.      The   British  retaliated  by  burning 
several  villages   on  the  American   side   of  the  river  and 
capturing     Fort    Niagara. 

At  that  time  Buffalo  was 
destroyed.  Thus  ended  the 
campaign  in  the  North. 

27.  Meanwhile    a    fierce 

I'ORT  NIAGARA,  1813. 

war  had  been  kindled  in  Ala- 
bama? Tecumtha  had  been  among  the  Greek  Indians 
in  the  spring  of  1813,  to  arouse  them  to  hostilities  against 
the  Americans.  They  listened  to  him  ;  and  late  in  August 
they  captured  Fort  Mimrns,*'  on  the  Alabama  River,  and 
murdered  almost  three  hundred  men,  women,  and  children 
who  were  in  the  fort. 

28.  General  Andrew  Jackson,  with  twenty-five  hundred 

QUESTIONS.— 25.  What  did  Wilkinson  do  ?  What  did  his  army  do  ?  26.  What  can 
you  tell  about  the  destruction  of  villages  on  the  Niagara  River  ?  27.  Give  an  account 
of  war  in  Alabama. 

1  krise'-ler's.      »  ree'-jis.      s  ah-lah-bah'-mah.      *  mims. 


UNION  OF  STATES.  26V 


Jackson   Subdues  the   Creek  Indians.  War  on  the   Ocean. 

Tennesseeans,  immediately  marched  into  the  Creek  country. 
He  won  battle  after  battle  against  the  Indians.  Finally, 
toward  the  close  of  March,  1814,  in  a  battle  at  the  Great 
Horse-Shoe  Bend  of  the  Tallapoosa*  River,  he  slew 
six  hundred  Indian  warriors,  and  so  crushed  forever 
the  power  of  the  Creek  nation. 

29.  War  on  the  ocean  was  carried  on  vigorously  in 
1813.     On  the  24th  of  February,  the  sloop  Hornet,  com- 
manded by  Captain  Lawrence,  captured  the  British  ship 
Peacock,  off  the  eastern  coast  of  South  America.     On  his 
return  home  Captain  Lawrence  was  placed  in  command  of 
the  frigate  Chesapeake. 

30.  On  the  first  of  June  the  Chesapeake  sailed  out  of 

the  harbor  of  Boston  to  attack  the 
British  ship  Shannon.  A  hard  bat- 
tle was  fought.  Captain  Lawrence 
was  mortally  wounded,  and  as  he 
was  conveyed  below  to  die,  he  said  : 
"  Boys,  don't  give  up  the 
ship  !  "  But  they  were  compelled 
to  surrender. 

31.  On  the  14th  of  August  the 
British  sloop  Pelican  captured  the 
American  brig  Argus.  On  the  5th  of  September  the 
American  brig  Enterprise  captured  the  British  brig 
Boxer  ;  and  five  days  afterward  occurred  the  victory  of 
Perry  on  Lake  Erie. 

32.  During  the  spring  and  summer  of  1813  the  British 

QUESTIONS.—  28.  How  was  the  Creek  Nation  subdued  ?    29.  Give  an  account  of  war 
on  the  ocean  in  1813.    30  and  31.  Give  farther  accounts  of  war  on  the  ocean. 

1  tahl-lah-poo'-sah, 


CAPTAIN  LAWBENCB. 


268 


THE   UNION  Of  STATES. 


Depredations  by  Admiral  Cockburn. 


Admiral   Cockburn  plundered   and   destroyed    towns    and 
property  on  the  coast  of  Chesapeake  Bay  and  vicinity.     In 


\ 


LAWRENCE  CARRIED  BELOW. 

March    he    destroyed   American    shipping  on   the   Dela- 
ware.    In  May  he  plundered  and  burned  Havre  de  Grace,1 

QUESTIONS.— 32.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  depredations  of  Admiral  Cockburn 
on  the  shores  of  the  Chesapeake  ? 

J  hav'-er-deh-grass'. 


THE    UNION  OF  STATES.  269 

The  British  in  Hampton  fioads.        Cruise  and   Capture  of  the  Essex. 

Frenchtown,  Georgetown,  and  Frederickton,  on  the  Ches* 
apeake  Bay. 

33.  In  June  Cockburn  was  in  Hampton  Roads  with  the 
intention  of  taking  Norfolk.  The  Americans  had  fortified 
Craney 1  Island,  in  the  Elizabeth  River,  and  successfully 
disputed  the  passage  of  the  British  up  that  stream  on  the 
22d  of  June.  The  British,  re- 
pulsed, plundered  Hampton  and 
then  went  southward,  desolating  the 
Carolina  coasts  to  the  Savannah 
River. 

34.  The  frigate  Essex,  Captain 
David  Porter,  made  a  long  cruise 
in  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  Oceans 
in  1813,  and  was  finally  captured  in 
COMMODORE  PORTER.  the  harbor  of  Valparaiso?  on  the 
28th  of  March,  1814,  by  the  British 

frigate  Phoebe  and  sloop-of-war  Cherub.  PoHer  wrote  to 
the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  :  "  We  have  been  unfortu- 
nate, but  not  disgraced." 
35.  In  this  section  we  have  considered — 
(1)  The  disposition  of  the  American  army ;  (2)  mili- 
tary operations  in  northern  Ohio ;  (3)  the  victory  on 
Lake  Erie  ;  (4)  pursuit  of  the  British  into  Canada  ;  (5) 
operations  on  the  borders  of  Lake  Ontario  and  the  St.  Law- 
rence River ;  (6)  events  on  the  Niagara  River  and  in 
the  Creek  country ;  (7)  war  on  the  Ocean,  and  (8)  the 
marauding  expeditions  of  Admiral  Cockburn. 

QUESTIONS.— 33.  Tell  about  Cockburn's  career  at  and  near  Hampton,  and  on  the 
Carolina  coasts.  34.  What  can  you  tell  about  Captain  Porter  and  the  Essex  ?  35. 
What  have  we  considered  in  this  section  ? 

1  krct-ne.        *  vatti-pah-ri'-so. 


270  THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 

Napoleon's   Troops.  British   Troops  in    Canada. 

SECTION    VI. 

SECOND  WAR  FOR  INDEPENDENCE  CONTINUED. 

[1814,  1815.] 

1.  Great  Britain,  at  the  beginning  of  the  year  1814, 
was  at  war  with  the  Emperor  Napoleon,  and   could   not 
spare  many  ships  or  soldiers  for  war  in  America.     But  in 
the  spring  Napoleon  was  driven  out  of  France,  and  it  was 
believed  that  war  with  him  was  at  an  end. 

2.  With  this  belief,  the  British  sent  many  veteran  troops 

to  Canada  to  fight  the  Americans-. 
The  American  troops  near  the  St. 
Lawrence  River  moved  early. 
General  Wilkinson  led  some  of  them 
to  Plattsburg,  on  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  and  was  defeated  by  the 
British  in  an  engagement  at  La 
Colle.  General  Brown  marched  with 
others  to  Sackett's  Harbor. 

o  A^^.1  T_         •          •  f      Ttr 

3.  At  the  beginning  of  May  a 
British  fleet  and  three  thousand  troops  attacked  Os- 
wego,  on  the  southern  shore  of  Lake  Ontario.  After  a 
conflict  that  lasted  two  days,  they  were  driven  oif  on  the 
7th  of  May,  with  considerable  loss. 

4.  About  the  same  time  General  Brown  led  his  troops 
to  the  Niagara  frontier.      On   the  morning  of  the  3d  of 

QUESTIONS.—  1.  What  have  you  to  say  abont  Great  Britain  and  Napoleon  ?  2. 
What  did  the  British  do  ?  What  did  American  commanders  do  ?  3.  What  can  you 
tell  about  events  at  Oswego?  4.  What  did  General  Brown  do?  What  can  you  tell 
about  an  invasion  of  Canada  and  a  battle  there  ? 


GENERAL  BROWN. 


THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 


271 


Sattles  at  Chippewa  and 


July,  American  troops  under  Generals  Scott  and  Ripley 
crossed  the  river,  and  captured  Fort  Erie,  opposite  Buffalo. 
The  next  day  the  Americans  and  British  had  a  very 
severe  battle  at  Chippewa,  Both  armies  suffered  much. 

5.  The  British  were  badly  beaten,  and  fled  to  Burling- 
ton Heights,  where  they  were  joined  by  troops  under  Gen- 
eral Drummond,  and  turned  back.     At  the  close  of  a  hot 
day  (July  25,  1814),  they  attacked  the  Americans  under 
General  Brown  at  Bridgewater,  near  Niagara  Falls. 

6.  This  battle  was  a  severe  one,   each  party  losing  about 
eight   hundred  men.      The   Americans  were  victors ; 
and  on  the  following  day  they  fell  back  to  Fort  Erie. 

7.  On  the  15th  of  August  Drummond,  with  five  thou- 
sand men,   attacked   Fort  Erie.     He 

was  repulsed,  with  a  loss  of  almost 
a  thousand  men.  He  fled  to  Fort 
George.  The  Americans,  in  Sep- 
tember, drove  the  British  from  Fort 
Erie,  destroyed  that  work,  crossed  the 
Niagara  River,  and  went  into  winter 
quarters  at  Buffalo  and  in  its  neigh- 
borhood. They  never  invaded  Can- 
ada again. 

8.  The  Americans  at  Plattsburg,  late  in  the  summer  of 
1814,  were  commanded  by  General  Macomb.1    There  was  a 
small  American  navy  on  Lake  Champlain  at  the  same 
time,   commanded  by    Commodore    Macdonough?      The 
British,  also,  had  a  small  fleet  at  the  lower  end  of  the  lake. 


NIAGARA   FRONTIEB. 


QUESTIONS. — 6.  What  have  you  to  pay  about  British  troope  and  their  movements  ? 
6.  What  can  yon  tell  about  the  battle  at  Bridgewater  ?  7.  Give  an  acount  of  an  attack 
on  the  Americans  in  Fort  Erie.  What  did  the  British  and  Americans  do  ?  8.  What 
have  you  to  say  about  the  Americans  and  British  near  Plattebnrg? 

1  mah-koom',        3  ma,k-don'-oh. 


2 72                                 THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 
Satlle  at    "Platlsburg. ^ Invasion  of  Maryland. 

9.  In  August,  General  Prevost,  with  fourteen  thousand 
men,  marched  from  Canada,  to  drive  the  Americans  from 
Plattsburg.    At  the  same  time  the  British  fleet  sailed  up 
Lake  Champlain.      A  hard-fought  battle  ensued  on  the 
llth  of  September,  1814,  when  the  Americans  beat  the 
British  army  and  navy.    Prevost  fled  in  haste  to 
Canada. 

10.  The    victories    at   Plattsburg    created   great    joy 

throughout  the  country.  At  the 
same  time  the  Americans  had  to 
lament  severe  losses  further  south. 

11 .  About  the  middle  of  August, 
the  British  General  Ross  landed  on 
the  shores  of  Maryland  with  six 
thousand  troops.  They  were  borne 
by  a  large  fleet.  Ross  marched 
toward  Washington  City,  our  na- 

COMMODOBE  MACDONOUGH.  .  . 

tional  capital. 

12.  General  Winder  summoned  the  militia  of  that  region 
to  the  field,  to  repel  the  invasion.      They  met  Ross  at  Bla- 
densburg,  four  or  five  miles  from  Washington  City,  where 
a  battle  w.as  fought,  and  the  Americans  were  beaten. 

13.  On  the  24th  of  August,  the  British  entered  Wash- 
ington City,  burned  the   Capitol   and  the  Presi- 
dent's house,  and  came  near  making  President  Madi- 
son a  prisoner.     Then  they  went  back  to  their  ships. 

14.  Early  in  September  General  Ross,  with  his  conquer- 

QUESTIONS.— 9.  Give  an  account  of  the  invasion  of  New  York  State  by  the  British 
in  September,  1814.  10.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  victory  at  Plattsburg  ?  11. 
Give  an  account  of  a  British  invasion  of  Maryland.  12.  What  did  General  Winder 
do  ?  What  can  you  tell  about  a  battle  ?  13.  What  did  the  British  do  at  Washington 
City  ?  14.  What  can  you  tell  about  an  attempt  to  capture  Baltimore  ?  What  did 
Americans  do  ? 


THE   UNION  OF  STATES.  273 

North   f*oint  and  Fort  JWcJfenry.  Events  at  Stonington. 

ing  army,  landed  a  few  miles  from  Baltimore,  to  co-operate 
with  Admiral  Coehrane 1  in  an  attempt  to  capture  Balti- 
more city.  Troops  under  General  Strieker  went  out  to 
meet  Ross ;  and  Fort  McHenry,  in  the  harbor  of  Balti- 
more, commanded  by  Colonel  Armistead?  was  bravely 
defended. 

15.  While  marching  on  Baltimore,  Ross  was  killed  in  a 
skirmish.      A   conflict,  known   as   the   Battle    of  North 
Point,  ensued   on  the  12th  of  September.     At   the   same 
time  the  British  fleet  bombarded  Fort  McHenry, 
The  British  army  and  navy  were  both  repulsed,  and  soon 
left  the  neighborhood  to  repose. 

16.  During  the  summer  of  1814,  a  British  blockading 
squadron  annoyed  the  people  on  the  New  England  coasts. 
From  the  9th  to  the  12th  of  August,  1814,  British  ships 
bombarded   Stonington,    but    were    finally    driven    away. 
After  the  repulse  at  Stonington  and  Baltimore,  the  war 
almost  ceased  in  the  north. 

17.  The  Spaniards  now  possessed  Florida?  and  favored 
the  British.    The  latter  were  allowed  to  fit  out  ships  at 
Pensacola 4  with  which  to  fight  the  Americans ;   and  the 
Spaniards  encouraged  the  remnant  of  the  Creek  Nation 
to  join  the  British. 

18.  The  fleet  from  Pensacola  attacked  the  American 
Fort  JBowyer,5  at  the  entrance  to  Mobile  Bay,  on  the  llth 
of  September,  1814.     The  British  and  their  Indian  allies 
were  finally  driven  away,  with  considerable  loss. 

QUESTIONS.— 15.  What  have  yon  to  say  about  General  Ross,  and  a  battle  and  a 
bombardment?  16.  Tell  about  a  British  blockading  squadron  off  New  England,  and 
events  at  Stonington.  17.  What  can  you  tell  about  events  at  Pensacola?  18.  Tell 
about  an  attack  on  Fort  Bowyer. 

lkok'-ran.    2  ar'-mis-teti.    3  Jlor'-i-dah.    *  pen-sah-W-lah,    5  bo'-yer. 


274 


THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 


iPensacola    Captured  by  the  Americans. 


19.  General  Jackson,  then  at  Mobile  with  troops,  held 
the  Spanish  governor  responsible  for  aiding  the  British. 


He  marched  upon  Pensacola  with  two  thousand  Tennes- 
seeans,  drove  the  British  to  their  shipping  on  the  7th  of 
November,  and  captured  the  town. 

20.  When  Jackson  returned  to  Mobile,  he  met  an  ur- 

QUESTIONS.— 19.  What  did  General  Jackson  do  ?    20.  What  did  he  find  at  Mobile, 
and  what  did  he  do  ?    What  did  British  troops  on  the  Gulf  threaten  and  do  ? 


THE    UNION  OF  STATES. 


275 


"Brilith  Invasion  of  Louisiana. 


"Battle  near  New    Orleans. 


gent  call  for  help  from  the  citizens  of  'New  Orleans.  A 
large  British  land  force  were  in  vessels  on  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  for  the  purpose  of  invading  Louisiana.1  Jackson 
hastened  to  New  Orleans,  and  soon  afterward  General 
Pakenham?  with  twelve  thousand  British  soldiers,  was 
landed  below  that  city,  after  capturing  an  American  flotilla 
of  gun-boats  in  Lake  Borgne?  That  was  in  December,  1814. 

21.  After  some   skirmishing,  and   casting  up   entrench- 
ments by  Jackson,  the  two  armies  met  in  battle  array  a  few 
miles  below  New  Orleans,  on  the  8th  of  January,  1815.     A 
very  severe  battle  was  fought  there  on  that  day,  in 
which  the  British  lost  their  general  and  about  seventeen 
hundred  men  killed  and  wounded.   The  Americans,  protected 
by  breastworks,  lost  only  eight  killed  and  thirteen  wounded. 

22.  The  Battle  of  New  Orleans  was  the  last  one 
of  the  war,  on  land. 

The  war  continued 
a  little  longer  on  the 
ocean.  During  the 
year  1814,  it  had 
been  prosecuted  vig- 
orously on  the  sea. 

23.  On  the  29th 
of  April,  1814,-  the 
Peacock    captured 

the  Epervier1  off  the  coast  of  Florida.  During  the  year, 
the  American  sloop  Wasp,  Captain  Blakely,  captured  no 
less  than  thirteen  British  vessels.  After  capturing 

QUESTIONS— 21.  Give  an  account  of  the  Battle  of  New  Orleans.    22.  Which  was  the 
last  land  battle  of  the  war  ?    23.  Give  an  account  of  naval  actions. 

1  loo'-e-ze-ah'-na.    *  pak'-'nam.    3  born.    4  ep-ehr'-ve-are. 


BATTLE    OP    NEW    ORLEANS. 


276  THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 

War  on  the    Ocean,  Treaty  of  feace.  War  with  Algiers. 

her  thirteenth  prize — the  Avon — on  the  first  of  September, 
she  was  never  heard  of. 

24.  On  the  15th  of  January,  1815,  the  President,  undei 
command   of    Commodore   Decatur,   was    captured    by   a 
British  squadron  off  the  coast  of  Long  Island.     On  the 
20th  of  February  following,  the  Constitution,  Commodore 
Stewart,  captured  the  British  frigate  Cyane,1  and  sloop 
Levant?    On  the  23d  of  March,  the  Hornet  captured  the 
Penguin?    The  naval  operations  were  closed  then, 
excepting  by  privateers. 

25.  Before  the   Battle   of  New   Orleans,  a  treaty  of 
peace  had  been  concluded  between  the  United  States  and 
Great  Britain.    It  was   signed  at  Ghent*  in  Belgium, 
on  the  24th  of  December,  1814.     When  the  treaty  reached 
America,  the  President  proclaimed  peace,  and  the  nation 
rejoiced. 

26.  The  contest  with  Great  Britain  had  just  ended, 
when  the  Americans  were  compelled  to  engage  in  a  short 

WAK   WITH   ALGIERS.5 

27.  Algerine  sea-robbers  continued  their  depredations  on 
American  commerce  in  the  Mediterranean  Sea.    The 
ruler  of  Tripoli,  as  we  have  seen,  had  been  humbled.     The 
ruler  of  Algiers,  believing  that  the  American  navy  had 
been  destroyed  by  that  of  Great  Britain,  was  now  more 
exacting  and  insolent  than  ever. 

28.  President  Madison  declared  war  against  Algiers; 
and  sent  Commodore  Decatur,  with  a  naval  force,  in  May 

QUESTIONS.— 24.  Give  a  further  account  of  naval  actions.  25.  What  have  yon  to 
gay  about  a  treaty  of  peace  ?  26  and  27.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Algiers,  Tunis 
and  Tripoli  ?  28.  What  did  President  Madison  do  ?  What  did  Decatur  do  ? 

1  si-an'.    2  le-vanV.    s  pen'-gwin.    *  gant.    *  aM-jeers'. 


THE   UNION  OF  STATES.  277 

Barbaty  Powers  Humbled.        JVe»>  States  Admitted  into  the  Union. 

1815,  to  humble  the  Algerines.1    Our  naval  forces  captured 
some  of  their  pirates,  and  then  appeared  before  their  city. 

29.  The  haughty  governor  was   astonished.      Decatur 
demanded  the  release  of  all  American  prisoners  and  pay- 
ment for  property  which  the  Algerine  pirates  had  seized  or 
destroyed.     "  Do  this,"  said  the  brave  Commodore,   "  or  I 
will  destroy  your  ships  and  your  city." 

30.  The  affrighted  governor  complied  with  Decatur' s 
demand.      Then  the  Commodore  visited  the  cities  of  Tunis 
and  Ti^ipoli,  and  made  their  governors  do  the  same  thing. 
So,  in  a  very  short  space  of  time,  Decatur  did  what  the 
Christian  powers  of  Europe  had  not  been  able  to  do.     The 
Barbary2  Powers,   as  the    piratical  communities  were 
called,  were  completely  humbled. 

31.  And  now  the  eventful  administration  of  President 
Madison  was  drawing  to  a  close.     Louisiana  had  been 
admitted  into  the  Union  of  States  in  1812.     Indiana 3  en- 
tered in  1816,  and  the  same  year  James  Monroe  of  Vir- 
ginia was  elected  President  of  the  United  States. 

32.  In  this  section  we  have  considered — 

(1)  The  movements  of  British  forces  against  the 
Americans  ;  (2)  movements  of  American  troops  on  the 
Canada  frontier;  (3)  victories  at  Plattsburg ;  (4) 
capture  of  Washington  City  and  repulse  of  the  British  at 
Baltimore;  (5)  blockade  of  New  England ;  (6)  career 
of  General  Jackson  in  the  South  ;  (7)  peace;  and  (8) 
war  with  Algiers. 

QUESTIONS.— 29.  What  did  Decatur  demand  of  the  Algerines  ?  30.  What  did  the 
Algerine  governor  do  ?  What  did  the  governors  of  Tunis  and  Tripoli  do  ?  What  did 
Decatur  accomplish  ?  31.  What  have  you  to  pay  about  the  close  of  Madison's  admin- 
istration, and  the  admission  of  States?  Who  was  elected  President?  32.  What 
have  we  considered  in  this  section  ? 

1  aM-je-reens' ,    *  bahr'-ba-ry. 


278 


THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 


Principal  Land  and  JVavat  Battles  of  the  War  of 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  principal  land  and  naval  bat- 
tles fought  during  the  second  war  for  independence  : 


LAND  BATTLES. 


1812. 

Van  Home's  Aug.  5 

Detroit Aug.  15 

Queenstown Oct.  13 

1813. 

Frenchtown Jan.  22 

York,  or  Toronto April  27 

FortMeigs May  5 

Stoney  Creek June  6 

Craney  Island June  22 

Sackett's  Harbor May  29 

Fort  Stephenson Aug.  2 

Thames Oct.  5 

Creek  War  November. 

Chrysler's  Field Nov.  11 

1814. 

Oswego May  6 

Chippewa July  5 

Niagara,  or  Bridgev/ater July  25 

Stonington Aug.  10 

Fort  Erie Aug.  15 

Bladensburg Aug.  24 

Plattsburg Sept.  11 

•North  Point Sept.  12 

FortMcHenry Sept.  13 

Fort  Bowyer Sept.  15 

Fort  Erie  (sortie) Sept.  17 

Below  New  Orleans Dec.  23 

1815. 
New  Orleans Jan.  8 


NAVAL  BATTLES. 


1812. 


Constitution,^ 


Aug.  13 
Aug.  19 
Oct.  18 


Guerriere, 

Wasp,  ) 

Frolic,  f  ' 

United  States, )  Oct  £& 

Macedonian,     )  ' ' 

Constitution,  I  pec  ^ 

Java,  J  ' ' 

1818. 

Hornet'   \ Feb.24 

Peacock, > 

Chesapeake,)  ...Junel 

Shannon,       J 

Ar£U8'    L  ..Aug.  14 

Pelican,  f 

Enterprise,) g     t  5 

Boxer,          f 

Lake  Erie Sept.  10 

1814. 

E86ex>    \ March  28 

Phoebe, ) 

Peacock,  i "...  April29 

Epervier,  J 

Wa8P<       \ June28 

Eemdeer, ) 

WasP'l.  .  ..  Sept.  1 

Avon,  ) 

Lake  Champlain Sept.  11 

Lake  Borgne Dec.  14 

1815. 

President,  I   Jan>  15 

British  Squadron, ) 

Constitution,  j.  Feb  ^ 

Cyane  and  Levant,  )  ' ' 

Homet<    \. March23 

Penguin,  ' 

*  The  American  vessels  are  first  named, 
each  time. 


THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 


279 


President  Monroe. 


American  Manufactories. 


SECTION    VII. 

MONROE'S      ADMINISTRATION. 
[1817-1825.] 

1.  James  Monroe,  the  fifth  President  of  the  United 

States,  took  the  oath  of  office 
on  the  4th  of  March,  1817. 
With  his  able  cabinet  he  worked 
zealously  to  extricate  the  country 
from  the  confusion  caused  by  the 
war. 

2.  During  the  war  the  Amer- 
icans had  manufactured  many 
things   which  they  had   before 
bought  in  France  and  England. 
They  had  established  man- 
ufactories here  at  considerable 

ft    expense,  and  thousands  of  per- 
sons were  employed  in  them. 

3.  When  the  war  was  closed, 
|   foreign   goods   came   in  abund- 
ance.    Manufacturing  in  Amer- 
ica was  made   an  unprofitable 
business,    and    a    multitude    of 
people  were  idle.     Many  of  these 
went  to  the  fertile  regions  west 

of  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  and  became   founders  of 
States. 

QUESTIONS.— 1.  What  have  yon  to  say  about  President  Monroe  and  hie  cabinet? 
2.  What  can  you  tell  about  American  manufactories?  3.  What  was  the  state  of 
business  after  the  war,  and  what  caused  emigration  to  the  West? 


MONROE,  AND  HIS   RESIDENCE. 


280  THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 


States  Admitted.       _  Troubles  in  Florida. 

4.  During  the  administration  of  President  Monroe,  the 
Territories  of  Mississippi,  Illinois,  Alabama,1  and  Mis- 
souri* were  admitted  into  the  Union  as  States.     Settlements 
increased  very  rapidly  all  over  the  West.     Great  pros- 
perity in  the  future  was  hoped  for,  when  difficulties  ap- 
peared in  the  South. 

5.  Mischievous  British  subjects  in  Florida  were  exciting 
the  Indians  to  make  war  on  the  Americans.     Toward  the 
close  of  1817  a  large  number  of  Creek  and  Seminole  In- 
dians and  fugitive  slaves  began  to  plunder  and  murder 
the  American  settlers  on  the  borders  of  Georgia  and  Ala- 
bama. 

6.  Troops  were  sent  to  protect  the  settlers.     The  Indians 
became  more  and  more  hostile,  when  General  Jackson,  with 
a  thousand  Tennessee  volunteers,  went  to  assist  the  regular 
troops.     The  General  hung  two  of  the  men  who   had  excited 
the  Indians  to  j)lunder  and  murder.     Then  he  marched  to 
Pensacola  and  captured  it,  and  sent  offending  Span- 
iards and  others  to  Cuba? 

7.  For  these  acts  Jackson  was  at  first  censured,  and  then 
he   was   commended.     By  a  treaty   with  Spain,  Florida 
came  into  the  possession  of  the  United  States  soon  after- 
wards, and  Jackson  was  appointed  its  first  governor.    That 
was  in  February,  1821. 

8.  At  that  time  the  question  of  admitting  Missouri  into 
the  Union  as  a  State  was  settled.     It  had  caused  violent  dis- 

QUESTIONS.—  4.  What  Territories  were  admitted  as  States  ?  What  made  the  future 
appear  promising  ?  5.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  work  of  British  subjects  in  the 
South  ?  6.  What  can  you  tell  about  hostile  Indians  there  ?  What  did  General  Jack- 
Bon  do  ?  7.  What  was  done  with  Florida  ?  8.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  dis- 
cussion of  the  slavery  question? 

1  ah-lah-bah'-mah.       *  tnfasoo'-ri,       '  Icu'-bah. 


THE   UNION  OF  STATES.  281 

Missouri  Compromise.  Monroe's  Administration. 

cussions  in  Congress  and  out  of  it.  The  main  point  in  dis- 
pute was  the  question,  Shall  it  be  a  free  or  slave-labor 
State  ?  For  two  years  the  discussion  continued. 

9.  It  was  finally  agreed  to  allow  slaves  to  be  held  in 
Missouri.    It  was  also  agreed  that  a  line  should  be  drawn 
from  the  southern  boundary  of  Missouri  to  the  Pacific 
Ocean,  north  of  which  slavery  should  never  exist. 
This  agreement  is  known  as  the  Missouri  Compromise. 
It  was  effected  in  1820. 

10.  In  the  autumn  of  1820  the  President  (Mr.  Monroe] 
and  Vice-President  (Daniel  D.  Tompkins)  were  re-elected. 
There  was  very  little  opposition  to  them,  for  the  old  Fed- 
eral party  had  almost  disappeared  as  an  organization. 

11.  Monroe's  administration  was  popular.     A  law  was 
passed  giving  a  pension  to  soldiers  of  the  Revolution  yet 
living.     An  agreement  with  Great  Britain  in  relation  to 
coast   fisheries,  favorable  to  Americans,  was  made  ;    and 
our  government  recognized  the  independence  of  South 
American  republics. 

12.  On  that  occasion  the  President  proclaimed,  as  a  prin- 
ciple, that  the  American  continents  "  are  henceforth  not  to 
be  considered  as  subject  for  future  colonization  by 
any  European  Power."     This  is  known  as  "  The  Monroe 
Doctrine. " 

13.  The  sea-robbers  were  not  all  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean.     They  greatly   annoyed  American    merchantmen 
among  the  West  India  Islands.     In  1819  Commodore  Perry 
was  sent  to  disperse  them  ;   he  died  there  soon  after.     In 

QUESTIONS — 9.  Tell  about  the  Missouri  Compromise.  10.  Who  were  re-elected 
President  and  Vice-President?  11.  What  popular  measures  were  adopted  during 
Monroe's  administration  ?  12.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  Monroe  Doctrine  ?  13. 
What  can  you  tell  about  sea-robbers  in  the  West  Indies  ? 


282  THE   UNION  OF  STATES, 

destruction  of  Piratical  Vessels.  Yisit  of  Lafayette. 

1823  Commodore  Porter  completed  their  destruc- 
tion. The  previous  year  a  small  American  squadron  had 
destroyed  more  than  twenty  piratical  vessels  on  the  coast  of 
Cuba. 

14.  The    last    year    of  Monroe's    administration    was 
marked  by  the  visit  of  Lafayette 1  to  this  country  as  the 
Nation's  guest.     He  went  back  from  our  shores  in  the 
frigate  Brandywine,  so   named  in   his   honor,  he  having 
fought  his  first  battle  for  us  on  the  banks  of  the  Brandy- 
wine  Creek. 

15.  Anew  President  of  the  Republic  was  chosen  in  the 
autumn  of  1824.    John  Quincy  Adams,  son  of  the  second 
President,  was  chosen ;  with  John  C.  Calhoun?  of  South 
Carolina,  as  Vice-President. 

16.  In  this  section  we  have  considered — 

(1)  The  condition  of  the  country  after  the  war ;  (2) 
the  settlement  and  organization  of  Territories ;  (3) 
British  emissaries  among  the  Southern  Indians,  and  the 
result  of  their  work  ;  (4)  Jackson  and  Florida ;  (5)  Mis- 
souri Compromise;  (6)  pensions,  fisheries,  and  the 
Monroe  Doctrine ;  (7)  pirates,  and  (8)  the  visit  of  La- 
fayette. 

QUESTIONS.— 14.  Tell  about  the  visit  of  Lafayette.    15.  What  have  you  to  say 
about  an  election  for  President  ?    16.  What  have  we  considered  in  this  section  ? 

1  lah-fa-et'.        '  kal-hoon'. 


THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 


283 


Inauguration  of  '^resident  yldams.      The  Indians  and  State  Supremacy. 


SECTION    VIII. 

J.    Q.    ADAMS'S    ADMINISTRATION. 

[1825-1829.] 

1.  John  Quincy  Adams,  the  sixth  President  of  the 

United  States^  entered  upon  the 
duties  of  his  office  on  the  4th 
of  March,  1825.  Our  country 
was  at  peace  with  all  the 
world,  and  everything  seemed 
prosperous.  His  administration 
is  remarkable  for  its  lack  of  very 
stirring  incidents. 

2.  The  subject  of  the  removal 
of  the  Creek  and  Cherokee  In- 
dians from  Georgia  ruffled  the 
general    serenity    for    a   while. 
The  assumption  of  State  suprem- 
acy, put  forth  at  that  time,  pro- 
duced some  uneasy  feeling. 

3.  In  1825   a  great  work  of 
internal  improvement  was  com- 
pleted.   It  was  the  canal  which 
connects   the  waters   of  Lake 
Erie  and  the  Hudson  Riv- 
er.    Governor  De  Witt  Clin- 
ton acquired  great  honor  by  his  zealous  promotion  of  the  work. 

QUESTIONS.— 1.  What  have  you  to  say  about  President  J.  Q.  Adams,  and  the  state 
of  the  country  ?  2.  Tell  about  trouble  in  Georgia.  3,  What  have  you  to  tell  about 
the  Erie  Canal  ? 


J    Q.  ADAMS,  AND  HIS  RESIDENCE. 


284 


THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 


3)eath  of  Octants  and  Jefferson. 


The  American  System. 


DEWITT  CLINTON. 


4.  On  the  4th  of  July,  1826,  Thomas  Jefferson  and 
John  Adams  died.  They  were  both 
on  the  Committee  that  drew  up  the 
Declaration  of  Independence  and 
signed  it,  just  fifty  years  before  ; 
both  had  been  foreign  ambassadors 
and  both  had  been  President  of  the 
Republic.  The  coincidence  was  re- 
markable. 

5.  In  order  to  assist  American 
manufacturers  a  protective  system 
was  adopted  in  1828.  It  imposed  a 

duty  on  foreign  manufactures  so  high  as  to  enable  the 
Americans  to  make  and  sell  their 
productions  as  low  as  those  which 
came  over  the  sea.  This  was 
called  The  American  Sys- 
tem. 

6.  This  policy  was  popular  with 
the  manufacturers,  but  the  cotton- 
growers   of  the   Southern  States, 
who  found  a  ready  market  for  raw 
cotton  in  England,  opposed  this 
Protective     Tariff.      Among 

the  most  eminent  of  the  political  leaders  in  this  opposition 
was  John  C.  Calhoun,  of  South  Carolina. 

7.  The  serene  administration  of  President  Adams  now 
drew   toward   its   close.     The  nation  was  prosperous.     The 


QUESTIONS.-  4.  What  remarkable  coincidence  occurred  in  1826  ?  5.  What  have  you 
to  say  about  a  Protective  Tariff  or  American  System  ?  6.  Tell  about  opposition 
to  the  system.  7,  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  nation  at  this  time  ? 


JOHN  C.   CALHOUN. 


TBE   UNION  OF  STATES.  285 

ylndrew  Jackson  Elected  ^President.          2"he    Character  of  Jackson. 

government  was  very  little  in  debt,  and  was  at  peace 
with  all  the  world.     It  was  the  calm  before  a  storm. 

8.  In  the  autumn  of  1828,  a  bitter  political  contest  was 
carried  on.    Adams  was  a  candidate  for  a  second  term.     He 
was  defeated  by  Andrew  Jackson,  of  Tennessee,  who  was 
elected  President,  with  John  C.  Calhoun  as  Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

9,  In  this  section  we  have  considered — 

(1)  The  state  of  the  country  when  Adams  became 
President  ;  (2)  the  case  of  the  Indians  in  Georgia ;  (3) 
the  Erie  Canal ;  (4)  deaths  of  Adams  and  Jefferson ; 
(5)  the  American  System  and  its  opposers  ;  (6)  the  elec- 
tion of  Andrew  Jackson  to  the  Presidency. 


SECTION     IX. 

JACKSON'S     ADMIN  1ST  RAT  ION. 

[1829-1837.] 

1.  Andrew    Jackson,  the  seventh  President  of  the 
United  States,  was  the  last  but  one  of  the  chief  magistrates 
of  the  Republic,  who  had  lived  during  the  Revolution.     He 
became  President  on  the  4th  of  March,  1829. 

2.  Andrew  Jackson  was  an  honest  man,  with  a  strong 
will,  and  was  always  ready  to  do  what  he  believed  to  be 
right,  without  regard  to  the  opinions  of  others.     His  admin- 
istration was   a  quiet  one  at  first,  and  then  it  encountered 
serious  troubles. 


QUESTIONS.— 8.  What  can  you  tell  about  a  political  contest?    9.  What  have  we 
considered  in  this  section  ? 

QUESTIONS.—  1.  Who  was  the  seventh  President  of  the  United  States?    What  have 
you  to  say  about  the  character  of  Jackson  ? 


286 


THE   VN10N  OF 


The  Supreme  Court  Defied. 


3.  A  speck  of  rebellion  appeared  in  Georgia  in  1832. 
The  governor  of  that  State  claimed  the  right  to  possess  the 
lands  of  the  Cherokee  Indians.     The  President  favored  the 
claim.     The  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States — the  ex- 
pounder    of    the   law — decided 
against  the  claim. 

4.  The  authorities  of  Georgia 
defied  the  Supreme  Court, 
and  great  trouble  was  expected. 
There  was   an   amicable    settle- 
ment, and  a  few  years  afterward 
the   Cherokees  were    removed 
from  their  lands  in  that  State. 

5.  The  Sank  of  the  United 
States,   chartered     during    the 
presidency  of  Washington,  and 
re-chartered     during    the    pres- 
idency of  Madison,  asked  for  a 
new  charter,  to  go  into  effect  in 
1836.      The   President    opposed 
the  measure,  because  he  believed 
it  to  be  an  institution  that  might 
be  made  injurious  to  the  govern- 
ment. 

6.  The    government    money 
was   deposited    in    the    United 

States  Bank.    In  1832,.  Congress  passed  a  bill  for  a  renewal 
of  the  Bank  Charter.     Jackson  vetoed  the  bill.     He  rec- 

QUESTIONS.—  3.  What  appeared  in  Georgia?  Tell  about  it.  4.  What  did  the 
authorities  of  Georgia  do  ?  5.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  Bank  of  the  Uuited 
States  ?  6.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  government  money,  and  what  did  Congress 
and  the  President  do  ? 


JACKSON  AND  HIS  RESIDENCE. 


THE   UNION  OF  STATES.  287 


2)ispotition  of  the    "Public  Money.  Slack   Hawk  War. 

ommended    the    withdrawal    of   the    public    funds 

(110,000,000)  from  the  bank.  Congress  refused  to  sanction 
that  measure,  and  the  President  took  the  responsibility  of 
doing  so,  in  the  autumn  of  1833. 

7.  This  act  produced  great  business  embarrassments  for 
awhile,  but  it  was  beneficial  to  the  country  finally. 

8.  In  the  summer  of  1832,  Black  Hawk,  a  bold  chief  of 
the  Sac 1  tribe  of  Indians,  made  war  upon 

the  white  people  on  the  borders  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi  Riverj  in  Illinois.  He  and  his 
followers  were  soon  subdued  by  United  States 
troops,  and  the  chief  was  made  a  prisoner. 

9.  More  serious  trouble  now  appeared  in 

South   Carolina.     We  have  observed  that     BLACK  HAWK- 
there  was  strong  opposition  in  the  cotton-producing  States 
to  a  Protective  Tariff.     The  political  leaders  in  South 
Carolina  declared  that  the  duty,  or  impost  tax,  should  not 
be  paid  on  foreign  goods  entering  the  port  of  Charleston. 

10.  This  defiance  of  law  was  promptly  met  by  President 
Jackson.    He  told  the  people  of  South  Carolina  that  if 
they  did  not  pay  the  tax  voluntarily,  he  would  send  troops 
to  compel  them  to  do  so. 

1 1 .  For  a  time  the  defiant  movements  of  these  nullifiers 
of  law  threatened  civil  war.      Finally,  in  1833,  through  the 
influence  of  Henry  Clay  of  Kentucky,  a  plan  for  a  set- 
tlement of  the  difficulty  was  adopted,  and  the  cloud 
passed  away  in  the  spring  of  1833. 

12.  In  the  autumn  of  1832,  Jackson  was  again  chosen 

QUESTIONS.— 7.  What  was  the  effect  of  removing  the  public  money  from  the  Bank? 
8.  What  can  you  tell  about  a  war  with  Indians  in  the  West  ?  9.  What  can  you  tell 
about  trouble  in  South  Carolina  ?  10.  What  did  the  President  do  ?  11.  What  fur- 
ther have  you  to  say  about  difficulties  in  South  Carolina  ? 

1  sawk. 


288 


THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 


HKNKT    CLAY. 


Prosperity  Succeeded  by  Adversity.         War  with  the  Southern  Indians. 

President  of  the  United  States,  and  continued  to  conduct  pub- 
lic affairs  with  vigor.  His  removal  of 
the  government  deposits  from 
the  United  States  Bank  produced 
intense  excitement  throughout  the 
country  ;  and  great  prosperity  was 
followed  by  great  adversity  in  busi- 
ness. 

13.  This  excitement  was  disappear- 
ing, when  another  event  caused  much 
trouble.  The  President  attempted,  by 
force,  to  remove  the  Southern  Indians  to  a  country 
beyond  the  Mississippi.  He  sent  troops  into  Florida  and 
Georgia  for  that  purpose  in  the  autumn  of  1835,  and  the 
Sewiinole  Indians  flew  to  arms. 

14.  Led  by  Osceola,1  a  brave  and  sagacious  chief,  the 
Seminoles  made  fierce  war  upon 

the  white  people,  which  continued 
several  years.  Many  United 
States  troops  were  sent  against 
them  from  time  to  time,  under 
Generals  Thompson,  Clinch, 
Gaines,  Scott,  Jessup,  and  Col- 
onel Taylor,  but  could  not  sub- 
due them  in  their  dark  swamps. 

15.  In  the  spring  of  1836,  the  08CBOLA- 
Creeks  joined  the  Seminoles,  and  made  the  war  still  more 

QUESTIONS.— 12.  What  can  you  tell  about  an  election  and  a  popular  excitement  ? 
13.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  President  and  the  Southern  Indians  ?  14.  Give  an 
account  of  war  with  the  Seminole  Indians.  15.  What  did  the  Creeks  do,  and  what 
occurred  ? 

1  os-se-o'-la. 


THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 


280 


War  with  the    Creek*  and  geminates. 


S'he  Indiant  Subdued. 


F.r.  MICANOPY 

&BLOCK  House 
f*' 


ORANGE 


SKAT  OF  SEMINOLE  WAB. 


distressing.     Thousands   of   white   inhabitants,    in  Western 
Georgia   and  Eastern  Alabama, 
fled  from  their  homes   in   terror. 
Mail  coaches,  steamboats  and  vil- 
lages were  attacked. 

16.  At  length  General   Win- 
field  Scott  took  command  of  the 
troops  in  that  region.     The  Creeks 
were  soon  subdued  and  sent  be- 
yond  the   Mississippi.     That  was 
in     1836.       But   the   Seminoles 

still  held  out,  and  kept  up  the  war  through  the  ensuing 
winter.  The  little  map  shows  the  position  of  the  forts  and 
places  of  battles  in  Florida,  that  are  mentioned  in  larger 
histories. 

17.  In  the  spring  of  1837,  President  Jackson's  adminis- 
tration  closed.      The   government   of  the    United  States 
never  before  held   a  more  exalted  position  in  the  opinion 
of  the  world.     The  President  had  always    acted  upon  the 
principle — Ask   nothing   but    what  is   right,    and 
submit  to  nothing   that   is  wrong.    During  that 
administration  Arkansas  and  Michigan  were  admitted 
into  the  Union  as  States. 

18.  In  the  autumn  of  1836,  Martin  Van  Bur  en  of  New 
York  was   elected  President  of  the    United  States,  and 
Richard  M.  Johnson  of  Kentucky  was   chosen  Vice- 
President. 

19.  In  this  section  we  have  considered — 

(1)  President  Jackson  and  his  character  ;  (2)  troubles 


QUESTIONS.— 16.  What  can  you  tell  about  General  Scott  and  the  Seminoles  ?  17. 
What  have  you  to  say  about  Jackson's  administration  and  the  admission  of  States  ? 
18.  What  about  an  election  ?  19.  What  have  we  considered  in  this  section  ? 


290  THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 

President  Y"an  Suren.  Speculations  and  Extravagance. 

in  Georgia ;  (3)  Bank  of  the  United  States ;  (4)  Black 
Hawk  War;  (5)  defiance  of  law  in  South  Carolina;  (6) 
war  with  the  Southern  Indians  ;  and  (7)  the  country  at 
the  close  of  Jackson's  administration. 


SECTION    X. 

VAN     BUREN'S    ADMINISTRATION. 
[1837-1841.] 

1.  Martin  Van  Bur  en  became  the  eighth  President  of 
the  United  States  on  the  4th  of  March,  1837.     He  was  then 
about  fifty-five  years  of  age. 

2.  The  business  of  the  country  was  in  great  confusion  at 
that  time.     The  money  of  the  government  had  been  de- 
posited in  State  Banks.     These  banks  had  lent  it  freely  to  the 
people.     Speculations  and  extravagance  in  living  followed. 

3.  All  over  the  country  the  people  seemed  almost  wild  in 
their  anxiety  to  build  villages  and  fine  houses  with 
their  borrowed  money.     Finally,  when  there  was  no  more 
to  be  borrowed,  and  the  government  wanted  its  money  from 
the   banks,  the   banks   called   upon   the   borrowers   to  pay. 
They  were  unable  to  do  so,  and  great  trouble  in  busi- 
ness followed. 

4.  So  great  was  the  trouble  that  the  new  President  called 
a  meeting  of  Congress  in  September,  1837,  to  consider 
the  financial  condition  of  the  country.     Aid   was   not   ex- 
tended to  the  people  in  business,  but  Congress  took  the 
money  from  the   State  Banks  and  placed  it  in  the 
hands  of  agents  appointed  by  the  government. 

QUESTIONS.— 1.  What  have  yon  to  say  abont  President  Van  Buren  ?  2.  What  can 
yon  tell  about  the  government  money,  the  State  Banks,  and  the  way  of  living  ?  3. 
What  did  the  people  do,  and  what  happened  ?  4.  What  did  the  President  do  ?  What 
did  Congress  do  f 


THE   UNION  Oi*  STATES. 


291 


Independent   2'reasuty  System, 


End  of  the  Seminole  War. 


5.  This  prevented  the  banks  from  lending  money  so  freely 

and  checked  speculation  and  ex- 
travagance. So  far  the  measure 
was  good  in  its  effects.  The 
government  agents  kept  the 
money  at  the  principal  seaports 
and  marts  of  business.  The  plan 
was  called  The  Independent 
Treasury  System. 

6.  Meanwhile  the  war  with 
the  Seminoles  was   continued. 
Nor  did  it  cease  during  the  ad- 
ministration  of    President  Van 
Buren.     By   a  treacherous  act 
Osceola  was  seized  and  impris- 
oned in   a  fort  in  Charleston 
harbor,    where    he    died    of    a 
fever. 

7.  On   Christmas   day,  1837, 
Colonel  Zachary  Taylor,  who 
was  afterward  President  of  the 
United  States,  gained  a  vic- 
tory over  the  Seminoles  on  the  borders  of  Macaco1 
Lake,  but  for  more  than  two  years  longer  he  continued  to 
fight   them.     The   war  was   finally  ended  in    1842,  having 
continued  seven  years. 

8.  The  peaceful  relations  between  the  United  States  and 

QUESTIONS — 5.  What  were  the  effects  of  the  action  of  Congress?  What  did  gov- 
ernment agents  do  ?  6.  What  have  you  to  tell  ahotit  the  war  with  the  Semiiioles  ? 
7.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Colonel  Taylor  and  the  Seminole  War  ?  8.  What  have 
you  to  tell  about  the  relations  between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain  ? 


VAN  BUREN,  AND  HIS  RESIDENCE. 


mak-ka'-ko. 


292  THE   UNtON  OF  STATES. 

Insurrection  in   Canada.  "Disputes  about   "Boundaries. 

Great  Britain  were  a  little  disturbed  by  revolutionary 
movements  in  Canada,  begun  in  1837.  Many  sympathizing 
Americans  crossed  into  Canada  to  help  the  insurgents,  in 
spite  of  the  efforts  of  our  government  to  prevent  them. 

9.  These  movements  continued  three  or  four  years,  until 
the  insurrection  was  suppressed  by  the  British  government. 
At  the   same  time  a  dispute  arose  respecting  the  eastern 
boundary  line  between  the  United  States  and  the  British 
provinces. 

10.  Much  unpleasant  feeling  was  produced  by  the  aid 
given  to  the  Canadians  by  Americans ;  and  the  dispute 
respecting  the  boundary,  at  one  time,  threatened  to 
end  in   war.     General  Scott  was  sent  by  our  government 
to  New  Brunswick  to  make  peace,  and  the  matter  was 
settled  in  a  friendly  manner  in  1842. 

11.  In   the   autumn   of   1840  General  William  Henry 
Harrison,  of  Ohio,  was   elected  President  of  the  United 
States,  with  John  Tyler,  of  Virginia,  as  Vice-President. 
At  that  time  the  two  political  parties  were  called,  respec- 
tively, Whigs  and  Democrats.     The  Whigs  were  friends 
of  Harrison ;  the  Democrats  were  friends  of  Jackson  and 
Van  Buren. 

12.  We  have  considered  in  this  section — 

(1)  The  confusion  of  business  in  the  country,  and  the 
causes  of  it ;  (2)  the  Independent  Treasury  System  ;  (3) 
the  continuance  of  the  war  with  the  Seminoles ;  (4)  un- 
pleasant relations  between  the  United  States  and  Great 
Britain,  and  (5)  the  names  of  parties  and  the  newly  chosen 
President. 

QtrESTiONs.— 9.  What  did  Americans  do?  What  trouble  appeared  on  the  eastern 
boundary  of  the  United  States  ?  10.  What  have  you  to  say  about  unpleasant  feel- 
ings ?  11.  What  can  you  tell  about  an  election  of  a  new  President,  and  names  of 
parties  ?  12.  What  have  we  considered  in  this  section  ? 


THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 


293 


^President  Harrison's  Inauguration  and  S)eatA.        ^President  Zyler. 

SECTION    XI. 

HARRISON'S  AND  TYLER'S  ADMINISTRATIONS. 
[1841-1845.] 

1.  William  Henry  Harrison,  the  Dinth  President  of 
the  United  States,  was  inaugu- 
rated on  the  4th  of  March,  1841. 
He  was  then  past  sixty-eight 
years  of  age.  He  was  the  last 
of  the  Presidents  who  had  wit- 
nessed scenes  hi  the  old  war  for 
independence. 

2.  Precisely  one  month  after 
he    took    the    chair    of    State, 
Resident  Harrison   died. 
^n  accordance  with  the  provisions 
of  the  National  Constitution,  the 
Vice-President,  John  Tyler,  then 
became  President. 

3.  Mr.  Tyler  became  the  tenth 
President  by  taking  the  oath  of 
office  on  the  6th  of  April,  1841. 
He  was  then  fifty-one  years  of 
age. 

4.  President  HaiTison  had, 
on  the  last  day  of  March,  called 

an  extraordinary  meeting  of  Congress,  mainly  for  the  purpose 


HARRISON,   AND  HIS  RESIDENCE. 


QUESTIONS.— 1.  What  have  you  to  say  about  General  Harrison?  2.  Tell  about  the 
death  of  the  President,  and  who  was  his  successor,  and  how.  3.  What  have  you  to 
say  about  Mr.  Tyler  ?  4.  What  can  you  tell  about  an  extraordinary  meeting  of  Con- 
gress, and  the  result? 


294 


THE    UNION  OF  STATES. 


Teto  of  the  U.  6'.  Sank  Sill. 


"Dissolution  of  the   Cabinet, 


of  considering  the  question  of  chartering  a  new  United 

States  Bank,  with  a  hope  of 
relieving  the  country  from  em- 
barrassment. They  met  and 
passed  a  law  for  this  purpose, 
but  President  Tyler  refused  to 
sign  it. 

5.  This   action   offended   the 
political  friends  of  the  President, 
and  his  cabinet  or  advisers  all 
left    him,    excepting    Daniel 
Webster,  who  was  Secretary  of 
State.     As   he   was   engaged  in 
negotiating  a  treaty  with  Great 
Britain,  he  thought  it  best  for 
the  country  that  he  should   re- 
main in  his  place. 

6.  Changes  were  made  in  the 
tariff  laws,   during  Mr.    Tyler's 
administration,     which     secured 
reconciliation   for  a  time.     Dis- 
putes  arose   in  Rhode    Island 

concerning  a  change  of  the  old  charter  given  by  Charles 
the  Second,  for  a  new  constitution. 

7.  Two  parties  were  formed,  one  for  and  the  other  against 
a  new  charter.  At  one  time  each  party  appeared  in  arms, 
and  a  civil  war  seemed  imminent.  The  President  sent  troops 
there  to  restore  order.  A  new  constitution  was  adopted 
in  1842. 

QUESTIONS.— 5.  What  have  you  to  say  about  President  Tyler's  cabinet  ?  6.  What 
have  you  to  say  about  tariff  laws  and  disputes  in  Rhode  Island  ?  7.  Give  an  account 
of  the  affair  in  Rhode  Island, 


TYLER,  AND  HIS  RESIDENCE. 


THE    UNION  OF  STATES. 


295 


Annexation  of  Texat, 


folk  Elected   "President, 


DANIEL  WEBSTER. 


8.  In  1844  the  country  was  much  agitated  by  a  proposi- 
tion  for  the   annexation   of  the 

Republic  of  Texas  to  the  United 
States.  That  State  had  been 
separated  from  Mexico  by  rev- 
olution. It  had  been  effected 
chiefly  by  settlers  from  the 
United  States. 

9.  The  people   of  Texas  de- 
sired to  become   a  part  of  our 
Republic.      Arrangements    were 
finally  made  for  the  annexation. 

It  was  advocated  by  the  slaveholders  of  the  South,  and 
opposed  by  those  who  were  opposed 
to  the  system  of  slave-labor. 

10.  The  question  of  annexation 
was  a  prominent  one  at  the  election 
in  the  autumn  of  1844.     James  K. 
Polk,   of   Tennessee,   who   was   in 
favor    of    annexation,    was    chosen 
President,  with  George  M.  Dallas, 
of  Pennsylvania,  as  Vice-President. 

1 1 .  At  about  the  same  time  Pro- 
fessor Samuel  F.  B.  Morse  had  perfected  his  invention  of 
the  Electro-magnetic  telegraph,  and  had  put  up  mes- 
sage-wires   between   Baltimore  and  Washington.      The 
first    public  message    sent  over  those  wires  was  the 


QUESTIONS.— 8.  What  agitated  the  country  in  1844  ?  What  have  you  to  say  ahout 
Texas  ?  9.  What  did  the  people  of  Texas  desire  ?  Who  advocated  annexation,  and 
who  opposed  it?  10.  What  effect  did  the  question  of  annexation  have  on  the  elec- 
tion ?  Who  were  elected?  11.  What  have  you  to  eay  about  the  electro-magnetic 
telegraph,  and  the  nomination  of  Mr.  Polk  ? 


PROFESSOR  MORSE. 


296  THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 

oidmission  of  Texas  into  the  Union.  Mexico    Offended. 

announcement   of  the  nomination   of  Mr.  Polk  for  Presi- 
dent. 

12.  In  this  section  we  have  considered — 
(1)  The  inauguration  and  death  of  President  Har- 
rison ;  (2)  the  accession  of  Mr.  Tyler  to  the  Presidency  ; 
(3)  the  action  of  Congress  and  the  President  concerning  a 
new  bank  charter;  (4)  changes  in  the  cabinet ;  (5) 
difficulties  in  Rhode  Island;  (6)  annexation  of  Tex- 
as;  and  (7)  the  election  of  Polk  and  invention  of  the 
magnetic  telegraph. 

SECTION  XII. 

FOLK'S     ADMINISTRATION. 

[1845-1849.] 

1.  James  Knox  Polk  was  fifty  years  of  age  when  he 
became  the  eleventh  President  of  the  United  States,  on  the 
4th  of  March,  1845.     He  was  a  Democrat  in  politics,  and  was 
supported  by  a  powerful  party. 

2.  Three  days  before  the  expiration  of  his  term  of  office, 
President    Tyler  had   signed  the  bill    providing   for    the 
admission  of  Texas  into  the  Union.     This  subject  re- 
quired the  immediate  attention  of  the  new  President. 

3.  The  government  of  Mexico  had  never  acknowledged 
the  independence  of  Texas,  and  claimed  that  country  as  a 
part  of  Mexican  territory.     The  annexation  of  Texas  was 
offensive  to  that  government,  and  led  to  great  difficulties. 

QUESTIONS.— 12.  What  have  we  considered  in  this  section  ? 

QUESTIONS.— 1.  What  have  you  to  say  about  President  Polk?  2.  What  did  Presi- 
dent Tyler  do  ?  What  did  the  subject  require  ?  3.  What  were  the  relations  between 
Mexico  and  Texas  ? 


THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 


297 


Army  of  Observation  in   Texas.        Operations  near  the  Rio  Grande. 

4.  This  offence,  and  an  old  quarrel  about  debts  due  from 
Mexico  to  people  of  the  United  States,  became  a  pretext 

for  war.  The  President  sent 
General  Zachary  Taylor^  with 
a  small  force,  into  Texas,  in  July, 
1845,  which  was  called  an 
Army  of  Observation. 

5.  Taylor's  troops  encamped 
not  far  from  the  Rio  Grande^ 
the  boundary    between    Texas 
and  Mexico^  and  at  the  same 
time  American  ships  of    war 
went  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

6.  A  large   force   of  Mexi- 
can troops  were    assembled  at 
Matamoras,   near    the  mouth 
of    the    Rio    Grande,1  at    the 
close  of    1845.      Early  in   Jan- 
uary,   1846,     Taylor    and    his 
troops    began    building    a  fort 
opposite     Matamoras?    when 
the  Mexican  commander,  Gen- 
eral   Ampudia?  ordered    him 

to  leave  within  twenty-four  hours. 

7.  General  Taylor  refused  to  go.  General  Arista 4  was 
made  chief  commander  of  the  Mexicans.  He  sent  some 
Mexican  troops  across  the  river,  and  in  a  skirmish  with 

QUESTIONS.— 4.  What  caused  war  between  the  United  States  and  Mexico  ?  What 
did  the  President  do  ?  5.  What  have  you  to  tell  about  American  military  and  naval 
forces  ?  6.  What  can  you  tell  about  Mexican  and  American  forces  in  and  near  Mata- 
moras ?  7.  What  did  General  Taylor  refuse  to  do  ?  What  did  the  Mexicans  do  ? 
What  can  you  tell  about  the  first  blood  shed  in  the  war  with  Mexico? 

1  re'-o-grafin-da.    a  mat-a-mo'-rus.    s  am~poo'-dhe-ah.    *  ah-rees'-ta. 


POLK,  AND  HIS  RESIDENCE. 


298  THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 

Battles  at  2>alo  vllto  and  ftesaca  de  la   faltna.          War  'Declared. 

them  late  in  April,  some  Americans  under  Captain  Thorn- 
ton were  killed.     This  was  the  first  blood  shed  in 

THE    WAR   WITH    MEXICO. 

8.  Some  American  soldiers  and  provisions  left  at  Point 
Isabel  were  now  in  danger.      General  Taylor  left  the  fort 
opposite  Matamoras,  which  he  called  Fort  Brown,  and, 
with  a  greater  part  of  his  troops,  marched  toward  Point 
Isabel! 

9.  The  Mexicans  attacked  Fort   Brown,   and  Taylor 
turned  back  to  protect  it.     On  his  way  back,  with  about  two 
thousand  men,  he  met  the  Mexican  army  under  Arista,  six 
thousand  in  number,  at  a  prairie  called  Palo  Alto.2 

10.  It  was  the  8th  of  May,  1846.     A  hard  fight  was  im- 
mediately begun,  and  lasted  five  hours.     The  Americans 
won  the  victory,  and  the  Mexicans  retreated.     On  the  fol- 
lowing day  Taylor  gained  another  victory  over  the  same 
troops  at  Resaca  de  la  Palma,3  when  the  Mexicans 
lost  a  thousand  men,  and  General  La  Vega  was  made  pris- 
oner.    The  Americans  lost  only  one  hundred. 

11.  Before    the    news    of    these   victories   reached  the 
United  States,  Congress   had  formally  declared    war 
against    Mexico,  and  an  extensive  campaign  had  been 
planned  for  the  invasion   of  that  country,  which  extends 
from  the  Gulf  to  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

12.  A  fleet  was  to  sweep  around  Cape  Horn  and  attack 
its  Pacific  coast ;  an  Army  of  the  West  was  to  gather 

QUESTIONS.— 8.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  movements  of  General  Taylor  ?  9. 
What  did  the  Mexicans  and  General  Taylor  do?  10.  What  occurred  at  Palo  Alto 
and  Kcsaca  de  la  Palma  ?  11.  What  did  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  do  ?  12. 
Give  an  outline  of  the  plan  for  a  campaign. 

2  pah'-lo-ahl'-to.    3  reh-sah'-ka  dah  lah  pah'-mah. 


THE   UNION  OF  STATES.  299 

flan  of  Campaign.         Invasion  of  Mexico.          Volunteers    Trained. 


at  Fort  LeavenwoHh,  invade  New  Mexico,  and  cooperate 
with  the  Pacific  fleet ;  and  an  Army  of  the  Centre 
was  to  invade  Old  Mexico  from  the  north 

13.  It  had  been  determined  in  council  to  take  possession 
of  Mexico,  and  the  President  was  authorized  to  raise  an 
army  of  fifty  thousand  men.      Volunteers  flocked  to 
the  camp  in  Texas  at  the  call,  and  there  General  Wool  pre- 
pared them,  by  thorough  discipline,  for  invading  the  country. 

14.  After  his  two  successful  battles,  Taylor  crossed  the 
Rio  Grande,  drove  the  Mexican  troops  from  Matamo- 
ras,  and   marched   against   the  strong  Mexican  town  of 
Monterey.1    It  was  surrendered  to  him  on  the  24th  of 
September,  1846.     General  Taylor  rested  near  this  place, 
waiting  for  further  orders  from  his  government. 

15.  Meanwhile  General  Wool  had  been   preparing  the 
volunteers.      By   the   middle  of  July,  twelve  thousand  of 
them  were  mustered  into  service.     Nine  thousand  of  these 
Wool  sent  to  reinforce  Taylor,  and  with  the  remaining  three 
thousand  he  prepared  to  invade  Mexico  from  San  An- 
tonio. 

16.  Wool  penetrated  Mexico  in  October,  with  the  de- 
sign of  taking  possession  of  Chihuahua?  in  the  heart  of  the 
country,  but  hearing  of  the  capture  of  Monterey,  he  turned 
in  the  direction  of  Coahuila?    His  kindness  to  the  people 
of  the  country  won  their  affections. 

17*  About  the  same  time  General  Worth,  sent   out  by 

QUESTIONS.— 13.  What  was  determined  on  and  what  was  done  concerning  Mexico  ? 
14.  What  can  you  tell  about  an  invasion  of  Mexico  and  a  victory  there  ?  What  did 
Taylor  then  do  ?  15.  What  have  you  to  say  about  General  Wool  and  the  volunteers  ? 
16.  What  can  you  tell  about  Wool's  invasion  of  Mexico?  17.  What  did  General 
Worth  do  ?  What  did  Commodore  Connor  and  General  Taylor  do  ? 

1  mont-a-ra'.    2  che-wah'-wah.    3  W-ah-weel'-ah. 


300 


THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 


American  2°roops  in  Mexico. 


^Preparations  for  an  Invasion, 


General  Taylor,  took  possession  of  Saltillo,1  the  capital  of 
Coahuila,  and  near  this  place  his  army  and  Wool's  were 
joined  in  December.  Meanwhile  Commodore  Conner,  with 

his  fleet,  had  captured 
Tampico,2  on  the  coast. 
Taylor  had  moved,  and 
encamped  at  Victoria. 

18,  General  Winfield 
Scott  was  the  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  armies  of 

REGION  OP  TAYLOR'S  OPERATIONS.  ^Q      United     StotCS.          He 

went  to  Mexico  early  in  1847,  and  prepared  to  attack  the 
strong  town  of  Vera  Cruz 3  and  the  fort  there.  For  that 
purpose  he  called  troops  from  Victoria  to  strengthen  his 
own. 

19.  Taylor's  army  was  now  reduced  to  five  thousand 
men,  and  he  was  compelled  to  act  on  the 

defensive  against  twenty  thousand  Mex- 
icans gathered  at  San  Luis  Potosi,* 
under  General  Santa  Anna. 

20.  Santa  Anna  advanced  upon  the 
Americans    early    in    February,    1847. 
The  two  armies  met  and  fought  desper- 
ately  at  a  place  called  Buena  Vista 5 — 
meaning  a  pleasant  view— on  the  23d  of 
that  month.     The  battle  lasted  all  day. 

The  Mexicans  were  beaten  with  a  loss  of  two  thousand 
men.  The  Americans  lost  about  seven  hundred. 

QUESTIONS.— 18.  What  have  yon  to  say  about  General  Scott  and  his  movements? 

19.  What  was  now  the  condition  of  Taylor's  army,  and  what  was  he  compelled  to  do  ? 

20.  What  can  you  tell  about  Santa  Anna,  and  a  severe  battle  ? 


SANTA  ANNA. 


saM-teel'-yo.       a  tarn-pee' -ko.       *  va-rafi  krooz'. 
*  bwa'-nah  vets' -tah. 


sakn  loo' -is  po-to~see'. 


THE   UNION  OF  STATES.  301 

Variottt   Operations  in  Mexico. 

21.  All  Northern  Mexico  was  now  in  possession  of  the 
.Americans.     Taylor's  army  was  inactive  several  months, 
and  in  September  he  gave  the  command  of  it  to  General 
Wool  and  returned  home.     Then  the  people,  who  admired 
him  for  his  deeds,  first  began  to  talk  about  making  him 
President  of  the  Republic. 

22.  While  these  events  were  occurring  in  Eastern  Mex- 
ico, the  Americans,  under  different   leaders,  were  taking 
possession  of  other  parts  of  the  country.     General  Philip 
Kearney 1  was  then  in  chief  command  of  the  Army  of  the 
West,  at  Fort  Leavenworth. 

23.  In  August,  1846,  Kearney,  with  a  considerable  force, 
drove  the  Mexicans  from  Santa  Fe?  and  took  possession 
of  New  Mexico.    He  organized  a  government ;  and  leaving 
the  main  body  of  his  troops  there,  with  Colonel  Doniphan,9 
he  crossed  the  continent  into  California. 

24.  With  a  thousand  Missourians  Doniphan  invaded 
Northern  Mexico.     After  fighting  a  battle  at  Braceto,* 
in  December,  1846,  and  another  at  Sacramento?  in  Febru- 
ary,  1847,  he  took  possession  of  Chihuahua,  one  of  the 
finest  provinces  of  Mexico. 

25.  In  the  meantime  Colonel  J.  C.  Fremont,6  the   ex- 
plorer of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  took  possession  of  a  portion 
of  California,  and  on  the  5th  of  July,  1846,  declared  that 
country  independent.    With  the  aid  of  an  American 
fleet,  under  Commodore  Stockton,  Fremont  subdued  Cali- 
fornia. 

QUESTIONS.— 21.  What  did  the  Americans  now  possess  ?  What  have  you  to  tell 
about  Taylor  and  his  army  ?  22.  What  have  you  to  say  about  other  American  com- 
manders ?  23.  What  did  General  Kearney  do  ?  24.  What  did  Colonel  Doniphan  do  ? 
25.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  doings  of  Colonel  Fremont  ? 

lkarf-nee.    *  sahn-tah  fa' .    *  don'-i-fun.    *  brah-the'-to.    "  sah'-kra-men'-to. 
6  freh-mont'. 


302 


THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 


Conquest  of  California  Secured.          Americans    Capture  Yera   Cruz. 

26.  General  Kearney  arrived  in  time  to  take  part  in  the 
final  battle  at  San  Gabriel,  on 
the  8th  of  January,  1847,  which 
secured  the  conquest  of  Cali- 
fornia. On  the  8th  of  February, 
Kearney,  assuming  the  office  of 
governor,  proclaimed  the  annex- 
ation of  California  to  the 
United  States. 


COLONEL  FREMONT. 


SCOTT'S  INVASION  OF  MEXICO. 


27.  Early  in  March,   1847,  General  Scott  landed  near 
Vera  Cruz  with  about  thirteen  thousand  men.     They  were 
borne  to  the  shores  of  Mexico  by  a  fleet  under  Commodore 
Conner,  which   assisted  in 

the  attack  on  Vera  Cruz. 

28.  Vera  Cruz  was  at- 
tacked on  the  18th  of  March, 
after  a  siege  of  nine  days, 
and  on  the  27th,  the  city, 
the    strong   castle   of   San 
Juan    d'Ulloa,1    and   five 

thousand  prisoners,  With  five  ^TKENCHMENTS  AT  VERA  CRUZ. 

hundred    cannon,    were    surrendered    to    the    Ameri- 
cans. 

29.  On  the  8th  of  April,  Scott's  army  began  their  march 
toward  the  city  of  Mexico.    At  Cerro  Gordo,2  a  difficult 

QUESTIONS. — 26.  What  have  you  to  say  about  General  Kearney,  and  the  fate  of  Cali- 
fornia ?  27.  What  can  you  tell  about  Scott's  invasion  of  Mexico  ?  28.  Tell  about  the 
capture  of  Vera  Cruz  and  its  castle.  29.  What  did  Scott's  army  do  ?  What  can  you 
tell  about  a  battle  ? 

1  sahn-hwan  dah-oo'-loo'-ah.       2  thar'-o-gor'-do. 


THE    UNION  OF  STATES. 


303 


of  Cerro    Gordo. 


Scott  Invades  Mexico. 


GENERAL  SCOTT. 


mountain  pass,  they  were  met  by  Santa  Anna  and  an  army 
of  twelve  thousand  men.  There  they  had  a  severe  battle  on 
the  18th.  The  Mexicans  were  defeated  with  a  loss  of  more 
than  four  thousand  men.  Santa 
Anna  escaped  on  the  back  of  a 
mule. 

30.  Week  after  week  Scott's  army 
pressed  steadily  forward,  taking  pos- 
session of  place  after  place,  and  rest- 
ing at  Puebla,1  a  town  of  eighty 
thousand  inhabitants,  from  May  until 
August.     Within    two    months    the 
Americans  had  made  ten  thousand 
Mexicans  prisoners,  and  captured 

seven  hundred  cannon  and  a  vast  amount  of  small  arms  and 
munitions  of  war. 

31.  At  Puebla,  Scott  was  reinforced,  and  with  ten  thou- 

sand men  he  moved 
on  over  the  lofty 
Cordilleras?  a  chain 
of  high  mountains  in 
Mexico.  From  the 
summits  of  these  the 
Americans  looked 

down  into  the  vast  and  fertile  valley,  and  saw,  in  the  dis- 
tance, the  city  of  Mexico,  the  grand  object  of  the  expe- 
dition. 

32.  After  fighting  severe  battles   at   Contreras3  and 


ROUTE  OP  U.  S.  ARMY  FROM  VERA  CRUZ  TO  MEXICO. 


QUESTIONS.— 30.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  march  of  Scott's  army,  and  its 
conquests  ?    31.  Tell  about  Scott  at  Puebla,  and  his  march  over  the  mountains. 


pweb'-lah.       '  kor-dU'-yer-as.       *  kvn-tra'-ras. 


304 


THE    UNION  OF  STATES. 


Battles  near  the   City  of  Mexico.         Americans   Capture  the   City. 

Churubusco,1  in  August,  and  always  beating  the  Mex- 
icans, the  conquering  Americans  stood  before  the  ancient 
capital,  where  Cortez,  the  Spanish  conqueror,  had  stood 
almost  three  hundred  years  before. 

33.  Santa  Anna  was  then  in  the  capital  with  his  army. 
Scott  offered  him  terms  of  peace.     While  commissioners  were 
considering  the  terms,  the  treacherous  Mexican  strength- 
ened the  defences  of  the  city.     Informed  of  this,  Scott  made 
a  vigorous  attack  on  the  outer  defences  of  the  city  on  the 
morning  of  the  8th  of  September,  1847. 

34.  The  fortress  of  Molino  del  Rey*  and  the  fortified 

hill  of  Chepultepec  were  carried  by 
storm.  Santa  Anna  and  his  offi- 
cers fled  from  their  capital,  and  on 
the  morning  of  the  14th  of  Septem- 
ber General  Scott  and  his  army 
entered  the  city  of  Mexico  as 
victors. 

35.  The  war  soon  closed.  The 
last  battle  of  the  war  occurred  at 
Huamantla  on  the  9th  of  October. 
A  treaty  of  peace  was  agreed 
to  on  the  2d  of  February,  1848. 
Although  the  Americans  had 
fairly  won,  by  battle,  the  whole  of 
the  old  Mexican  Empire,  it  was  all 
given  back  excepting  New  Mexico  and  California.  These 


OPERATIONS  NEAR  MEXICO. 


QUESTIONS.— 32.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  army  near  the  Mexican  capital  ? 
33.  What  can  you  tell  about  Santa  Anna  and  Scott  ?  What  did  Santa  Anna  and  Scott 
do  ?  34.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  storming  of  places,  and  the  surrender  of  Mex- 
ico ?  35.  What  can  you  tell  about  a  treaty  and  its  terms  ? 


choo-roo-boos'-ko. 


mo-lee'-no  del  ra. 


THE    UNION  OF  STATES.  305 

Territory  Purchased.      Gold  in  California.     Taylor  Elected  President. 

provinces  became  and  have  remained  portions  of  the  United 
States.  Our  government  allowed  Mexico  $15,000,000  for 
them,  and  assumed  debts  to  the  amount  of  $3,000,000,  due 
from  Mexico  to  American  citizens. 

36.  In  the  same  month  in  which  this  treaty  was  made, 
gold  was  first  found  on  the  American  fork  of  the  Sacra- 
mento *  River,  in  California.    It  was  discovered  soon  after 
in  other  places.     When  the  news  reached  the  United  States, 
thousands  of  people  hastened  to  California  in  search  of  gold. 

37.  Gold  was  found  in  abundance.     Permanent  settle- 
ments, by  people  of  our  Republic,  were  made  there,  and  thus 
was  planted,  on  a  firm  foundation,  one  of  the  most  flourish- 
ing States  of  our  Union. 

38.  The  war  with  Mexico  was  the  chief  event  of  the 
administration  of  President  Polk.    A  difficulty  with  Eng- 
land concerning  the  northern  boundary  of  Oregon  had  been 
settled.     Florida  and  Texas  had  been  admitted  as  States  in 
1845,  and  Iowa2  in   1846.     Wisconsin3  was  admitted  in 
1848. 

39.  The  deeds  of  General  Taylor  in  Mexico  made  him 
very  popular,  and  in  the  autumn  of  1848  he  was  elected 
President  of  the  United  States,  with  Millard  Fillrnore,  of 
New  York,  as  Vice-President. 

40.  In  this  section  we  have  considered — 

(1)  The  inauguration  of  President  Polk ;  (2)   causes 
of  the  war  with  Mexico;    (3)  beginning  of  the  war 

QUESTIONS.— 36.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  discovery  of  gold  in  California  T  37. 
What  were  the  effects  of  the  discovery  of  gold  ?  38.  What  was  the  chief  event  of 
Folk's  administration  ?  What  can  you  tell  about  a  difficulty  with  England,  and 
admission  of  new  States  ?  39.  What  about  an  election  for  President  ?  40.  What 
have  we  considered  in  this  section  ? 

1  sah'-kra-men'-to.       "  i'-o-wah.       s  wis-kon'-sin. 


306 


THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 


Battlet  with  Mexico. 


President  Taylor. 


California. 


and  its  progress ;  (4)  conquest  of  California ;  (5)  cap- 
ture of  the  city  of  Mexico ;  (6)  treaty  of  peace ;  (7) 
discovery  of  gold  in  California;  (8)  admission  of  new 
States,  and  (9)  the  election  of  a  new  President. 


The  following  is  a  list  of  all  the  principal  battles  fought 
during  the  war  with  Mexico,  in  which  the  Americans  were 
always  victorious  : 


1846. 

Palo  Alto May8. 

Resaca  de  la  Palmo  May  9. 

Monterey Sept.  24. 

Braceto Dec.  25. 

1847. 
BuenaVieta Feb.  23. 


Sacramento Feb.  28. 

VeraCruz March  27. 

Cerro  Gordo April  18. 

Contreras Aug.  20. 

Churubusco Aug.  20. 

Molino  del  Key Sept.  8. 

Chepultepec Sept.  13. 

Huamantla Oct.  9. 


SECTION    XIII. 

TAYLOR'S      ADMINISTRATION. 

[1849-1850.] 

1.  Zachary  Taylor  entered  upon  his  duties  as  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States  on  the  5th  of  March,  1849.    He  was 
then  sixty-five  years  of  age.     The  4th  of  March  occurring  on 
Sunday,  the  inauguration  took  place  on  Monday  the  5th. 

2.  The  thousands  of  people  who  went  to  California  in 
search  of  gold,  soon  formed  a  sufficient  population  to  entitle 
the  territory  to  the  dignity  of  a  State,  and  in  September, 


QUESTIONS.— 1.  What  have  you  to  say  about  President  Taylor  ?    2.  What  can  you 
tell  about  the  people  of  California,  and  the  framing  of  a  State  constitution  ? 


THE   UX10N  OF  STATES. 


307 


Constitution  of  California.      JZxciiemtnt  in   Congress.      Omnibus 

1849,  they  met  in  convention  and  framed  a  State  consti- 
tution. 

3.  In  February  following  the  people  of  California  asked 
Congress  to  admit  their  territory 
into  the  Union  as  a  State.  This 
request  made  a  great  stir  in  Con- 
gress and  throughout  the  coun- 
try ;  the  people  of  California 
having  in  their  constitution  for- 
bidden the  existence  of  negro 
slavery  in  their  State. 

4.  Representatives     of    the 
slave-labor  States   in    Congress 
opposed  the  admission  of 
California,    because    of    that 
article  in   its   constitution,  and 
they  threatened  to  break  up 
the    Union    if  it   should   be 
admitted  as   a  free-labor  State. 
The    debates    on    the    subject 
were  sometimes  violent.   Finally 
Henry   Clay  proposed   a  com- 
promise, which  was  agreed  to. 

5.  Five  Acts,  grouped  in  one 
for  the  admission  of  California 

as  a  free-labor  State  ;  for  the  organization  of  New  Mexico 
and  Utah  into  Territories,  without  mention  of  slavery  ;  for 
the  establishment  of  the  boundaries  of  Texas ;  for  the  abo- 

QUESTIONS — 3.  What  else  did  the  people  of  California  do  ?  What  followed  ?  4. 
What  occurred  in  Congress,  and  why*  What  was  threatened?  What  was  done? 
5.  Give  an  account  of  Henry  Clay's  proposition  for  a  compromise. 


TAYLOR,   AND  HIS   RESIDENCE. 

bill,  were  passed,  namely 


308  THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 

Fugitive  Slave  Law.     3)eath  of  President  2'aylor.     New  Territories. 

lition  of  the  slave-trade  in  the  District  of  Columbia ;  and 
for  the  surrender  to  their  masters  of  runaway  slaves,  escaping 
into  free-labor  States  or  Territories. 

6.  The  last  bill,  known  as  the  Fugitive  Slave  Law, 
deeply  offended  many  of  the  people  of  the  free-labor  States. 
They  wished  for  its  repeal,  but  it  remained  on  the  national 
Statute  Book  until  it  was  expunged  by  the  Civil  War. 

7,  While  this  Omnibus  Bill,  as  it  was  called,  was 
before  Congress,  President  Taylor  died.     This  was  early  in 
July,  1850.     The  Vice-President  then  became  President,  and 
on  the  tenth  of  that  month  began 


8.  Mr.  Fillmore  was  the  thirteenth  President  of  the 
United  States.  During  Taylor's  administration  of  sixteen 
months,  one  State  (California}^  and  three  Territories  (New 
Mexico,  Utah,  and  Minnesota),  were 
added  as  members  of  the  Republic. 
Utah  was  called,  by  the  people  who. 
settled  there,  Deseret,1  or  the  Land 
of  the  Honey  See. 

9.  Utah  was  settled  by  Mormons, 
a  sect  founded  by  Joseph  Smith,  of 
New  York,  having  a  peculiar  religious 
JOSEPH  SMITH.  "  belief,  and  who  have  since  greatly  in- 
creased in  numbers.  On  account  of  their  peculiar  social 
system  that  Territory  has  not  been  admitted  as  a  State. 

QUESTIONS.— 6.  What  was  the  last  mentioned  Act  called  ?  What  have  you  to  say 
about  it  ?  7.  What  was  the  whole  bill  called  ?  What  sad  event  happened  ?  Who 
became  President?  8.  What  State  and  Territories  were  added  to  the  Republic 
during  Taylor's  administration  ?  9.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Mormons  f 

1  dez-e-reV. 


TffE    UNION  OF  STATES. 


309 


Troubles  with   Spain. 


The  Fisheries. 


Embassy  to  Japan. 


10.  In  the  spring  of  1850  trouble  with  Spain  was  threat- 
ened because  of  some  offensive  acts  committed  by  citizens 
^v~N  of  the    United  States.    These 

consisted  in  expeditions  to  assist 
the  Cubans  in  their  efforts  to 
free  themselves  from  the  do- 
minion of  Spain.  These  of- 
fences continued,  more  or  less, 
for  about  ten  years. 

11.  In  1852  a  dispute  arose 
between  the  United  States  and 
Great  Britain  in  regard  to  the 
fisheries  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Newfoundland.     Both  parties 
sent  armed  ships  to  those  waters, 
but  the  quarrel  was  settled  by 
negotiation,  which  is  far  better 
than  fighting. 

12.  In  the  same  year  a  naval 
expedition  was  sent  to  Japan,1 
off  the  eastern  coast  of  China, 
to  carry  a  letter  from  the  Presi- 

nLLHORE,  AND  HIS  RESIDENCE.  dent<        ^     ^     ^^     ^    p^. 

dent  asked  for  the  friendship  of  the  Japanese,  and  that  our 
countrymen  might  be  permitted  to  trade  with  them. 

13.  The  privilege   was   granted,  and  the  most  friendly 
relations  now  exist  between  the  governments  of  the  United 

QUESTIONS.— 10.  What  have  you  to  eay  about  expeditions  to  assist  the  Cubans  ? 
11.  What  can  you  tell  about  a  dispute  concerning  fisheries  ?  12.  What  have  you 
to  say  about  an  expedition  to  Japan  ?  13.  What  was  the  result? 


s 


1  jah-pan'. 


310 


THE   UNION  OF 


Election  of  President. 


2*olar  Explorations. 


States  and  Japan.    Many  Japanese  youths  are  educated 
in  the  schools  of  the  United  States. 

14.  During  the  administration  of  Mr.  Fillmore,  the  Com- 
promise measures  had  quieted  the  public  mind,  and  the  elec- 
tion for  a  new  President,  in  the  autumn  of  1852,  was  a  quiet 
one.  Franklin  Pierce,1  of  New 
Hampshire,  was  chosen  President, 
and  William  JR.  King,  of  Ala- 
bama, was  elected  Vice-President. 

15.  It  was  during  the  adminis- 
tration of  Mr.  Fillmore  that  the  re- 
markable voyages  toward  the  North 
Pole  were  made,  in  search  of  the 
English  navigator,  Sir  John  Frank- 
lin, in  which  Dr.  E.  K.  Kane  was 

a  principal  actor.     His  published  journals  of  these  voyages 
are  very  interesting  histories. 

16.  In  this  section  we  have  considered— 
(1)  The  inauguration  of  President  Taylor;  (2)  admis- 
sion of  California  into  the  Union  as  a  free-labor  State  ; 
(3)  death  of  President  Taylor,  and  accession  of  Mr.  Fill- 
more;  (4)  additions  to  the  Union;  (5)  Mormons ;  (6) 
expeditions  to  help  the  Cubans;  (7)  the  fisheries,  and  (8) 
the  relations  with  Japan. 

QUESTIONS— 14.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  compromise  measures,  and  an 
election  for  President  ?  15.  What  have  you  to  say  about  certain  voyages  ?  16.  What 
have  we  considered  in  this  section  ? 


1  peerce. 


THE    VNION  Of  STATES. 


311 


President   Pierce. 


Land  find  6'ea  Explorations. 


SECTION    XIV. 

PIERCE'S    ADMINISTRATION. 

[1853-1857.] 

1.  Franklin  Pierce  took  the  oath  of  office  on  the  4th 
of  March,  1853,  when  he  was 
forty-nine  years  of  age.  He  was 
the  fourteenth  President.  The 
country  was  then  prosperous,  and 
nothing  serious  disturbed  the 
public  harmony. 

2.  In  May,  1852,  ships  were 
sent  to  explore  the  eastern  coast 
of  Asia;   and  land  explorations 
were  in  progress  to  select  a  good 
route  for  a  railway  from  the 
Mississippi  to  the  Pacific 
Ocean. 

3.  These   explorations  led  to 
the  establishment  of  a  line  of 
steamships    which    regularly 
cross  the  Pacific  Ocean  between 
•America  and  Asia,  and  a  rail- 
way across  our  continent. 
Now  travellers  can  go  from  New 
York  to  Japan  in  a  short  space 
of  time. 

4.  In  1854,  Congress  passed  a  bill  for  the  organization  of 

QUESTIONS.— 1.  What  have  you  to  say  about  President  Pierce,  and  the  state  of  the 
country  ?  2.  What  can  you  tell  about  explorations  by  sea  and  land  ?  3.  What  are 
the  results  of  those  explorations  ? 


PIERCE.  AND  HIS  RESIDENCE. 


TffJE   VNlON  OP  STATES. 


Slavery  in  Congress.     Civil  War  in  Kansas.    Foreign  Nations  Offended. 

the  Territories  of  Kansas  1  and  Nebraska?  Its  provisions 
annulled  the  Missouri  Compromise,  and  made  slavery 

possible  in  all  the  Territories. 
This  measure  produced  vio- 
lent agitation  all  over  the 
country. 

5.  The  opponents  of  slav- 
ery were  aroused  to  action 
by  this  measure.  Emigrants 
from  the  free-labor  States 

flocked  into  Kansas.  Many  also  went  from  the  slave- 
labor  States.  When  the  Territory  was  organized,  the 
two  parties  contended  for  the  political  mastery,  and  a  Civil 
War  broke  out  in  Kansas. 

6.  The  war  was  quieted  for  a  time  by  an  exciting  election 
for  the  Presidency,  which  took  place  in  the  autumn  of  1856. 
The  Democrats  were  victorious,  electing  James  Buchanan? 
of  Pennsylvania,  President,  and  John  C.  Breckinridge, 
of  Kentucky,  Vice-President. 

7.  Trouble  with  foreign  nations  was  expected  during  the 
administration   of  President  Pierce.     Spain  was  offended 
because  of  expeditions  from  our  shores  to  deprive  her  of 
Cuba.     Great  Britain  was  offended  because  our  govern- 
ment sent  her  minister  at  Washington  home  for  breaking 
our  laws  by  enlisting  men  here  for  the  British  army  ;   and 
the  Central  American    States   were  offended  because 

QUESTIONS.  —  4.  What  can  you  tell  about  a  bill  for  the  organization  of  two  new 
Territories,  and  the  effects  ?  5.  What  did  the  opponents  and  friends  of  slavery  do  ? 
What  occurred  in  Kansas  ?  6.  What  made  quiet  ?  What  can  you  tell  about  an  elec- 
tion in  1856?  7.  What  have  you  to  say  about  expected  troubles  with  foreign 
nations  ¥  What  nations  were  offended,  and  why  ? 

1  kan'-zas.       a  neh-bras'-ka.       *  bu-kan'-nan. 


THE   UNION  OF  STATES.  313 

Ostend  Manifesto.       Troubles  Settled.       Outline  of  Important  Evenit. 

lawless  men  from  the  United  States  attempted  to  get  pos- 
session of  their  country. 

8.  On  account  of  these  unfriendly  movements  against 
friendly  nations,  called   fillibustering,    a   conference   of 
American  ministers  in  Europe  was  held  at  Ostencl,1  in  Bel- 
gium.   They  issued  a  paper  known  as  the  Ostend  Mani- 
festo, which  was  discreditable  to  the  American  character. 
It   was  a  plea  in  favor  of  the  unrighteous   doctrine,  that 
Might  makes  Right.     These  troubles  were,  however, 
amicably  settled. 

9.  In  this  section  we  have  considered — 

(1)  The  inauguration  of  President  Pierce ;  (2)  our  direct 
communications  with  Asia  by  land  and  water ;  (3)  the 
organization  of  the  Territories  of  Kansas  and  Nebraska, 
and  ensuing  troubles  ;  (4)  election  of  President  and  Vice- 
President ;  (5)  causes  of  expected  troubles  with  foreign 
nations,  and  (6)  the  Ostend  Manifesto. 


OUTLINE  OF  IMPORTANT  EVENTS  FROM  1789  TO  1857.2 

1790.  General  Harmar  defeated  by  the  Indians  in  October.    District 

of  Columbia  organized  as  the  seat  of  the  national  government. 

1791.  United  States  Bank  chartered.     Vermont  admitted  into  the  Union 

in  March.      St.  Clair  defeated  by  the  Indians  in  Novem- 
ber. 

1792.  Kentucky  admitted  into  the  Union  in  June. 

1793.  Federal  and  Republican  parties  formed.    Washington  proclaims 

the  neutrality  of  the  United  States  in  Jl£ay. 

1794.  Indians  in  the  northwest    subdued    by  Wayne    in    August. 

Whiskey  Insurrection  in  Western  Pennsylvania.     Congress 
authorizes  the  creation  of  a  navy. 

QUESTIONS.— 8.  What  can  you  tell  about  a  conference  at  Ostend  and  the  result? 
9.  What  have  we  considered  in  this  section  ? 

1  os'-tend.       '  See  foot-note  on  page  32. 


314  THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 

Outline  of  Important  Events. 

1795.  John  Jay's  treaty  with  Great  Britain  ratified  in  June. 

1796.  Tennessee  admitted  into  the   Union  in  June.      Washington 

issues  his  Farewell  Address  in  September. 

1797.  John  Adams  inaugurated  President  in  March.      Extraordinary 

session  of  Congress  beginning  in  May. 

1798.  Preparations  for  war  with  France. 

1799.  Washington  dies  in  ^December. 

1800.  The  city  of  Washington  becomes  the  National  Capital.    Treaty 

of  peace  concluded  with  France  in  September. 

1801.  Thomas  Jefferson  inaugurated  President  in  March.     Tripoli 

declares  war  against  the  United  States  in  June. 

1802.  Ohio  admitted  into  the  Union  in  November. 

1803.  Louisiana  purchased  of  France  in  April.     Commodore  Preble 

sent  to  the  Mediterranean  sea. 

1804.  Decatur  destroys  the  Philadelphia  in  the  harbor  of  Tripoli  in 

February.  Alexander  Hamilton  killed  by  Aaron  Burr  in  a 
duel  in  July. 

1805.  Derne,  in  Africa,  captured  by  American  and  Mohammedan  soldiers 

in  April.     Treaty  of  peace  made  with  Tripoli  in  June. 

1806.  European  forts  blockaded. 

1807.  Burr  tried  for  treason  and  acquitted.     First  navigation  by  steam. 

The  Leopard  attacks  the  Chesapeake  in  June.  British  war 
vessels  ordered  to  leave  American  waters  in  July.  Embargo 
Act  passed  in  ^December. 

1809.  Embargo  Act  repealed,  and  commercial  intercourse  with  France 
and  England  forbidden  by  Congress,  in  March.  James 
Madison  inaugurated  President  in  March. 

1811.  Action  between  the  President  and  Little  Belt  in  May.     Indians 

defeated  near  the  Tippecanoe  in  November. 

1812.  Louisiana  admitted  into  the  Union  in  April.     War  declared 

against  Great  Britain  in  June.  General  Hull  invades  Can- 
ada, and  Fort  Mackinaw  is  taken  by  the  British,  in  July. 
Van  Home  is  defeated  and  Detroit  is  surrendered  in  Alt  gust. 
The  American  frigate  Essex  captures  the  Alert,  and  the  Ameri- 
can frigate  Constitution  captures  the  Guerriere  in  August. 
Battle  at  Queenstown  occurs  in  October.  The  American  sloop- 
of-war  Wasp  captures  the  Frolic,  and  the  American  frigate 
United  States  captures  the  British  frigate  Macedonian,  in  Oc- 
tober. Madison  re-elected  President  in  November.  The 
American  frigate  Constitution  captures  the  Javain  ^December. 

1813.  Americans  defeated  at  Frenchtown  and  massacred  in  January. 

American  sloop  Hornet  captures  the  Peacock  in  February. 


THE    UNION  OF  STATES.  315 

Outline  of  Important  Events. 

Toronto  captured  by  the  Americans  and  General  Pike  killed 
in  April.  Fort  Meigs  besieged  by  the  British,  Fort  George 
taken  by  the  Americans,  and  the  British  repulsed  at  Sackett's 
Harbor,  in  May.  The  Shannon  captures  the  Chesapeake,  a 
battle  is  fought  at  Stony  Creek,  and  the  British  are  repulsed 
at  Craney  Island,  in  June.  Fort  Meigs  again  besieged  and 
the  British  repulsed  in  July.  The  British  and  Indians 
driven  from  before  Fort  Stephenson  in  August.  The  Brit- 
ish sloop  Pelican  captures  the  Argus,  and  the  Americans  are 
massacred  at  Fort  Minis,  in  August.  The  American  brig 
Enterprise  captures  the  Boxer,  and  Perry  gains  a  victory  on 
Lake  Erie,  hi  September.  The  Battle  of  the  Thames  occurs 
in  October.  The  Battle  of  Chrysler's  Field  is  fought  in 
November.  Villages  on  the  Niagara  River  are  burned  in 
^December. 

1814.  The  Creek  Indians  subdued  in  March.     The  American  frigate 

Essex  captured  in  the  harbor  of  Valparaiso,  and  Americans  de- 
feated at  La  Colle,  in  March.  The  American  sloop  Peacock 
captures  the  Epercier  in  April.  Fort  Erie  is  captured  and 
the  battles  of  Chippewa  and  Bridgewater  are  fought  in  July. 
The  British  are  repulsed  at  Fort  Erie  and  at  Stonington,  the 
Americans  are  defeated  at  Bladensburg,  and  Washington  City 
is  burned  in  August.  The  American  sloop  Wasp  captures 
the  Awn  in  September.  The  British  are  defeated  on  land 
and  water  at  Plattsburg,  and  repulsed  at  and  near  Baltimore 
and  from  Fort  Bowyer,  near  Mobile,  in  September.  The 
British  are  driven  from  Fort  Erie  in  September,  and  from 
Pensacola  in  JVov ember.  American  gunboats  captured  by 
the  British  in  Lake  Borgne,  and  a  treaty  of  peace  is  signed  at 
Ghent,  in  1)ecember. 

1815.  The  British  are  defeated  at  New  Orleans  and  the  American  frig- 

ate President  is  captured  by  the  British  in  January.  The 
American  frigate  Constitution  captures  two  British  vessels,  and 
peace  proclaimed  by  the  President,  in  February.  The 
American  sloop  Hornet  captures  the  Penguin,  and  Congress 
declares  war  against  Algiers,  in  March.  Decatur  is  sent 
against  the  Algerines  in  May,  and  humbles  them  and  others 
of  the  "  Barbary  States  "  in  July  and  Aiigust. 

1816.  Indiana  is  admitted  into  the  Union  in  December. 

1817.  James  Monroe  inaugurated  President  in  March.      Indians  in 

the  Gulf  region  commit  depredations.  Mississippi  admitted 
into  the  Union  in  ^December. 


3 1(3  THE   UNIOX  OF  STATES. 

Outline  of  Important  Invents. 


1818.  Jackson  goes  against  the  Seminole  Indians,  and  pensions  granted 

to  soldiers  of  the  Revolution,  in  March.  Jackson  hangs 
two  British  subjects  in  Florida  in  April.  Arrangements 
about  the  coast  fisheries  made  in  October.  Illinois  is  ad- 
mitted into  the  Union  in  ^December. 

1819.  Alabama  admitted  into  the  Union  in  ^December.      Commodore 

Perry  sent  against  the  West  India  pirates. 

1820.  Maine  admitted  into  the  Union,  and  "  Missouri  Compromise " 

act  passed,  in  March.     Monroe  re-elected  in  November. 

1821.  Florida  annexed  to  the  United  States  in  July.      Missouri  ad- 

mitted into  the  Union  in  August. 

1823.  Pirates  among  the  West  India  islands  dispersed  by  Commodore 

Porter. 

1824.  Lafayette  comes  to  the  United  States  in  August. 

1825.  John  Quincy  Adams  is  inaugurated  President  in  March.    Erie 

Canal  finished. 

1826.  John  Adams  and  Thomas  Jefferson  died  in  July. 

1828.  "  American  System"  adopted. 

1829.  Andrew  Jackson  is  inaugurated  President  in  March. 

1832.  Troubles  in  Georgia  concerning  the  Indians.  The  Black  Hawk  war 
occurs.  United  States  Bank  charter  vetoed  in  July.  Nulli- 
fication doctrines  avowed  in  South  Carolina. 

1883.  Henry  Clay's  compromise  measure  is  made  a  law  in  March. 
Government  money  removed  from  the  United  States  Bank  in 
October. 

1835.  War  commenced  by  the  Seminole  Indians  in  December. 

1836.  Creeks  subdued  and  sent  beyond  the  Mississippi.     Arkansas  is 

admitted  into  the  Union  in  June. 

1837.  Michigan  is  admitted  into  the  Union  in  January.    Martin  Van 

Buren  is  inaugurated  President  in  March.  Extraordinary 
session  of  Congress  is  held  in  September.  Seminoles  de- 
feated by  Taylor  in  ^December.  Insurrection  in  Canada 
breaks  out. 

1841.  William  Henry  Harrison  is  inaugurated  President  in  March 

and  dies  in  April.  John  Tyler  becomes  President  in 
April.  Extraordinary  meeting  of  Congress  in  May.  The 
Cabinet  resigns  in  September. 

1842.  War  with  the  Seminoles  and  the  troubles  about  a  new  constitu- 

tion in  Rhode  Island  are  ended. 

1844-  The  Electro-magnetic  Telegraph  is  perfected  in  June. 
1845.  Bill  for  the  annexation  of  Texas  is  signed  by  Tyler,  Florida  is 

admitted  into  the  Union,  and  James  K.  Polk  is  inaugurated 


THE    UNION  OF  STATES.  317 

Outline  of  Important  Events. 

President,  in  March.  General  Taylor  sent  to  Texas  with 
troops  in  July.  Texas  admitted  into  the  Union  in  De- 
cember. 

1846.  Taylor  begins  building  Fort  Brown  in  January.      First  blood 

shed  in  the  war  with  Mexico  in  April.  Fort  Brown  attacked 
in  May.  Battles  of  Palo  Alto  and  Resaca  de  la  Palma  fought, 
and  Mexico  invaded,  in  May.  Congress  declares  war  against 
Mexico  in  May.  California  declared  independent  by  Fre- 
mont in  July.  New  Mexico  conquered  in  August.  Tay- 
lor '  captures  Monterey  in  September.  General  Wool 
invades  Mexico  in  October.  Wool's  and  Worth's  armies 
unite  near  Saltillo,  and  the  Battle  of  Braceto  occurs,  in  'De- 
cember. Iowa  is  admitted  into  the  Union  in  ^December. 

1847.  Battles  at  Buena  Vista  and  Sacramento  are  fought  in  Febru- 

ary. Vera  Cruz  surrendered  to  the  Americans  under  General 
Scott  in  March.  Battle  at  Cerro  Gordo  is  fought  in  April. 
Battles  at  Contreras  and  Churubusco  occur  in  August. 
Americans  win  victories  at  Molino  del  Key  and  Chepultepec 
in  September  The  American  armies  enter  the  city  of  Mex- 
ico in  September.  Battle  at  Huamantla  fought  in  Octo- 
ber. 

1848.  Treaty  of  peace  signed  in  Mexico  in  February.     Wisconsin 

admitted  into  the  Union  in  May. 

1849.  Zachary  Taylor  inaugurated  President  in  March. 

1850.  President  Taylor  dies  and  Millard  Fillmore  becomes  President  in 

July.  California  is  admitted  into  the  Union  in  Septem- 
ber. The  Fugitive  Slave  Law  passed  in  September. 

1852.  Disputes  about  coast  fisheries  settled.     Commercial  intercourse 

with  Japan  opened. 

1853.  Franklin  Pierce  inaugurated  President  in  March. 

1854.  Kansas -Nebraska  bill  is  passed  in  May. 

1855.  Civil  war  in  Kansas.     Invasion  of  Central  American  States  by 

citizens  of  the  United  States. 

1856.  James  Buchanan  elected  President  in  November.     The  Ostend 

Manifesto  issued. 


318 


THE   CIVIL    WAR. 


President   "Buchanan.          Slavery   Question.          Events  in  Kansas. 


CHAPTER    VI. 

THE     CIVIL     WAfc    ^JV(D    THE    SOCIAL 
(REVOLUTION. 


SECTION    I. 

BUCHANAN'S  ADMINISTRATION. 


[1857-1861.] 

1.  James  Buchanan  was 

inaugurated  the  fifteenth  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States  on 
the  4th  of  March,  1857.  He 
was  then  sixty-six  years  of  age. 
From  the  beginning  to  the 
end  of  his  administration  the 
slavery  question  violently 
agitated  the  people  in  all  parts 
of  the  country. 

2,  The  struggle  for  political 
ascendancy  in  Kansas,  between 
the  people  of  the  free-labor  and 
the    slave-labor     States,    con- 
tinued,  the    President    giving 
the  weight  of  his  influence  in 
favor  of  the  latter.     The  con- 
flict was  ended  in  1858  by  an  overwhelming  vote  of  the 


BUCHANAN,  AND  HIS  RESIDENCE. 


QUESTIONS.— 1.  What  have  you  to  say  about  President  Buchanan  and  hie  adminis- 
tration ?    2.  What  have  you  to  eay  about  a  struggle  in  Kansas  ? 


THE   CIVIL    WAR.  319 


The  Mormons.  Republican    farty.  Ocean    Telegraph. 

inhabitants  of  Kansas  in  favor  of  making  it  a  free-labor 
State. 

3.  In  1857  a  rebellious  movement  was  made  by  the  Mor- 
mons in  Utah,  but  it  was  soon  put  down  by  the  presence 
of  a  military  force  which  was  sent  into  the  Territory.     Quiet 
was  restored  in  April,  1858. 

4.  The  quarrel  about  Kansas  had  caused  much  bitter 
feeling.     A  great  party,  opposed  to  slavery,  arose  in  1856, 
called  the  Republican  Party.     Under  its  banner  were 
rallied  the   opponents   of    slavery.     The   contest   of  words 
waxed  hotter  and  hotter  as  the  time  for  the   election   of 
a  new  President  drew  near. 

5.  In  1858  public  attention  was  arrested  for  awhile  by  the 
successful  connection  of  the  American  and  European  con- 
tinents by  telegraphic  wires.      After  a  message   from  the 
Queen  of  England  and  a  reply  from  the  President  of  the 
United  States  had  passed  over  the  "  Atlantic  Cable," 
the  connection  was  broken  and  remained  so  for  some  years. 

6.  In  1859  the  agitation  about  slavery  was  aroused  to 
great  vehemence  by  the  foolish  attempt  of  an  enthusiast 
named  John  Brown  to  free,  the  slaves  of  Virginia.     He 
entered  that  State  with  a  small  band  of  armed  followers,  and 
seized  the  government  arsenal  at  Harper's  Ferry.     He  was 
captured  and  hung.     This  was  like  an  electric  spark  that 
exploded  the  magazine  of  Civil  War. 

7.  In  1860  an  embassy  from  Japan ;   also  the  Prince  of 
Wales,  visited  the   United  States.    They  directed  public 
attention  from  political  affairs  for  awhile  ;  but  when,  in  the 

QUESTIONS.— 3.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  Mormons  in  1857?  4.  What  have  you 
to  say  about  a  new  party,  and  a  political  contest?  5.  What  can  you  tell  about  the 
magnetic  telegraph  between  America  and  Europe  ?  6.  What  have  you  to  say  about 
John  Brown  ?  7.  Tell  about  an  embassy  from  Japan,  and  visit  of  the  Prince  of 
Wales.  What  have  you  to  say  about  political  affairs,  and  Mr.  Lincoln  ? 


320  THE  CIVIL    WAR. 


Enemies  of  the  Union.      "Star  of  the  West."      Secession  Movements. 

autumn  of  that  year,  Abraham  Lincoln,  the  candidate  of 
the  Republican  party,  was  elected  President,  there  was 
intense  excitement  all  over  the  land. 

8.  The  friends  of  the  slave  system  thought  that  insti- 
tution and  their  entire  social  system  was  in  danger,   and 
they  resolved  to  secede  from  the  National  Union 
and  found  a  new  nation  composed  of  the  inhabitants  of  the 
slave-labor  States. 

9.  The  political  leaders  in  South  Carolina  took  the  first 
step  toward  retiring  from  the  Union.     On  the  20th  of  De- 
cember,  1860,  they  met   in   convention  and   declared  that 
South  Carolina  was  no  longer  a  member  of  the  Union. 

10.  It  being  evident  that  the  South  Carolinians  in- 
tended to  seize  the  forts  in  Charleston  Harbor,  Major  An- 
derson, in  command  of  a  few  troops,  left  Fort  Moultrie 1 
and  took  possession  of  Fort  Sumter. 

11.  In  January,  1861,  the  steamer  Star  of  the  West,  with 

supplies  for  the  garrison  in  Fort 
Sumter,  while  entering  Charleston 
Harbor  was  fired  upon  and  driven 
back  by  batteries  which  the  South 
Carolinians  had  erected  on  the  ad- 
jacent shores.  So  began  a  terrible 
Civil  War. 

/--  ^ISllPlSH^Yl^llK  1^-  ^n  January>  1861,  conventions 
in  the  States  of  Mississippi,  Flor- 
^^  Alabama?  Georgia,  and 

Louisiana  declared  that  their  respective  States  were  no 

QUESTIONS.— 8.  What  did  the  friends  of  the  slave  system  think  and  do?  9.  What 
did  the  political  leaders  in  South  Carolina  do?  10.  What  was  evidently  about  to 
happen  in  Charleston  harbor,  and  what  did  Major  Anderson  do  ?  11.  With  what  cir- 
cumstances was  the  Civil  War  begun  ?  12.  What  have  you  to  say  about  conventions 
in  certain  States,  and  in  what  States  ? 

1  mool'-tre,       •  ah'-lah-bah'-mah. 


THE   CIVIL    WAR. 


321 


Confederate  States   Government, 


3)oinffg  of  Congress. 


longer  members  of  the  Union.  Their  acts  were  called  Or- 
dinances of  Secession.  A  convention  in  Texas  did 
the  same  thing  early  in  February. 

13.  On  the  4th  of  February,  1861,  a  Congress,  composed 

of  delegates  from  these  several 
States,  excepting  Texas,  met 
at  Montgomery,  Alabama, 
organized  a  provisional  govern- 
ment under  the  title  of  the 
Confederate  States  of 
America,  and  elected  Jef- 
ferson Davis,  of  Mississippi, 
President,  and  Alexander  H. 
Stephens,  of  Georgia,  Vice- 
President. 

14.  Forts,  arsenals,  navy- 
yards,  custom-houses,  and 
other  property  belonging  to 
the  United  States,  within 
these  States,  were  seized  and 
appropriated  to  the  use  of  the 
insurgents.  They  created  an 
army,  authorized  a  navy,  and 
took  measures  for  seizing 
Washington  City  and  taking 
possession  of  the  general  government.  In  this  effort  Vir- 
ginia soon  assisted,  and  became  the  seventh  State  of  the 
Confederacy. 

15.  On  the  4th  of  March,  1861,  Abraham  Lincoln  was 


LINCOLN,   AND  HIS  RESIDENCE. 


QUESTIONS.— 13.  Give  an  account  of  the  formation  of  the  government  of  the  "  Con- 
federated States  of  America."  14.  What  was  done  with  public  property  in  certain 
States  ?  What  did  the  Confederate  government  do  ?  What  did  Virginia  do  ? 


322  THE   CIVIL   WAR. 


"Doings  at  Fort  Sumter.  The   President's    Call  for   Troops. 

inaugurated  President.  His  address  on  that  occasion  was 
conciliatory.  The  Southern  leaders,  however,  would  listen 
to  no  words  of  kindness,  but  ordered  General  Beauregard,1 
at  the  head  of  troops  in  Charleston,  to  attack  and  seize 
Fort  Sumter.  Then  began  the  great 

CIVIL  WAR. — [1861.] 

16.  On  the  12th  of  April  the  insurgents  attacked  Fort 
Sumter.    After  sustaining  a  fierce  bombardment  for  thirty- 
four  hours,  with  a  small  garrison ;   and  when  his  food  was 
exhausted,  Major  Anderson,  its  commander,  withdrew  with 
his  troops  and  sailed  for  New  York,  carrying  with  him  the 
flag  of  Sumter.    The  fort  was  evacuated,  not  surren- 
dered. 

17.  The  evacuation  took  place  on  the  14th  of  April.     On 


FORT     SUMTEK. 


the  following  day  the  President  issued  a  proclamation  calling 
for  seventy-five  thousand  volunteers  to  suppress  the 
insurrection.  More  than  that  number  almost  immediately 
started  from  the  free-labor  States  in  obedience  to  the  call. 

QUESTIONS.— 15.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Abraham  Lincoln  and  his  inaugural 
address?  What  did  the  Southern  leaders  do?  16.  What  did  the  insurgents  at 
Charleston  do  ?  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  evacuation  of  Fort  Sumter  ?  17. 
What  did  the  President  then  do  ?  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  people  in  the  free- 
labor  States  ? 

1  bo'-re-garcl'. 


THE  CIVIL   WAR.  323 


Movements  of  the    Confederates. Sattles  in  Yirginia. 

18.  This  was  followed  by  a  proclamation  from  Mr.  Davis, 
offering  commissions  to  privateers  to  depredate  on  the  com- 
merce of  the  United  States.    Mr.  Lincoln  also  issued  an- 
other proclamation,  declaring  all  the  ports  of  the  Confederate 
States  in  a  state  of  blockade. 

19.  About   the   same  time  the  Virginians  attempted 
to  seize  the  arsenal  at  Harper's  Ferry  and  the  navy-yard  at 
Gosport,  when  each  was  set  on  fire  by  its  respective  com- 
mander.    The   Virginians   obtained   about  two  thousand 
cannon  at  the  navy-yard. 

20.  In  May  national  troops  crossed  the  Potomac  River 
into  Virginia,  and  occupied  Arlington  Heights  and  the 
city  of  Alexandria.    The  Confederate  soldiers  were  then 
pressing    northward,   and   very   soon    about    one    hundred 
thousand  of  them  occupied  a  line  through  Virginia,  from 
Norfolk  to  Harper's  Ferry. 

21.  On  the  10th  of  June,  1861,  a  battle  was  fought  at 
Big  Bethel,  where  the  Nationals  were  defeated.     On  the 
following  day  the  Confederates  were  beaten  at  Romney,  in 
West  Virginia.    About  the  same  time  a  convention  in  West 
Virginia  declared  its  independence  of  old  Virginia,  and 
organized  a  provisional  government 

22.  In  July,  1861,  the  Confederates  made  Richmond, 
Virginia^  their  capital.     Confederate  troops  under  General 
Beauregard  now  pressed  toward  Washington  City.    They 
were  met  in    Fairfax  County,   Virginia,   by   National 
troops  under  General  McDowell. 

QUESTIONS.— 18.  What  did  Jefferson  Davis  and  Mr.  Lincoln  do  ?  19.  What  hare 
you  to  say  about  public  property  at  Harper's  Ferry  and  Gosport  Navy-yard  ?  20, 
What  did  National  troops  do  in  May  ?  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  Confederates  ? 
•21.  What  have  you  to  tell  about  battles  in  West  Virginia  and  political  movements 
there  ?  22.  What  have  you  to  tell  about  the  Confederate  capital  and  the  meeting  of 
Confederate  and  National  troops  ? 


324  THE  CIVIL   WAR. 


Sattle  of  Butt  jRun.         'Doings  of  Congress.        Events  in  Missouri. 

23.  In  a  severe  conflict,  known  as  the  Battle  of  Bull 
Run,  on  the  21st  of  July,  the  Nationals  were  defeated. 

They  fled  in  haste  and  con- 
fusion toward  Washington, 
General  McClellan,  who  had 
hastened  from  West  Virginia, 
now  took  the  chief  command 
of  the  army. 

24.  Congress  met  on  the 
4th  of  July,  and  voted  a  hun- 
dred million  dollars  in 
money  and  five  hundred 
thousand  men  to  carry  on  the  war  against  the  secession- 
ists. The  insurrection  had  now  assumed  the  character  of  a 
Civil  War. 

25.  The  area  of  conflict  rapidly  widened.     There  was  a 
severe  contest  in  Missouri 1  between  the  Secessionists  and 
the  Unionists  for  the  control  of  that  State.     At  Carthage 2 
in  July  ;   and  at  Dug  Springs,  near  the  Arkansas8  bor- 
ders, and  at  Wilson's  Creek,  in  August,  there  were  severe 
conflicts.     At  the  latter  place  the  Union  General  Lyon  was 
killed. 

26.  In  September  the  Nationals  under  Colonel  Mulligan 
were  compelled  to  surrender  to  a  large  Confederate  force  at 
Lexington,  Missouri.     After  that  the  war  continued  in 
Missouri,  with  varying  success,  for  a  long  time. 

27.  At  the  close  of  August  General  Butler  and  Commo- 

QUESTTONS.— 23.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  battle  of  Bull  Run,  movements 
of  troops  and  General  McClellan  ?  24.  What  did  the  National  Congress  do  ?  What 
have  you  to  say  about  the  insurrection  ?  25.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  area  of  the 
conflict  ?  What  about  battles  in  Missouri  in  July  and  August  ?  26.  What  have 
you  to  say  about  a  battle  in  September  and  the  continuance  of  war  in  Missouri  ? 
1  mis-soo'-re.  2  Icar'-thage.  3  ark'-an-saw. 


THE  CIVIL    WAR.  325 


flatties  in  Yariotts   ^Places.  Capture  of  Mason  and  Slidell. 

dore  Stringham,1  with  a  land  and  naval  force,  captured 
forts,  constructed  by  the  Confederates,  at  Hatteras 2  Inlet. 

28.  General  Rosecrans 8  defeated  the  Confederate  Gen- 
eral Floyd  at  Carnifex 4  Ferry,  in  West  Virginia,  in  Sep- 
tember.    Late  in  October  the  Nationals  were  beaten  in  a 
battle  at  Ball's  Bluff,  on  the  Upper  Potomac. 

29.  Early  in  November  troops  under  General  Grant  were 
beaten  at  Belmont,5  in  Missouri ;   and  on  the  same  day 
(November  7,   1861),  the  forts  at  Port  Royal  entrance, 
hundreds  of  miles  east  of  Missouri,  on  the  Atlantic  coast, 
were  captured  by  the  National  Navy  under  Admiral  Du- 
pont.* 

30.  The  latter  victory  secured  to  the  Nationals  all  the 
fine  islands  on  that  Southern  coast  for  the  remainder  of  the 
war. 

31.  In  November,  Captain  Willces?  who  was  in  command 
of  a  National  frigate,  captured  James  M.  Mason  and  John 
Slidell?  Confederate  ambassadors,  on  their  way  to  Europe, 
on  board  an  English  vessel.     They  were  released  by  our  gov- 
ernment because  the  seizure,  according  to  the  American 
doctrine,  was  in  violation  of  the  rights  of  neutrals. 

32.  From  the  beginning  of  the  conflict  the  attitude  of 
France  and   Great  Britain  was   unfriendly  toward   our 
national  government.     They  helped  the  Confederates  all  they 

QUESTIONS.— 27.  What  can  you  tell  about  operations  at  Hatteras  Inlet  ?  28.  What 
have  you  to  say  about  Generals  Kosecrans  and  Floyd  in  West  Virginia  ?  What  about 
events  at  Ball's  Bluff?  29.  What  have  you  to  say  about  General  Grant  in  Missouri, 
and  naval  operations  at  Port  Royal  entrance  ?  30.  What  did  a  national  victory  at 
Port  Royal  secure  ?  31.  What  have  yon  to  tell  about  the  capture  of  Mason  and  Slidell, 
and  its  effect  ?  32.  What  have  you  to  say  about  France  and  Great  Britain  ?  What 
did  the  seizure  of  Mason  and  Slidell  produce,  and  what  was  the  result  ? 

1  string' '-urn.  2  hat'-te-ras.  *  rose'-krance.  *  kar'-ne-fex.  'bd-vwnt'.  'doo-pont'. 
7  wilks. 


326  THE  CIVIL    WAR. 


^Position  of  England.  f*aper  Money.  Battles. 

could.  This  seizure  led  England  to  threaten  war  ;  but  the 
justice  of  our  government  soon  shamed  that  government 
into  silence. 

33.  At  the  close  of  1861  the  war  was  raging  at  places 
several  hundred  miles  apart.     Congress  had  authorized  the 
issue  of  an  immense  amount  of  paper  money  to  carry  on 
the  war,  and  the  banks  had  generally  suspended  the  payment 
of  specie. 

34.  In  this  section  we  have  considered — 

(1)  The  inauguration  of  President  Buchanan ;  (2)  the 
civil  war  in  Kansas  and  the  result  of  the  struggle  ;  (3) 
the  Atlantic  cable  ;  (4)  John  Brown's  raid  ;  (5)  visit- 
ors from  abroad ;  (6)  the  insurrectionary -movements 
and  beginning  of  civil  war ;  and  (7)  the  progress  of  that 
war. 

SECTION     II. 

THE    CIVIL    WAR    CONTINUED. 
[1862.] 

1.  On  the  19th  of  January,  1862,  General   George  H. 
Thomas  gained  a  victory  over  the  Confederates  at  Mill 
Spring,  Kentucky,  which  gave  the  National  forces  much 
advantage  in  that  region. 

2.  On  the  8th  of  February  General  Burnside  and  Com- 
modore Goldsborough1  took  Roanoke*  Island  from  the 

QUESTIONS.— 33.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  war  at  the  close  of  1 861?  34. 
What  have  we  considered  in  this  section  ? 

QUESTIONS.— 1.  What  have  you  to  say  about  a  battle  in  Kentucky  ?  2.  Give  an  ac- 
count of  the  capture  of  Roanoke  Island  and  New  Berne,  and  the  effects. 

1  golds' -bur-rah.       2  ro-a-nok'. 


THE   CIVIL    WAR.  327 


Military   Operations  in  Several  States.          Capture  of  Fort  Vonelson. 

Confederates,  and  soon  afterward  New  Berne,  in  North 
Carolina.  These  victories  gave  the  National  army  control 
of  a  large  region  of  country,  extending  even  above  the  Dis- 
mal Swamp,  and  imperilled  Norfolk. 

3.  In  February  General  Grant  and  Commodore  Foote 
were  operating  on  the  Tennessee  and  Cumberland  rivers. 
On  the  16th  of  that  month  Grant,  assisted  by  Foote,  cap- 
tured Fort   Donelson,  with  over  thirteen  thousand  men 
under  GeneraL  Buckner.     This  victory  opened  the  way  to 
Middle  Tennessee,  and  caused  the  Confederates  to  leave 
Kentucky. 

4.  Toward  the  western  part  of  Arkansas,  among  the 
Ozark  *  Mountains,  is  a  place  called  Pea  Ridge.     There 
National  troops  under  Generals  Curtis  and  Sigel 2  beat  the 
Confederates  under  General  Van  Dorn  on  the  8th  of  March. 

5.  On  the  same  day  a  vessel-of-war,  named  the  Merri- 
mack,  which  had  been 

seized  by  the  Confed- 
erates at  the  Gosport 
Navy-yard  and  covered 
with  iron  plates ;  went 
down  from  Norfolk, 
and  at  the  mouth  of 

the  James  River  de-  THE  tlRAM,,  MEKRIMACK. 

stroyed  two  National 
frigates,  the  Congress  and  the  Cumberland. 

6.  This  "ram,"  as  it  was  called,  was  expected  to  destroy 

QUESTIONS.— 3.  Give  an  account  of  the  operations  of  General  Grant  and  Commo- 
dore Foote  on  the  Tennessee  and  Cumberland  rivers,  and  the  effects.  4.  What  have 
you  to  say  about  a  battle  in  Arkansas  ?  5.  Give  an  account  of  the  doings  of  the 
Merrimack.  6.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  Merrimack  and  a  strange  vessel  ? 

1  o-zafk'.       *  see' -gel. 


328 


THE   CIVIL    WAR. 


General  Movements  against  the    Confederates. 

other  vessels  near  Hampton  the  next  morning.  During  the 

night  a  strange-looking 
vessel,  lying  deep  in  the 
water  and  with  a  revolv- 
ing turret,  appeared  and 
drove  off  the  Merrimach 

TH..OKITOB.  in  the  morning.  She  was 

called  the  Monitor,  and 

was  commanded  by  Lieutenant  John  L.  Warden. 

7.  On  the  22d  of  February,  Washington's  birthday,  the 
President,  as   commander-in-chief   of   the   army  and  navy, 
ordered  all  of  the  National  forces  on  land  and  sea  to  move 
against  the  Confederates  at  all  points.    The  Army  of 
the  Potomac  was  then  commanded  by  General  McClellan; 
and  the  Confederates,  who  were  not  far  from  the  Bull  Run 
battlefield,  moved  off  toward  Richmond,  expecting  he  would 
follow.     In  March  the  Nationals  under  General  Pope  cap- 
tured New  Madrid,1  in  Missouri. 

8.  General  Grant  went  up  the  Tennessee  River  to  Pitts- 
burgh Landing,  near  the  borders  of  Alabama,  and  there 
and  at  Shiloh  Cliurch  he  fought  and  defeated  the  Con- 
federates  under  Beauregard  and  A.  S.  Johnston,  on  the 
7th   of  April,    1862.      This   is   known   as   the  Battle   of 
Shiloh. 

9.  At  the  same  time  Commodore  Foote,  with  a  fleet  of 
gun-boats,    attacked   and  captured   Island   No.    10,   in   the 
Mississippi  River.     On  the  llth,  Fort  Pulaski,2  at  the 

QUESTIONS.— 7.  What  can  you  tell  about  a  general  forward  movement  of  the  ar- 
mies ?  What  about  the  Confederates  in  Virginia  and  Pope's  victory  in  Missouri  ? 
8.  Give  an  account  of  the  battle  of  Shiloh.  9.  What  have  you  to  say  about  a  victory 
on  the  Mississippi  and  the  surrender  of  a  fort  at  the  mouth  of  the  Savannah  ?  What 
did  General  Mitchel  do  ? 

pii-lawz'-ki. 


THE   CIVIL    WAR.  329 


•Baffles  in  Yarious   Places.  Capture  of  New   Orleans. 

mouth  of  the  Savannah  River,  was  surrendered  by  the 
Confederates  to   General    Gillmore. 
On  the    same  day  General   Mitchel 
took   possession    of    Huntsville,   in 
Northern  Alabama. 

10.  The     Confederates    retreated 
from  Shiloh  to  Corinth,  in  Northern 
Mississippi.     General  Halleck  led  the 
National  army  very  slowly  in  pursuit, 

and  on  its  arrival  at  Corinth  in  May,        COMMODORE  POOTB. 
he  found  the  place  deserted. 

1 1 .  The  summer  was  passed  in  quietude.     On  the  19th  of 
September  the  Nationals  under  Rosecrans  gained  a  victory 
over  Price,  in  a  battle  near  luka  Springs,  a  few  miles 
eastward  of  Corinth.     He  repulsed  a  large  body  of  Con- 
federates who  attacked  Corinth,  on  the   4th   of   October 
following.     Memphis,  Natchez  and  other  places  had  been 
captured  by  the  Nationals  during  the  summer. 

12.  In  the  spring  of  1862  the  Nationals  were  successful 
on  the  Lower  Mississippi.     The   gun-boats,  under   Com- 
modore  Farrcugut?-  assisted  by  Commodore   Porter  and 
others,  attacked  and  ran  by  two  forts  below  New  Orleans, 
and   ascended  the   river.     Twenty   thousand   Confederates 
under  General  Lovell  retired  from  New  Orleans,  and  on 
the  25th  of  April  General  Butler,  with  National  troops,  took 
possession  of  the  city. 

13.  During  the  summer  of  1862  there  was  a  large  Con- 

QUESTIOHS.— 10.  What  have  you  to  say  about  a  retreat  and  pursuit  of  the  Confed- 
erates ?  11.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  doings  of  Rosecrans  in  Northern  Mis- 
sissippi? 12.  Give  an  account  of  passing  forts  and  capturing  New  Orleans.  13. 
What  have  you  to  say  about  a  Confederate  army  in  Kentucky  ? 

*  far'-ra-gut, 


330  THE  CIVIL    WAR. 


General  Movement  of  ylrmies.  Norfolk   Captured. 

federate  army  in  Kentucky  under  General  Bragg.  He 
threatened  Cincinnati  and  Louisville,  but  was  foiled,  and 
finally  defeated  in  battle  by  General  Buell  at  Perryville, 
in  Kentucky. 

14.  There  was  a  general  movement  against  Richmond 
in  the  spring  of  1862.     General  McClellan  took  the  Army 
of  the  Potomac  to  Fortress  Monroe  ;    General  Fremont 
commanded  a  body  of  troops  in  West  Virginia  and  East 
Tennessee  ;  General  Banks  was  at  the  head  of  a  force  in 
the  Shenandoah  Valley ;    and  General  McDowell  was 
with  another  force  on  the  Rappahannock  River. 

15.  Early  in  April  McClellan  moved  slowly  up  the 
peninsula  between  the    York  and  James  rivers,   and    at 
Williamsburg,  on  the  5th  of  May,  had  a  severe  battle  with 
the  Confederates,  which  he  won.     On  the  10th  of  the  same 

month  General  Wool  captured 
Norfolk,  and  the  Confederates 
destroyed  the  ram  Mcrrimack, 
which  they  had  named  the  Vir- 
ginia. 

16,  McClellan  crossed  the 
Chickahominy  River;  and  on 
the  31st  of  May  fought  an  inde- 
cisive battle  at  Fair  Oaks.  The 
Confederates  were  commanded  by 
General  Joseph  E.  Johnston,  who 

was  wounded.     He  was  succeeded  in  command  by  General 

Robert  E.  Lee. 


QUESTIONS.— 14.  What  can  you  tell  about  forces  engaged  in  a  general  movement 
toward  Richmond  ?  15.  What  can  you  tell  about  McClellan  on  the  Virginia  Penin- 
sula, a  battle  at  Williamsburg,  and  the  capture  of  Norfolk  ?  16.  What  did  McClellan 
do.  and  what  can  you  tell  about  a  severe  battle  and  Confederate  leaders  ? 


>-,,i*s~.  jr. r. 


332  THE  CIVIL    WAR. 


Battles  near  Richmond.        Movements  of  Lee  and  his  Opponents. 

17.  The  Confederates  now  pressed  on  toward  Washing- 
ton  City.    Banks    fled  down    the  Shenandoah  Valley 
pursued    by   Confederates    under   "  Stonewall "   Jackson. 
McClellan  now  thought  it  prudent  to  change  his  base  of 
supplies  to  the  James  River. 

18.  From  the  25th  of  June  to  the  close  of  that  month 
several  very  destructive  battles   were  fought   not   far 
from  Richmond  without  decisive  results,  though  two  hun- 
dred thousand  men  were  engaged. 

19.  Meanwhile  the  forces    of  Fremont,   Banks,   and 
McDowell  were  placed  under  General  Pope  as  a  consolidated 
army,  and  stood  between  the  Confederates  and  Washington 
City.    McClellan  was  ordered  to  assist  Pope,  but  he  did  not 
arrive  in  time  to  help  him  in  his  extremity. 

20.  Lee  pressed  on  toward  Washington.     At  Cedar 
Mountain  Jackson  was  defeated  by  Banks  on  the  9th  of 
August.     After  that  the  contention  between  the  two  armies 
was  very  severe.     At  the  close  of  the  summer  of  1862,  the 
National  forces  under  Pope,  near  Bull  Run,  were  defeated, 
and  driven  to  the  fortifications  around  Washington  City. 

21.  Lee  now  pressed  forward,  not  toward  Washington 
City,  but  across  the  Potomac  into  Maryland.    McClellan, 
who  had  been  appointed  to  the  command  of  all  the  troops 
near  Washington,  followed  and  gained  a  victory  over  the 
Confederates  at  South  Mountain,  in  Maryland,  on  the 
14th  of  September. 

QUESTIONS.— 17.  What  did  the  Confederates  do  ?  What  did  Banks  and  McClellan 
do  ?  18.  What  have  you  to  say  about  a  series  of  battles  near  Richmond  ?  19.  What 
can  you  tell  about  the  joining  of  National  forces,  and  General  Pope  ?  20.  What  did 
General  Lee  do  ?  What  have  you  to  say  about  Banks  and  Jackson,  and  a  battle  near 
Bull  Run?  21.  What  did  Lee  and  McClellan  now  do? 

1  shen'-an-dof-ah. 


T&ti  CIVIL    WAR. 


Sallies  at  dntietam  and  Mttrfreetboro* .        Emancipation  Threatened. 

22.  On  the  following  day,  Harper's    Ferry,   with 
eleven  thousand  men,  was  surrendered  to  the  Confederates. 
On  the  seventeenth,  in  a  hard  fought  battle  on  Antietam 
Creek,  Lee  was  defeated  with  heavy  loss.    He  retreated 
across  the  Potomac  into  Virginia. 

23.  In  November,   1862,   General  Burnside  succeeded 
McClellan  in  command  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac. 
He  pursued  Lee  to  the  Rappahannock ;  and  at  Fredericks- 
burg,  after  a  very  severe  battle,  he  was  driven  back  across 
the  river  by  the  Confederates.     Here  the  National   army 
remained  until  late  the  next  April. 

24.  At  the  close  of  December,  1862,  General  Rosecrans 
fought  the  Confederates  several  days  at  Murfreesboro',  in 
Tennessee,  and  was  victorious  after  a  loss  of  twelve  thou- 
sand men.     He  drove  the  Confederates  under  Bragg  toward 
Georgia. 

25.  In   July,   1862,   Congress   gave  President  Lincoln 
authority  to  declare  the  perpetual  freedom  of  the  slaves 
in  certain  States.     In  September  he  issued  a  proclamation 
warning  the  people  of  those  States  that  unless  they  should 
cease  making  war  upon  the  government  he  would  set  their 
slaves  free. 

26.  We  have  considered  in  this  section — 

(1)  Military  operations  in  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  North- 
ern Mississippi  and  Arkansas  in  1862  ;  (2)  the  Merri- 
mack  and  Monitor ;  (3)  the  grand  forward  movement 

QUESTIONS.— 22.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Harper's  Ferry,  and  a  battle  in 
Maryland  ?  23.  What  can  you  tell  about  General  Burnside  and  hip  doings  with  the 
Army  of  the  Potomac?  24.  What  have  .you  to  say  about  conflicts  iu  Tennessee? 
25.  What  did  Congress  authorize  the  President  to  do,  and  what  did  he  do?  26.  What 
have  we  considered  in  this  section? 

1  an-tee'-tum. 


334  TKE  CIVIL   WAR. 


Emancipation    Proclaimed.  "Battle  of  Chancellorrille. 

of  the  armies  ;  (4)  surrender  of  Fort  Pulaski;  (5)  capture 
of  New  Orleans;  (6)  a  general  movement  toward 
Richmond;  (7)  Confederate  invasion  of  Maryland; 
and  (8)  further  military  operations  in  Virginia. 


SECTION    III. 

THE    CIVIL    WAR     CONTINUED. 

[1863.] 

1.  The  warning  of  the  President  was  unheeded,  and  on 
the  1st  of  January,  1863,  he  issued  a  proclamation  of 
emancipation  for  about  three  million  slaves.  In  1864, 
fully  two  hundred  thousand  of  the  freedmen  were  soldiers 
in  the  National  Army. 

2.  Late  in  January,  1863,  General  Joseph  Hooker  became 
the  commander  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac.     Toward  the 
end  of  April  he  led  them  across  the  Rappahannock,1  and 
on  the  edge  of  the  Wilderness,  at  Chancellorville,  they 
had  a  severe  battle  on  the  2d  and  3d  of  May.     The  Nationals 
were  driven  back  beyond  the  Rappahannoclc  with  a  heavy 
loss. 

3.  Early  in  June,  General  Lee,  with  about  a  hundred 
thousand    men,   moved  down  the   Shenandoah  Valley 
and  crossed  the  Potomac  into  Maryland.    Hooker  followed 
him  on  his  flank.     On  the  28th  of  the  month  General  George 

QUESTIONS.— 1.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  Emancipation  Proclamation  ?  2, 
What  can  you  tell  about  General  Hooker,  and  the  doings  of  his  troops  ?  3.  What 
can  you  tell  about  the  movements  of  General  Lee,  and  about  Generals  Hooker  and 
Meade  ? 

1  rap'-pa-han'-ok. 


336  THE   CIVIL    WAR. 

Sattles  at   Gettysburg.  Siege  of  Charleston.  fort  Hudson. 

C.  Meade  succeeded  Hooker  as  commander  of  the  Army  of 
the  Potomac. 

4.  About  this  time  Lee  pushed  forward  into  Pennsyl- 
vania, being  disappointed  because   so   few  Marylanders 
joined  his  army.     From  the  1st  to  the  3d  of  July,  a  desper- 
ate battle  was  fought  at  Gettysburg,  and  the  Confederate 
army  was  defeated  with  terrible  loss.     General  Lee  retreated 
on  the  4th  of  July,  and  escaping  into  Virginia  with  his 
army,  moved  rapidly  toward  Richmond. 

5.  Meanwhile  General  J.  G-.  Foster  was  struggling  with 
General  A.  P.  Hill  for  the  mastery  of  the  coast-region  of 
North  Carolina.     At  the  same  time  General  Longstreet, 
of  Lee's    army,   was    unsuccessfully   trying  to    drive    the 
National  forces  from  Norfolk. 

6.  In   April  Admiral  Dupont*  and  General  Gillmore 
began  a  siege  of  Charleston,  S.  C.,  which  lasted  almost  two 
years.     Bombardments  were  frequent.     National  bomb-shells 
reduced  Fort  Sumter  to  a  heap  of  ruins,  and  the  city  was 
terribly  shattered  by  them. 

7.  At  the  same  time,  General  Banks,  in  command  of  the 
Department   of  the   Gulf,  with   his   headquarters   at   New 
Orleans,  drove  the  Confederates  out  of  portions  of  Louis- 
iana westward  of  the  Mississippi.     In  July  he  captured 
Port  Hudson  on  that  stream,  taking  six  thousand  Con- 
federates prisoners  of  war. 

8.  At  the  close  of  the  year  1862  General  Grant  entered 

QUESTIONS. — 4.  What  did  Lee  do  ?  What  can  you  tell  about  a  severe  battle  ?  5. 
What  have  you  to  say  about  operations  in  North  Carolina  and  near  Norfolk  ?  6. 
What  have  you  to  say  about  the  siege  of  Charleston,  and  the  effects  of  bombard- 
ments ?  7.  What  have  you  to  tell  about  General  Banks1  movements  in  Louisiana 
and  on  the  Mississippi?  8.  What  can  you  tell  about  General  Grant's  operations  on 
the  shores  of  the  Mississippi  ? 

1  get'-tez-burg.         2  du-pont'. 


THE  CIVIL    WAR. 


S3  7 


Surrender  of  Ticktburg. 


"Battle  of  Ckickamauf/a. 


upon  the  task  of  clearing  the  banks  of  the  Missis- 
sippi River  of  Confederate  forces.  Their  chief  stronghold 
was  at  Vicksburg,  and  he  proceeded  to  attack  that  city, 
from  which  General  Sherman  had  been  repulsed  on  the 
27th  of  December. 

9.  Grant  was  aided  by  Admiral  Porter  with  a  fleet  of 
gun-boats.     A  decided  victory 

at  Port  Gibson  by  the  Na- 
tionals on  the  first  of  May  led 
to  others,  and  on  the  4th  of 
July  the  Confederate  General 
Peiriberton  surrendered 
Vicksburg  and  his  army  to 
Grant.  More  than  thirty  thou- 
sand Confederates  were  made 
prisoners. 

10.  Rosecrans  had  driven 
Bragg  into    Georgia,  where 

the  latter  was  joined  by  troops  from  Lee's  army  under  Gen- 
eral Longstreet.  South  of  Chattanooga,1  on  Chicka- 
mauga*  Creek,  the  Nationals  and  Confederates  had  a  very 
severe  battle  on  the  19th  and  20th  of  September. 

11.  In  the  battle  of  Chickamauga,  Rosecrans  was 
beaten   and  his   army  was   driven   back  to  Chattanooga. 
Grant  had  hastened  to  help  him,  and  arrived  just  in  time  to 
relieve  him  from  great  peril. 

12.  General  George  H.  Thomas  was  placed  in  command 
of   the  Army   of  the    Cumberland.      General   Sherman 

QUESTIONS.— 9.  By  whom  was  Grant  aided  ?  What  was  accomplished  ?  10.  What 
have  you  to  say  about  General  Rosecrans,  and  a  severe  battle  ?  11.  What  can  you 
tell  about  the  battle  of  Chickamauga  ?  What  did  Grant  do  ?  12.  What  have  you  to 
say  about  General  Thomas,  his  associates,  and  a  severe  battle  ? 

1  chat'-a-noo'-gah.       »  chik-a-maw'-gah. 


ADMIRAL  PORTER. 


338  THE  CIVIL   WAR. 


Sattle  near  Chattanooga.        War  in  the  Southwest.       Morgan's  3taid. 

joined  him  late  in  November,  and  with  the  assistance  of  Gen- 
eral Hooker  these  officers  gained  a  decided  victory  over  the 
Confederates  on  the  25th  of  that  month,  after  a  conflict  of 
three  days  known  as  the  battle  of  Chattanooga. 

13.  At  this  time  General  Burnside  was  in  command  of 
National  troops  at  Knoxville,  in  East  Tennessee,  where  he 
was  besieged  by  Longstreet.     Sherman  went  to  the  relief 
of  Burnside,  and  the  Confederates,  having  been  repulsed  on 
the  29th  of  November,  fled  into  Virginia. 

14.  During  1863  the  war  raged  in  Missouri  and  Arkan- 
sas, but  no  great  battle  was  fought  in  either  State.     On  the 
1st  of  September  General  Blunt  took  Fort  Smith  from  the 
Confederates.     On  the  10th  General  Steele,  at  the  head  of 
National  troops,  captured  Little  Rock,  the  capital  of  Ar- 
kansas, from  the  Confederates. 

15.  In   June,  a  noted  leader  of   a  roving  band,  named 
Morgan,  with  three  thousand  horsemen,  crossed  the  Ohio 
River  into  Indiana,  and  swept  through  the  southern  por- 
tions of  that  State  and  of  Ohio,  expecting  to  join  Lee  in 
Pennsylvania.    He  was  captured  on  the  26th  of  July  with 
nearly  the  whole  of  his  command. 

16.  The  National  Navy,   which  had  grown  to  be 
large   and   powerful,   thoroughly   blockaded    the    Southern 
ports  during  1863,  while  fleets  of  gun-boats  greatly  assisted 
the  National  troops  on  the  coasts  and  the  rivers  of  the  South- 
west. 

17.  The  President  having  been   authorized   to   make  a 
draft  for  three  hundred  thousand  men  for  the  army,  ordered 

QUESTIONS.— 13.  Give  an  account  of  Burnside  and  his  troops  at  Knoxville.  14. 
What  have  you  to  say  about  the  war  in  other  places  in  1863  ?  15.  Give  an  account  of 
Morgan's  raid  and  its  results.  16.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  National  Navy  ? 
17.  What  can  you  tell  about  a  draft  and  a  riot  ? 


THE  CIVIL   WAS.  339 


Draft  Riots.  West  Yirginia  a  Ma/e. 

it  in  the  spring  of  1863.  There  was  violent  opposition  to  the 
measure  ;  and  resistance  to  it,  in  the  city  of  New  York,  led 
to  a  very  serious  riot  there  in  July,  which  lasted  four  days. 
The  rioters  displayed  the  most  fiendish  disposition  toward 
the  harmless  colored  people. 

18.  On  the  20th  of  June,  1863,  a  new  State  was  added 
to  the  Union  by  the  admission  of  West  Virginia.    Kansas 
had  been  admitted  as  a  State  on  the  29th  of  January,  1861. 

19.  In  this  section  we  have  considered — 

(1)    The   Emancipation  Proclamation ;    (2)   military 
operations  in  Virginia,  Maryland,  and  Pennsylvania; 

(3)  operations  in  North  Carolina  and  Lower  Virginia ; 

(4)  siege  of  Charleston  /  (5)  operations  on  the  Mississippi 
River ;   (6)  events  in  Northern  Georgia  and  East  Ten- 
nessee ;  (7)  Morgan's  raid,  and  (8)'  the  National  Navy 
and  the  draft. 


SECTION    IV. 

THE    CIVIL    WAR     CONTI  NU  ED. 
[1864.] 

1.  At  the  beginning  of  1864,  the  National  armies  were 
strong,    hopeful  and  cheerful.     The   government   was  well 
supplied  with  men  and  money. 

2.  In  February,   General   Sherman  marched  eastward 
from  Vicksburg  almost  to  Alabama,  destroying  an  im- 


QUESTIONS.— 18.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  admission  of  new  States  ?     19.  What 
have  we  considered  in  this  section  ? 

QUESTIONS.— 1.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  National  armies  ?     2.  Give  an  ac- 
count of  the  movements  of  Generals  Sherman  and  Seymour. 


340  THE  CIVIL 


Events  in  Louisiana  and  Kentucky.        Large  yirmies  put  in  Motion. 

mense  amount  of  property  and  liberating  ten  thousand 
slaves.  At  the  same  time  General  Seymour  1  was  de- 
feated by  Confederates  in  a  battle  at  Olustee?  in  Florida. 

3.  In  March,  General  A.  J.  Smith  and  Admiral  Porter 
went  up  the  Red  River  with  gun-boats  and  troops,  and 
were  joined  by  soldiers  under  General  Banks,  who   had 
marched  from  New  Orleans  across  Louisiana. 

4.  Above   Alexandria  the   Nationals    under    Banks 
fought    sharp    battles    at    Sabine3    Cross-roads    and 
Pleasant  Hill,  but  were  compelled  to  retrace  their  steps. 
It   was  with  much  difficulty  that  Porter's  gun-boats  de- 
scended the  rapids  at  Alexandria,  on  account  of  low  water 
there. 

5.  While  these  troops  were  up  the  Red  River,  Confeder- 
ates under  General  Forrest  invaded  Kentucky  and  Tennes- 
see, captured   Union  City,  and  afterward,  on  the  12th   of 
April,  captured  Fort  Pillow,  on  the  Mississippi,  where 
three  hundred  of  its  defenders  were  killed  after  its  surrender. 
General  Steele  had  met  with  misfortunes  in  Arkansas. 

6.  In  March,    1864,   General   Grant  was   commissioned 
Lieutenant- General,  and  made  commander-in-chief  of 
all  the  National  armies.     At  the  beginning  of  May  he  or- 
dered the  larger  bodies  of  troops  to  move  against  the  Con- 
federates at  various  points. 

7.  General  Meade,  in   command   of  the  Army  of  the 
Potomac,     accompanied    by    Lieutenant-General     Grant, 
moved  toward  Richmond,   and  fought  the  army  of  Lee 

QUESTIONS.— 3.  Tell  about  an  expedition  up  the  Eed  River.  What  did  General 
Banks  do  ?  4  What  can  you  tell  about  battles  above  Alexandria,  and  the  passage  of 
the  Rapids  there  ?  5.  What  happened  in  Kentucky,  Tennessee  and  Arkansas  ?  6. 
What  have  you  to  say  about  General  Grant  ?  What  did  he  order  ?  7.  What  have  you 
to  say  about  General  Meade  ?  What  about  two  terrible  battles  ? 

1  set'-moor.       '•*  o-lus-tee'.      3  sa-bine'. 


THE   CIVIL    WAR.  341 


Sherman's  Invasion  of  Georgia.  Richmond  Threatened. 

much  of  the  way  to  the  James  River.  On  the  5th  of  May  the 
terrible  battle  of  the  Wilderness,  which  lasted  two  days, 
was  begun.  That  of  Spottsylvania  took  place  on  the  9th. 

8.  At  the   same  time   General  Sherman  moved  from 
Chattanooga  into  the   heart   of  Georgia  to  capture  At- 
lanta.   He  was  opposed  by  General 

Joseph  E.  Johnston.  Sherman 
won  battle  after  battle  and  drove 
the  Confederates  from  their  strong- 
holds ;  and  in  July  he  crossed 
the  Chattahoehee 1  River  with  his 
whole  army  and  appeared  before 
Atlanta. 

9.  General  Hood  succeeded  Gen-  .  »   ,fr/ 

1    / 1 <  i 

eral  Johnston    at  Atlanta.       After  GENERAL  SHERMAN. 

three  sharp  battles  there  in  July,  the  Nationals  besieged 
the  city.  Hood  abandoned  it  at  the  beginning  of  Septem- 
ber, and  on  the  2d  of  that  month  the  Nationals  took  posses- 
sion of  the  place.  It  was  one  of  the  most  important  military 
posts  in  the  South. 

10.  At  the  beginning  of  June  Grant  had  compelled  Lee 
to  fall   back  to  the   defences   of  Richmond.     They  had 
fought   at   the   North  Anna  and   Cool  Arbor.     Mean- 
while General  Butler,  with  the  Army  of  the  James,  had 
secured  a  position  at  Bermuda  Hundred,  near  the  mouth 
of  the  tAppomattox 2  River. 

1 1.  Beauregard  was  now  coming  up  from  North  Caro* 

QUESTIONS.— 8.  What  can  you  tell  about  General  Sherman's  campaign  in  Georgia  ? 
9.  What  can  you  tell  about  events  at  Atlanta  ?  10.  What  can  you  tell  about  the 
movements  of  Grant  and  Lee  ?  What  did  General  Butler  do  ?  11.  What  did  Beaure- 
gard  do  ?  What  did  Grant  do,  aad  what  did  he  compel  Lee  to  do  ? 

1  chat'-ta-tioo'-chee.         a  ap'-po-mat'-ftx. 


342  THE  CIVIL    WAR. 


Events  in  Shenandoah   "Valley  and  Maryland. 

Una  to  help  Lee.  Grant  led  his  army  successfully  across 
the  James  River,  and  took  a  position  before  Petersburg. 
Lee  was  compelled  to  cross  the  river,  also,  to  defend  Peters- 
burg, its  safety  being  essential  for  the  security  of  Rich.- 
mond. 

12.  A  force  of  Nationals  under  Sigel,  in  the  Shenan- 
doah  Valley,  intending  to  aid  Meade  in  his  march  toward 
the  James,  was  defeated  at  New    Market.      General 
Hunter  then  took  command  of  this  army,  and  was  compelled 
to  retire   into  West  Virginia,   after  gaining  a  victory  at 
Piedmont 1  on  the  5th  of  June. 

13.  In  July  General  Early,  with  about  fifteen  thousand 
Confederate  troops,  crossed  the  Potomac  into  Maryland, 
and    threatened    Baltimore    and   Washington.      General 
Wallace,  with  a  few  troops,  fought  them  at  the  Monoc- 
acy 2  River,  and  detained  them  until  troops  were  thrown 
into  Washington.     Thus  Wallace  saved  the  National  capi- 
tal and  Baltimore. 

14.  Early  recrossed  the  Potomac  with  much  plunder, 
closely  pursued.     He  received  a  severe  blow  from  National 
troops  under  General  Averill  near  Winchester.     Securing 
reinforcements,  the  Confederates  pushed  the  Nationals  back 
to  the  Potomac,  and  some  of  Early's  cavalry  again  crossed, 
swept  through  Maryland,  and  burned  Chambersburg, 
in  Pennsylvania. 

15.  While  Grant  and  Sherman  were  making  their  suc- 
cessful movements  on  the  land,  Admiral   Farragut  was 

QUESTIONS.— 12.  What  can  you  tell  about  General  Sigel  and  troops  ?  What  have 
you  to  say  about  General  Hunter?  13.  Give  an  account  of  a  Confederate  invasion 
of  Maryland.  What  did  General  Wallace  accomplish  ?  14.  What  did  General  Early 
do  ?  What  can  you  tell  about  Early  and  Averill,  and  a  cavalry  raid  into  Maryland 
and  Pennsylvania  ?  15.  What  did  Admiral  Farragut  do  ? 


BATTLES  AT 

GETTYSBURG 

JTTLY1.2.&3. 


344  THE  CIVIL    WAR. 


Operations  near  Mobile.  Battles  in   Shenandoah   Yalley. 

preparing  to  attack  the  forts  below  Mobile.  This  he  did 
about  the  middle  of  August,  and  captured  them  on  the  23d, 
with  the  assistance  of  troops  under  General  Granger. 

16.  Farragut's  fleet  entered  Mobile  Bay,  and  so  cut 
off  Mobile  and  a  vast  region  of 

country  occupied  by  the  Confed- 
erates from  all  communication 
with  the  sea.  This  was  a  heavy 
blow  for  them. 

17.  During  the  autumn,  Gen- 
eral   Philip     Sheridan,    who 
succeeded    Hunter,    broke    the 
power  of  the  Confederates  under 
Early,     in     the     Shenandoah 
Valley.     On  the   19th   of  Sep- 
tember he  defeated  them  at  Winchester.     Three  days 
afterward  he  routed  them  at  Fisher's  Hill,  and  a  month 
later  he  beat  them  at  Cedar  Creek. 

18.  From  the  beginning  of  the  war  the  English  helped 
the    Confederates.      They  built,  manned,  armed,  and   pro- 
visioned a  ship-of-war  for  them,  named  the  Alabama.     She 
and  the  Sumter  were  the  most  destructive  of  the  Confed- 
erate privateers. 

19.  The    Alabama    was    commanded    by    Raphael 
Semmes*  of  Alabama.     She  destroyed  or  captured   sixty- 
four  American  merchant  vessels.     The  estimated  value  of 
property  destroyed  by  her  was  ten  million  dollars. 

QUESTIONS.— 16.  What  more  did  Parragut  do?  17.  What  did  Sheridan  do,  and 
where  ?  18.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  English  ?  How  did  they  help  the 
Confederates  ?  19.  What  have  you  to  tell  about  the  Alabama  and  her  fate  ? 


\ 


THE  CIVIL    WAR.  345 


The  Alabama  Destroyed.  "Battles  near  Nashville. 

20.  The  Alabama  always  avoided  National  war  vessels. 
Finally,  when  she  was  compelled  to  leave  a  French  port,  she 
encountered  the  Kearsarge,1  a  National  vessel  commanded 
by  Captain  Winslow.      The  Alabama  was  sunk  by  the 
Kearsarge  on  the  19th  of  June,  1864. 

21.  During  the  summer  and  autumn  of   1864,  and  the 
ensuing  winter,  General  Grant  prosecuted  the   siege   of 
Petersburg  vigorously.     Meanwhile  General  Sherman, 
leaving  General  Thomas  to  watch  Hood,  abandoned  At- 
lanta and  began  his  famous  march  toward  the  sea  at  the 
middle  of  November.     He  entered  the  city  of  Savannah, 
as  a  victor,  on  the  21st  of  December. 

22.  Hood  invaded   Tennessee  and  pushed  up  toward 

Nashville.  He  had  a  sharp 
fight  with  Nationals  under  Gen- 
eral Schofield?  at  Franklin, 
drove  them  back,  and  then  be- 
sieged Nashville,  the  capital  of 
Tennessee,  to  which  Thomas  had 
retired. 

23.    On  the  15th  of  December 
General  Thomas  marched  out  and 

GENERAL  THOMAS. 

attacked   Hood,    and    drove    him 
back  into  Alabama  with  great  loss. 

24.  On  Christmas  day,  1864,  Fort  Fisher,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Cape  Fear  River,  was  bombarded  by  Admiral  Por- 
ter's fleet,  and  an  attempt  to  capture  the  fort  was  made  by 
troops  under  General  Weitzel?  It  failed.  On  the  15th  of 

QUESTIONS.— 21.  What  did  General  Grant  do  ?  What  can  you  tell  about  Sherman 
in  Georgia  ?  22.  Give  an  account  of  an  invasion  of  Tennessee.  23.  What  did  Gen- 
eral Thomas  do  ?  24.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Fort  Fisher  ? 

1  Iceer'-sarj.       *  skc/jedd,       s  wite'-zd, 


346  THE  CIVIL    WAR. 


Sherman's  March  across   Georyia  and  the    Carolinas. 

January,  1865,  the  fort  was  captured  by  the  combined 
forces  of  Porter  and  General  Terry.  The  National  forces 
then  took  possession  of  Wilmington. 

25.  Meanwhile  Sherman  had   crossed  the  Savannah 
River  into  South  Carolina.     On  the  17th  of  February  he 
captured    Columbia,  the   capital   of    the   State,    and   the 
Confederates  abandoned  Charleston.     Colored  troops  then 
marched  in  and  took  possession  of  the  latter  city. 

26.  Sherm&n   marched  from   Columbia    into  North 
Carolina,  and  was  joined  at  Goldsborough  by  Schofield 
and   Terry,   who   came  from  Wilmington.     On   the  16th 
of  March  Sherman  gained  a 

victory  over  the  Confederates 
under  General  Hardee.1 

27.  During  the  early  part  of 
the  spring  of  1865  Sheridan  had 
greatly  weakened  Early 's  army  ; 
and  by  quick  movements  had  cut 
off  supplies  of  food  from  ^Rich- 
mond.     Lee's    army   was   thus     ' '  ' 

GENERAL  SHERIDAN. 

threatened  with  starvation. 

28.  Grant   had   compelled  Lee  to  remain   and   defend 
Petersburg   since   June  of  the  previous   year.      Seeing  his 
peril  from  want  of  supplies,  Lee  attempted  to  escape 
by  breaking  through  Grant's  lines  and  joining  the  Confed- 
erates under  Johnston  in  North  Carolina. 

29.  In  this  attempt  Lee  did  not  succeed.     Encompassed 

QUESTIONS.— 25.  What  can  you  tell  about  Sherman  in  South  Carolina?  What 
occurred  at  Charleston  ?  26.  What  did  Sherman  do  ?  Who  joined  him,  and  what 
happened?  27.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  movements  of  Sheridan,  and  their 
results?  28,  What  did  Grant  compel  Lee  to  do ?  What  did  Lee  attempt  to  do ? 

1  hard'-ee. 


THE  CIVIL    WAR.  347 


Surrender  of  Lee  and  Johnston.          President  Lincoln  Murdered, 

by  the  Nationals  he  was  finally  compelled  to  surrender  his 
whole  army  to  Grant  at  Appomattox  Court-House. 

30.  On  the  night  of  the  2d  of  April,   1865,  Jefferson 
Davis  and  other  members  of  the  Confederate  government 
fled  from  Richmond  into  North  Carolina,  and  on   the 
morning  of  the  3d,  colored  troops  under  General  Weitzel 
marched  into  and  took  possession  of  the  Confederate  capital. 

3 1 .  The  surrender  of  Johnston's  army  in  North  Carolina 
soon  followed  that  of  Lee.     Already  the  power  of  the  Con- 
federates in  Alabama  and  the  adjacent  regions  had  been 
broken  by  a  cavalry  force  under  General  J.  H.  Wilson,  who 
operated  in  aid  of  Cariby. 

33,  The  Confederate  troops  in  Mobile  had  been  captured 
or  dispersed,  and  peace  was  assured.  The  last  conflict  of  the 
Civil  War  did  not  occur  until  more  than  a  month  later, 
when  a  severe  skirmish  occurred  near  the  Rio  Grande,  in 
Texas. 

33.  On  the  surrender  of  Lee  the  people  rejoiced  because 
of  the  assurance  of  peace.     This  event  was  followed  by  one 
which  caused  wide-spread  mourning.    Abraham  Lincoln, 
the  President  of  the  Republic,  was  assassinated  in  the 
National  Capital  on  the  evening  of  the  15th  of  April,  1865. 

34.  According  to  the  provisions  of  the  Constitution  the 
Vice-President,  Andrew  Johnson,  of  Tennessee,  now  be- 
came President  of  the  Republic.     In  the  autumn  of  1864,  Mr. 
Lincoln  had  been  re-elected  President,  and  was  inaugurated 
on  the  4th  of  March,  1865. 

QUESTIONS.— 29.  What  have  you  to  say  further  about  General  Lee  ?  30.  What  did 
the  Confederate  government  do  ?  What  occurred  at  Richmond  ?  31.  What  have  you 
to  say  about  Johnston's  army,  and  the  Confederate  power  else  where  ?  32.  What  have 
you  to  say  about  Mobile,  and  the  last  battle  in  the  Civil  War  ?  33.  What  events 
caused  rejoicing  and  mourning?  34.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Mr.  Lincoln's  suc- 
cessor ?  What  was  done  in  the  autumn  of  1864,  and  spring  of  1865  ? 


348  THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 

^President  Johnson.  Capture  of  Jefferson   "Davit. 

35.  In  this  section  we  have  considered — 

(1)  Military  operations  in  Mississippi,  Red  River 
region  and  Kentucky ;  (2)  Grant's  new  covnmission, 
and  advance  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac  ;  (3)  Sherman's 
campaign  against  Atlanta  and  in  Georgia ;  (4)  the  siege 
of  Petersburg,  and  events  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley  and 
in  Maryland ;  (5)  capture  of  forts  near  Mobile ;  (6)  the 
Alabama,  and  her  fate  ;  (7)  Hood  and  Thomas  in  Tennes- 
see; (8)  capture  of  Fort  Fisher ;  (9)  Sherman's  cam- 
paign in  the  Carolinas,  and  (10)  closing  events  of  the 
Civil  War. 


SECTION    V. 

JOHNSON'S     ADMINISTRATION. 
[1865-1869.] 

1.  Andrew  Johnson  took  the  oath  of  office  as  President 
on  the  15th  of  April,  1865.      He  was  the  sixteenth  chief 
magistrate  of  the  Republic.      He  immediately  offered  large 
rewards  for  the  arrest  of  Jefferson  Davis  and  his  official 
associates. 

2.  Mr.  Davis  was  captured  in  Georgia  on  the  10th  of 
May,  1865,  while  making  his  way  to  the   Gulf  of  Mexico, 
and  after  a  long  confinement  in  Fortress  Monroe,  was  re- 
leased. 

3.  The  Civil  War  left  much  confusion  in  the  States  wherein 

QUESTIONS.— 35.  What  have  we  considered  in  this  section  ? 

QUESTIONS.— 1.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Andrew  Johnson  ?  2.  What  can  you 
tell  about  Jefferson  Davis  ?  3.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  condition  of  certain 
States  and  the  duty  of  the  National  government  ? 


THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 


349 


Reorganization  dots  of  Congress. 


Constitution  Amended. 


r 


insurrection  had  existed.  The  first  business  of  the  govern- 
ment was  to  bring  order  out  of  this  confusion,  and  to  have 

all  the  States  represented 
in  Congress. 

4.  It   was   soon  apparent 
that  the  Congress   and  the 
President   would  not    agree 
upon  a  plan  for  the  perfect 
reorganization  of  the  Union. 
Congress  wished  to  give  all 
citizens  of  the  United  States, 
without  distinction  of  race 
or    color,  equal  privileges 
as  citizens.      The   President 
opposed  this  proposition,  and 
a  final  settlement  was  long 
delayed. 

5.  Congress  was  strongly 
supported  by  the  people,  and 

went  forward  in  the  execution  of  its  plan  for  reorganiza- 
tion. By  an  amendment  (the  Thirteenth)  of  the  National 
Constitution,  approved  by  the  people  and  proclaimed  on  the 
18th  of  December,  1865,  slavery  was  forbidden  to 
exist  in  the  Republic  forever. 

6.  Another  amendment  (the  Fourteenth)  was  adopted  by 
Congress  on  the  13th  of  June,  1866,  which  guaranteed 
civil  rights  to  the  emancipated  slaves  ;  enforced  the  pay- 
ment of  the  National  Debt,  then  amounting  to  about  three 


ANDREW  JOHNSON. 


QUESTIONS.— 4.  What  was  apparent  in  relation  to  the  President  and  Congress? 
What  did  Congress  wish  to  do  ?  What  did  the  President  do  ?  5.  What  have  you  to 
say  about  Congress  and  the  people  ?  What  about  an  amendment  to  the  Constitution  t 
6.  What  about  another  amendment? 


THE   UNION  OF  STATES.  351 

The  President  and  Congress  at  Tariance.      The  President  Impeached. 

thousand  million  dollars,  and  prohibited  the  payment  of  the 
public  debt  of  the  Confederate  States. 

7.  Acts  were  passed  for  securing  to  the  freedmen  their 
rights  as  free  citizens,  and  placing  them  on  an  equality  with 
other  citizens.     These  various  measures  were  termed  Recon- 
struction  Acts.      They   were   properly  Reorganization 
Acts,  for  the  Union  had  remained  perfect  from  the  begin- 
ning in  all  its  essential  elements. 

8.  The  President  steadily  vetoed  the  reorganization  acts 
of  Congress,  believing  them  to  be  unconstitutional ;  but  they 
all  became  laws  without  his  signature,  by  a  vote  of  two-thirds 
of  the  members  of  each  House  of  Congress  in  their  favor. 

9.  On  account  of  the  attempts  of  the  President  to  frus- 
trate the  action  of  Congress,  and  his  public  declaration  that 
the  National  Legislature,  as  then  organized,  was  an  illegal 
body,  he  was  put  upon  his  trial  on  the  30th  of  March,  1868, 
charged  with  high  crimes  and  misdemeanors. 

10.  On  the  22d  of  February,  1868,  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives made  the  charges,  in  the  form  of  Articles  of 
Impeachment.     These  were  adopted,  on  the  2d  of  March, 
and  the  President  was  arraigned  for  trial  before  the  Senate 
of  the  Republic,  which  sat  as  a  High.  Court  of  Im- 
peachment.    He  was,  after  a  long  trial,  acquitted. 

11.  On   the   1st  day  of  March,  1867,  the  Territory   of 
Nebraska 1  was  admitted  into  the  Union  as  a  State.     The 
Territory  of  Nevada2  had  been  admitted  on  the  31st  of 
October,  1864. 

QUESTIONS. — 7.  What  can  you  tell  about  acts  of  Congress  ?  What  were  they 
called,  and  what  should  they  be  called?  9.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the 
President  and  his  relations  to  Congress  ?  10.  What  can  you  tell  about  an  impeach- 
ment and  trial  ?  11.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  admission  of  States  ? 

1  ne-brah'-ska.       3  ne-vah'-dah,. 


352  THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 

Atlantic   Cable.  Alaska  Sought.  Election  of  President. 

12.  We  have  observed  that  the  telegraphic  cable  stretched 
across  the  Atlantic  was  broken  in  1858,  after  only  two  mes- 
sages had  passed  over  it.     In  the  summer  of  1865  a  new  and 
lasting  one  was  laid.     The  first  communication  through  it 
was  made  on  the  29th  of  July.      Other  ocean  cables  have 
since  been  laid  in  various  parts  of  the  world. 

13.  By  a  treaty  with  Russia  in  the  autumn  of  1867,  a 
large  domain  in  the  northwestern  extremity  of  North  Amer- 
ica  was   purchased  by  the  United  States  for  the   sum  of 
seven  million  two  hundred  thousand  dollars  in 
gold,  and  annexed  to  the  Republic  as  the  Territory  of 
Alaska.1 

14.  In  the  antumn  of  1868,  the  Republican  party  named 
Ulysses  S.  Grant  as  their  candidate  for  President  of  the 
United   States,  and   Schuyler  Colfax  for  Vice-President. 
The  Democratic  party  named  Horatio  Seymour  for  Presi- 
dent and  Francis  P.  Blair  for  Vice-President.      Grant 
and  Coif  ax  were  elected. 

15.  In  this  section  we  have  considered— 

(1)  The  inauguration  of  President  Johnson  and  the 
capture  of  Jefferson  Davis;  (2)  the  Reorganization 
measures  ;  (3)  amendments  to  the  Constitution  ;  (4) 
the  impeachment  of  the  President;  (5)  admission  of 
new  States;  (6)  a  permanent  Atlantic  cable ;  and  (7)  the 
purchase  of  Alaska. 

QUESTIONS.— 12.  What  have  you  to  say  about  ocean  telegraphic  cables  ?  13.  What 
can  you  tell  about  a  new  Territory  ?  14.  What  have  you  to  say  about  nominations 
for  President  and  the  election  ?  15.  What  have  we  considered  in  this  section  f 

1  a-lask'-a. 


THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 


353 


President  Grant.      The   Union  Reorganized.     Fifteenth  Amendment. 


SECTION    VI. 

GRANT'S    ADMINISTRATION. 
[1869-1875.] 

1.  On  the  4th  of  March,  1869,  Ulysses  Simpson  Grant, 

the  seventeenth  President  of 
the  United  States,  was  inau- 
gurated. He  was  then  forty- 
seven  years  of  age.  He  was 
chosen  by  a  large  majority 
of  the  people. 

2.  During  the  first  year 
of  Granifs  administration 
Virginia,  Mississippi,  and 
Texas,  having  complied  with 
the  requirements  of  Congress, 
were  allowed  representatives 
in  that  body.  So  the  reor- 
ganization of  the  Re- 
public was  finally  perfect- 
ed. It  now  consists  of 
thirty-eight  States  and 
ten  Territories. 

3.       On     the     30th     of 
March,  1870,  a  Fifteenth 
Amendment  to  the  Con- 
stitution was  adopted  and  proclaimed,  which  guaranteed  the 

QUESTIONS.— 1.  What  have  you  to  say  about  President  Grant?  2.  What  can  you 
tell  about  the  perfecting  of  reorganization  ?  3.  What  did  the  Fifteenth  Amendment 
secure  ? 


PRESIDENT  GRANT  AND  HIS  BIRTHPLACE. 


354  THE    UNION  OF  STATES. 

Fenians.  Fhe  Alabama  Affair.  A   Settlement. 

right  of  suffrage  to  all  citizens  of  the  United,  States, 
without  regard  to  race  or  color. 

4.  In  May  following  an  organized  band  of  Irishmen, 
styled  Fenians,  associated  for  the  avowed  purpose  of  liber- 
ating Ireland  from  the  political  control  of  Great  Britain, 
invaded  Canada  from  the  United  States,  in  violation  of 
our  neutrality  laws.     The  movement  was  a  failure. 

5.  The  fitting  out  of  the  privateer  Alabama  by  British 
subjects,  and  her  depredations,  had  produced  a  serious  dis- 
pute between  the  governments  of  the  United  States  and 
Great  Britain.     It  was  finally  agreed  to  settle  the  matter 
by  negotiation.     Early  in  1871  each  government  appointed 
commissioners  for  the  purpose. 

6.  This  High  Commission,  as  it  was  called,  met  in 
the  city  of  Washington  in   the  spring  of   that  year,  and 
soon    agreed   to   submit   the   whole    matter    to    arbitrators 
appointed  by  the  two  governments,  whose  decision  should 
be  final. 

7.  The  arbitrators  met  in  Geneva,  Switzerland.    Their 
decision  was  that  the  British  government  should  pay  to  the 
United  States,  for  indemnity  to  American  citizens  for  losses 
sustained  by  the  depredations  of  the  Alabama  and  other 
privateers,  the  sum  of  fifteen  million  five  hundred 
thousand  dollars.     This  was  done,  and  so  an  apparent 
cause   for   war   was  removed    by   the    more    sensible    and 
Christian-like  way  of  peaceful  negotiation. 

8.  In  the  autumn  of  1872  President  Grant  was  re-elected, 
with  Henry  Wilson  as  Yice-President.     His  opponent  was 

QUESTIONS.--!.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  Fenians?  5.  What  can  yon  tell 
about  a  dispute  between  the  United  States  and.  Great  Britain  ?  6.  Tell  what  you 
know  about  a  High  Commission,  and  their  doings.  7.  What  did  the  arbitrators  do  ? 
8.  What  can  you  tell  about  an  election  in  the  autumn  of  1872? 


THE   UNION  OF  STATES.  355 

Indian  rtffairt.  The    Centennial  and  Foreign    Governments. 

Horace  G-reeley.     Grant  and  Wilson  were  inaugurated  on 
the  fourth  of  March,  1873. 

9.  Indian  affairs  and  political  troubles  in  the  South  occu- 
pied much  of  the  public  attention  during  a  greater  portion 
of  Grant's  second  term  of  office.    A  peace  policy  with  the 
Indians  was  yet  only  an  experiment. 

10.  The   Modoc  Indians   gave   special  trouble.      At    a 
friendly   conference   they   treacherously   murdered   General 
Canby  and  a  clergyman  in  April,  1873.     Four  of  the  leaders 
were  hanged  in  October  following. 

11.  By  judicious  measures  our  country  has  been  kept  at 
peace  with  other  nations.     Many  of  them  will  probably  have 
official  representatives  at  our  National  Centennial  celebration 
at  Philadelphia  in  1876.    The  Territory  of  Colorado   was 
admitted  as  a  State  March  4th,  1875. 

12.  Our  internal  troubles,  chiefly  growing  out  of  social 
changes  in  the  South,  seem  in  a  fair  way  for  adjustment,  and 
our  future  appears  cheerful. 

13.  In  this  section  we  have  considered — 

(1)  The  inauguration  of  President  Grant;  (2)  the 
perfected  reorganization  of  the  Republic;  (3)  a  Fif- 
teenth Amendment  to  the  Constitution  ;  (4)  a  Fenian 
movement ;  (5)  the  settlement  of  the  dispute  caused  by 
the  depredations  of  the  Alabama,  and  (6)  troubles  with 
the  Indians,  and  in  the  South. 


QUESTIONS.— 9.  What  attracted  much  public  attention  ?  What  have  you  to  say 
about  a  peace  policy?  10.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  Modoc  Indians  ?  11.  What 
did  judicious  measures  effect  ?  What  have  you  to  say  about  other  nations  and  our 
Centennial  celebration?  12.  What  have  you  to  say  about  internal  troubles?  13. 
What  have  we  considered  in  this  section  ? 


356  THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 


Outline  of  Important 


OUTLINE  OF  IMPORTANT  EVENTS  FROM  1857  TO  1875.1 

1857.  James  Buchanan  inaugurated  President  in  March. 

1858.  Quiet  restored  in  Utah  in  A.pril.     First  communication  by  tele- 

graph sent  across  the  Atlantic  in  September.  The  people  of 
Kansas  vote  to  have  a  free -labor  State. 

1859.  John  Brown's  raid  into  Virginia  in  October. 

1860.  Embassadors  from  Japan,  and  the  Prince   of  Wales  visit  the 

United  States.  Abraham  Lincoln  elected  President  in  No- 
vember. South  Carolinians  pass  an  ordinance  of  secession 
in  ^December. 

1861.  South  Carolinians  fire  on  the  Star  of  the  West ;  secession  ordi- 

nances passed  in  five  States  in  January.  Texans  pass  an 
ordinance  of  secession,  and  Confederate  States  government 
formed  in  February*  Lincoln  inaugurated  President  in 
March.  Fort  Sumter  attacked  and  evacuated  by  National 
troops,  and  the  President  calls  for  75,000  men  to  put  down  the 
insurrection  ;  Davis  offers  commissions  to  privateersmen ;  Vir- 
ginians pass  an  ordinance  of  secession,  and  Southern  ports 
declared  to  be  blockaded  in  jipril.  Arsenal  at  Harper's 
Ferry  and  navy-yard  at  Gosport  destroyed;  National  troops 
enter  Virginia,  and  ordinances  of  secession  passed  in  Arkan- 
sas, Tennessee,  and  North  Carolina  in  May.  Battles  at  Big 
Bethel  and  Romney  in  June.  Richmond  made  the  Confed- 
erate capital ;  the  National  Congress  meet  and  vote  men  and 
money  for  war ;  battles  at  Bull  Run,  Carthage,  and  Dug 
Springs  in  July.  Battle  won  by  Confederates  at  Wilson's 
Creek,  and  forts  at  Hatteras  Inlet  captured  by  Nationals  in 
Augttst.  Lexington  surrendered  to  the  Confederates,  and 
battle  at  Carnifex  Ferry  in  September*  Confederates  vic- 
torious at  Ball's  Bluff  in  October.  Nationals  capture  forts 
at  Port  Royal  entrance,  and  Mason  and  Slidell ;  Confederates 
victorious  at  Belmont  in  November.  A  large  amount  of 
paper  money  authorized  in  1861. 

1862.  Confederates  defeated  at  Mill  Spring,  and  the  great  National 

armies  ordered  to  advance  upon  the  Confederates  in  Jan- 
uary. Roanoke  Island  and  Fort  Donelson  captured  by  the 
Nationals  in  February.  National  victory  at  Pea  Ridge ; 
Mernmack  destroys  U.  S.  ships ;  fight  between  the  Merrimack 

1  See  foot-note  on  page  32. 


THE   UNION  OF  STATES.  35  Y 

Outline  of  Important  Events. 

and  Monitor,  and  New  Berne  captured  by  the  Nationals  in 
March.  Victory  of  Nationals  at  Shiloh,  and  they  capture 
Island  No.  10,  Fort  Pulaski,  Huntsville,  and  New  Orleans,  in 
April.  Confederates  defeated  at  Williamsburg ;  Norfolk 
captured  by  the  Nationals,  and  battle  at  Fair  Oaks,  in  May. 
Destructive  battles  near  Richmond  in  June.  Battle  of  Cedar 
Mountain,  and  severe  battles  near  Bull  Run  in  August.  Na- 
tionals victorious  at  luka  Springs  :  Lee  invades  Maryland  and 
is  defeated  at  South  Mountain  and  Antietam  in  September. 
Confederates  repulsed  at  Corinth  in  October.  Confederates 
t  successful  at  Fredericksburg  in  ^December,  and  defeated  at 
Murfreesboro'  in  January. 

1863.  Emancipation  proclamation  issued    in  January.     Siege    of 

Charleston  begun  in  April.  Confederates  defeated  at  Port 
Gibson,  and  victorious  at  Chancellorville  in  May.  West 
Virginia  admitted  into  the  Union,  and  Lee  invades  Maryland 
in  June.  The  Nationals  victorious  at  Gettysburg ;  Vicks- 
burg  and  Port  Hudson  surrender  to  the  Nationals ;  draft  riots 
in  New  York,  and  Morgan  raids  and  is  captured  in  Ohio  in 
July.  Confederates  victorious  at  Chickamauga  in  Septem- 
ber. The  Confederates  defeated  near  Chattanooga,  and  re- 
pulsed at  Knoxville  in  November*  The  Confederate  ports 
thoroughly  blockaded  in  1863. 

1864.  Sherman  liberates  about  ten  thousand  slaves,  and  the  Nationals 

are  defeated  at  Olustee  in  February.  Grant  appointed 
Lieutenant-General  and  chief  commander  of  all  the  National 
armies;  the  Red  River  expedition  in  March.  Battles  at 
Sabine  Cross-roads  and  Pleasant  Hill ;  Confederates  capture 
Fort  Pillow  in  April.  The  large  National  armies  move  for- 
ward ;  and  battles  in  the  Wilderness,  and  Spottsylvania  won 
by  the  Nationals  ;  Nationals  repulsed  at  Cool  Arbor,  and 
routed  at  New  Market,  in  May.  The  Confederates  defeated 
at  Piedmont,  and  the  Alabama  sunk  by  the  Kearsarge  in 
June.  The  Confederates  invade  Maryland ;  they  are  checked 
at  the  Monocacy ;  they  sack  and  burn  Chambersburg,  and  are 
defeated  before  Atlanta  in  July.  The  Nationals  capture  the 
forts  below  Mobile  in  August.  Atlanta  surrendered  to  the 
Nationals;  the  Confederates  defeated  near  Winchester,  and 
routed  at  Fisher's  Hill  in  September.  The  Nationals  vic- 
torious at  •  Cedar  Creek  ;  Nevada  admitted  into  the  Union  in 
October.  Hood  invades  Tennessee  with  a  Confederate  army, 
is  repulsed  at  Franklin,  and  besieges  Nashville  in  JVovem- 


358  T3E  VNiOft  OF  STATES. 


Outline  of  Important  Events. 


ber.  Confederates  defeated  and  driven  from  Nashville  ;  Na- 
tionals, after  crossing  Georgia,  enter  Savannah  ;  Fort  Fisher 
bombarded  in  "December. 

1865.  Fort  Fisher  captured  by  Nationals  in  January,     Nationals 

capture  Columbia  ;  Charleston  occupied  by  colored  troops,  and 
the  Nationals  take  possession  of  Wilmington  in  February. 
The  Nationals  defeat  the  Confederates  under  Hardee  in  North 
Carolina  in  March.  Lee  attempts  to  evade  Grant,  but  sur- 
renders his  army  at  Appomattox  Court-House  ;  Jefferson  Davis 
and  Confederate  associates  flee  from  Richmond;  President 
Lincoln  is  murdered,  and  Andrew  Johnson  succeeds  »him  j 
General  Johnston  surrenders  his  troops,  and  the  Nationals 
capture  Mobile  in  jipril.  Jefferson  Davis  captured,  and  the 
last  conflict  of  the  war  occurs  in  Texas  in  May.  Slavery 
proclaimed  to  be  abolished  by  the  Thirteenth  Amendment  of 
the  National  Constitution  in  December. 

1866.  Fourteenth  Amendment  adopted  in  June.     First  communication 

sent  over  a  permanent  Atlantic  Cable  in  July. 

1867.  Nebraska  admitted  into  the   Union  in  March.    Alaska  pur- 

chased of  Russia  in  June. 

1868.  Articles  of   Impeachment  of  President   Johnson   presented  in 

February,  His  trial  begins  in  March,  and  he  is  acquitted 
in  May. 

1869.  Ulysses  S.  Grant  inaugurated  President  in  March.     Reorgan- 

ization of  the  Union  perfected. 

1870.  Fifteenth  Amendment  declared  adopted  in  March.     Fenians 

invade  Canada  in  May. 

1871.  A  treaty  concerning  the  depredations  of  the  Alabama  concluded 

in  May. 

1872.  President  Grant  re-elected,  with  Henry  Wilson  as  Vice-President, 

in  November* 

1873.  Grant  inaugurated  in  March.     Modoc  Indians  murder  Peace 

Commissioners  in  JLpril.  Modoc  murderers  hung  in  Octo- 
ber. 

1874.  1875.  Internal  troubles  prevail  in  some  of  the  Southern  States. 


THE   UNION  OF  STATES. 


359 


JList  of  Important  Battles  of  the    Civil  War. 


LIST  OF  THE  MOST   IMPORTANT  BATTLES   OP  THE  CIVIL  WAK. 


1861. 

Attack  on  Fort  Sumter,  S.  C April  12 

Big  Bethel,  Ya June  10 

Bull  Run,  Va July  21 

Wilson's  Creek,  Mo Aug.  10 

Lexington,  Mo Sept.  12 

Ball's  Bluff,  Va Oct.  21 

1862. 

Mill  Spring,  Ky Jan.  19 

Roauoke  Island,  N.  C Feb.  8 

Fort  Donelson,  Tenn Feb.  16 

Pea  Ridge,  Ark March  8 

Merrimack  and  Monitor,  Va March  9 

Pittsburgh  Landing,  Teim April  6 

Shiloh,  Tenn April  7 

Forts  below  New  Orleans,  La. . .  April  18 

Williamsburgh,  Va May  5 

Fair  Oaks,  Va May  30 

Cross  Keys,  Va June  7 

Mechanicsville.  ..  .June  26") 

Games'  Mill June  27  j       Near 

Savages  Station June  28  /-Richmond, 

Glendale June  29  Va. 

MalvernHill JulylJ 

Cedar  Mountain  Aug.  9 

Groveton,  Va Aug.  29 

Bull  Run  (second),  Va Aug.  30 

South  Mountain,  Md Sept.  14 

Antietam,  Md Sept.  17 

luka  Springs,  Miss Sept  19 

Corinth,  Miss Oct.  4 

Perryville,  Ky Oct.  8 

Fredericksburg,  Va Dec.  13 

Murfreesboro',  Tenn Dec.  31 

1863. 
Port  Gibson,  Miss... May  1 


Chancellorville,  Va May  2 

Vicksburgh,  Miss.,  siege,  May  19  to  July  4 
Port  Hudson,  La.,  siege,  May  27  to  July  8 

Gettysburgh,  Pa July  1 

Little  Rock,  Ark Sept.  10 

Chickamauga,  Ga Sept.  19 

Chattanooga,  Ga Nov.  25 

Knoxville,  Tenn Nov.  29 

1864. 

Olustee,  Fla Feb.  20 

Sabine  Cros-s-Roads,  La April  8 

Pleasant  Hill,  La Aprils 

Fort  Pillow,  Tenn April  12 

The  Wilderness,  Va May  5 

Spottsylvania,  Va. May  9 

Resacca,  Ga May  15 

Dallas,  Ga May  28 

Cool  Arbor,  Va June  3 

Around  Keuesaw  Mountain,  Ga..  June 

Kearsarge  and  Alabama June  19 

Mouocacy,  Md July  9 

Atlanta,  Ga '. July  22 

Forts  below  Mobile,  Ala Aug.  22 

Winchester,  Va Sept.  19 

Cedar  Creek,  Va Oct.  19 

Franklin,  Tenn Nov.  30 

Nashville,  Tenn Dec.  15 

Fort  Fisher,  N.  C Dec.  25 


Fort  Fisher,  N.  C Jan.  15 

Averysboro',  N.  C March  16 

Near  Petersburgh,  Va...  Fab.  and  March. 
Five  Forks,  Va April  1 


360  T&E  NATIONAL    CONSTITUTION. 

Remarks.  Preamble.  Objects  of  the  Constitution. 

SECTION    VII. 

THE     NATIONAL     CONSTITUTION. 

We  have  here,  and  also  on  page  231,  considered  the  causes  which  led  to  the  con- 
struction of  the  National  Constitution,  in  1787;  its  adoption  by  the  people  of 
the  United  States  as  the  organic  law  of  the  land,  and  the  establishment  of  a 
National  Government  in  accordance  with  its  plan.  Let  us  now  take  it  up  and 
study  it  carefully,  for  it  is  the  Great  Charter  of  our  Liberties.  We  will 
begin  with  the  introductory  remarks,  or 

PREAMBLE. 

WE  the  People  of  the   United  States,  in  order  to  form  a  more  perfect  union, 
establish  justice,  insure  domestic  tranquillity,  provide  for 
Objects.  the  common  defence,  promote  the  general  welfare,  and 

secure  the  blessings  of  liberty  to  ourselves  and  our  pos- 
terity, do  ordain  and  establish  this  Constitution  for  the  United  States  of 
America. 

ARTICLE    I. 

SECTION  I. 

All  legislative  powers  herein  granted  shall  be  vested 

Legislative  Powers,  in  a  Congress  of  the  United  States,  which  shall  consist 
of  a  senate  and  house  of  representatives. 

SECTION  II. 

1st   Clause.— The   House  of  Eepresentatives  shall  be   composed   of  members 

chosen  every  second  year  by  the  people  of  the  several 

House  of  Repre-     States,  and  the  electors  in  each  State  shall  have  the  qualifi- 

sentatives.  cations  requisite  for  electors  of  the  most  numerous  branch 

of  the  State  legislature. 
2d  Clause.— No  person  shall  be  a  representative  who  shall  not  have  attained  to 

the  age  of  twenty-five  years,  and  been  seven  years  a 
Qualification  of  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  who  shall  not,  when 
Representatives,  elected,  be  an  inhabitant  of  the  State  in  which  he  shall  be 

chosen. 


QUESTIONS.— What  have  we  considered  ?  What  are  the  remarks  introductory  to 
the  National  Constitution  called?  Recite  the  Preamble  to  the  Constitution.  Who 
ordained  and  established  the  Constitution  ?  For  what  purposes  ? 

ART.  I.  Legislative  Department.  SEC.  I.  Recite  Section  I.  In  what  body  are  all 
legislative  powers  vested  ?  Of  what  does  Congress  consist  ? 

SEC.  II.  Recite  the  1st  Clause.  How  is  the  House  of  Representatives  composed  ? 
How  often  and  by  whom  are  the  Representatives  chosen?  What  are  the  qualifica- 
tions for  an  elector  or  voter  ?  Recite  the  2e?,  Clause.  What  is  said  about  the  age  of  a 
Representative  ?  How  long  must  he  have  been  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  ?  What 
is  required  in  regard  to  his  residence  ?  What  three  qualifications  must  a  Repre- 
sentative possess  ? 


THE    NATIONAL     CONSTITUTION.  361 

Apportionment  offiepresentatives.  Number  of  Senators. 

'id  Clause.— Representatives  and  direct  taxes  shall  be  apportioned  among  the 
several  States  which  may  be  included  within  this  Union, 

according  to  their  respective  numbers,  which  shall  be  de-    Apportionment  of 
termined  by  adding  to  the  whole  number  of  free  persons,     Representatives, 
including  those  bound  to  service  for  a  term  of  years,  and 

excluding  Indians  not  taxed,  three-fifths  of  all  other  persons.  The  actual  enumera- 
tion shall  be  made  within  three  years  after  the  first  meeting  of  the  Congress  of  the 
United  States,,  and  within  every  subsequent  term  of  ten  years,  in  such  manner  as 
they  shall  by  law  direct.  The  number  of  representatives  shall  not  exceed  one  for 
every  thirty  thousand,  but  each  State  shall  have  at  least  one  representative ;  and 
until  such  enumeration  shall  be  made,  the  State  of  New  Hampshire  shall  be  en- 
titled to  choose  three,  Massachusetts  eight,  Rhode  Island  and  Providence 
Plantations  one,  Connecticut  five,  New  York  six,  New  Jersey  four,  Penn- 
sylvania eight,  Delaware  one,  Maryland  six,  Virginia  ten,  North  Carolina 
five,  South  Carolina  five,  and  Georgia  three. 

Uh  Clause.— When  vacancies  happen  in  the  represent*-      Vacancies  how 
tion  from  any  State,  the  executive  authority  thereof  shall 
issue  writs  of  election  to  fill  such  vacancies. 

5th  Clause.— The  House  of  Representatives  shall  choose        SnMvpr  how 
their  speaker  and  other  officers;  and  shall  have  the  sole  appointed 

power  of  impeachment. 

SECTION  I1L 

1st  Clause.— The  Senate  of  the  United  States  shall  be 

composed  of  two  senators  from  each  State,  chosen  by  the  Number  of  Senators 
legislature  thereof,  for  six  yeare ;  and  each  senator  shall     from  each  State. 
have  one  vote. 

2rf  Clause.—  Immediately  after  they  shall  be  assembled  in  consequence  of  the  first 
election,  they  shall  be  divided  as  equally  as  may  be  into 

three  classes.    The  seats  of  the  senators  of  the  first  class      Classification  of 
shall  be  vacated  at  the  expiration  of  the  second  year,  of  the  Senators. 

second  class  at  the  expiration  of  the  fourth  year,  and  of  the 

third  class  at  the  expiration  of  the  sixth  year,  so  that  one-third  may  be  chosen  every 
second  year ;  and  if  vacancies  happen  by  resignation,  or  otherwise,  during  the  recess 
of  the  legislature  of  any  State,  the  executive  thereof  may  make  temporary  appoint- 
ments until  the  next  meeting  of  the  legislature,  which  shall  then  fill  such  vacancies. 

QUESTIONS.— SEC.  II.  Recite  the  M  Clause.  How  are  Representatives  and  direct 
taxes  apportioned  among  the  several  States?  How  are  the  respective  numbers  of 
the  representative  population  to  be  determined  ?  When  was  the  first  enumeration 
or  census  to  be  made,  and  how  often  thereafter?  How  many  inhabitants,  at  least, 
are  required  for  one  representative?  What  number  shall  each  State  have?  What 
number  of  representatives  respectively  were  the  States  then  in  the  Union  entitled 
to?  Of  how  many  members,  consequently,  did  the  first,  House  of  Representatives 
consist  ?  Recite  the  4th  Clause.  How  are  vacancies  in  the  representation  of  a  State 
to  be  filled?  Recite  the  5th  Clause.  Who  shall  choose  the  officers  of  the  House  of 
Representatives? 

SEC.  III.  Recite  the  \st  Clause.  Of  whom  shall  the  Senate  be  composed?  By 
whom  are  the  Senators  chosen,  and  for  what  space  of  time?  How  many  votes  is 
each  Senator  entitled  to?  Recite  the  2rf  Clause.  Into  how  many  clashes  were  the 
Senators  at  first  divided?  In  what  order  were  their  seats  vacated ?  What  propor- 
tion of  Senators  are  chosen  every  second  year?  Under  what  conditions  may  the 
Executive  or  Governor  of  a  State  fill  a  vacancy  in  the  Senate  ?  How  long  may  a 
Senator  so  appointed  fill  the  oflicc  ?  How  shall  the  vacancy  then  be  filled  ? 


362  THE  NATIONAL    CONSTITUTION. 


Qualification  of  Senators,  Meeting  of  Congress. 

0      Vfi  .          3d  Clause.— No  person  shall  be  a  senator  who  shall  not 

'n  OI      have  attained  to  the  age  of  thirty  years,  and  been  nine  years 
a  citizen  of  the  United  6' fates.,  and  who  shall  not,  when 
elected,  be  an  inhabitant  of  that  State  for  which  he  shall  be  chosen. 

•P  0  -H         offl  4tfl  Clause.— The  Vice-President  of  the  United  States 

shall  be  president  of  the  Senate,  but  shall  have  no  vote, 
rf  the  Senate.       Unleg8  they  be  cqually  divide(L 

5th  Clause.— The  Senate  shall  choose  their  other  officers,  and  also  a  president  pro 
tetnpore,  in  the  absence  of  the  Vice-President,  or  when  he  shall  exercise  the  office  of 
President  of  the  United  States. 

6th  Clause.— The  Senate  shall  have  the  sole  power  to  try  all  impeachments: 
When  sitting  for  that  purpose,  they  shall  be  on  oath  or 

Senate,  a  court  for  affirmation.  When  the  President  of  the  United  States 
trial  of  impeach-  is  tried,  the  chief-justice  shall  preside:  and  no  person 
ment.  shall  be  convicted  without  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds 

of  the  members  present. 

1th  Clause. — Judgment  in  cases  of  impeachment  shall  not  extend  further  than  to 
removal  from  office,  and  disqualification  to  hold  and  enjoy 

Judgment  in  case    any  office  of  honor,  trust  or  profit  under   the    United 
of  Conviction.         States :    but  the   party  convicted  shall  nevertheless  be 
liable  and  subject  to  indictment,  trial,  judgment,  and  pun- 
ishment, according  to  law. 

SECTION  IV. 

1st  Clause. — The  times,  places,  and  manner  of  holding 

Elections  of  Sena-  elections  for  senators  and  representatives,  shall  be  pre- 
tors  and  Repre-  scribed  in  each  State  by  the  legislature  thereof;  but  the 
sentatives.  Congress  may  at  any  time,  by  law,  make  or  alter  such 

regulations,  except  as  to  the  places  of  choosing  senators. 

2d  Clause.— The  Congress  shall  assemble  at  least  once 

Meeting-  of  Con-      in  every  year,  and    such  meeting  shall  be  on  the   first 
gress.  Monday  in  December,  unless  they  shall  by  law  appoint  a 

different  day. 

SECTION  V. 

1st  Clause. — Each  house  shall  be  the  judge  of  the  elections,  returns,  and  qualifica- 
tions of  its  own  members,  and  a  majority  of  each  shall  constitute  a  quorum  to 


QUESTIONS.— SEC.  III.  Recite  the  3d  Clause.  At  what  age  is  a  person  eligible  to 
be  a  Senator  *  How  long  must  he  have  been  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  ?  What 
is  required  concerning  his  residence  ?  What  are  the  three  requisites  of  a  Senator  ? 
Recite  the  4th  Clause.  Who  shall  be  the  President  of  the  Senate  ?  When  may  he 
vote  ?  Recite  the  5th  Clause.  What  officers  shall  the  Senate  choose  ?  What  officers 
may  they  choose  pro  tempore,  or  for  the  time  being,  and  under  what  conditions  ?  Re- 
cite the  6th  Clause.  What  sole  power  has  the  Senate  ?  What  sole  power  is  given  to 
the  House  of  Representatives  by  the  5th  Clause,  Section  II.,  Article  I.,  of  the  Consti- 
tution ?  Under  what  conditions  shall  the  Senate  sit  for  the  trial  of  impeachment  ? 
When  shall  the  Chief-Justice  of  the  United  States  preside  in  the  Senate  ?  What  pro- 
portion of  the  Senate  shall  be  necessary  to  a  conviction?  Recite  the  1th  Clause^  In 
cases  of  impeachment,  how  far  may  judgment  extend?  To  what  is  the  convicted 
person  further  liable  ? 

SEC.  IV.  Recite  the  1st  Clause.  What  prescription  is  allowed  to  each  State  legis- 
lature in  regard  to  elections  for  members  of  the  Congress  ?  What  may  the  Congress 
do  in  the  matter?  Recite  the  2c/  Clause.  How  often  and  at  what  time  shall  the  Con- 
gress assemble  ?  How  may  a  different  day  be  appointed  ? 

SEC.  V.  Recite  the  1st  Clause.  Of  what  may  each  House  of  Congress  be  the  judge  ? 
What  proportion  shall  constitute  a  quorum  to  do  business  ?  What  power  is  given  to 
a  smaller  number  ?  What  power  is  given  these  concerning  absent  members  ? 


THE   NATIONAL    CONSTITUTION.  363 

Organization  of  Congress.  Compensation  of  .If embers. 

do  business ;  but  a  smaller  number  may  adjourn  from  day 
to  day,  and  may  be  authorized  to  compel  the  attendance      Organization  of 
of  absent  members,  in  such  manner  and  under  such  penal-  Congress, 

ties  as  each  house  may  provide. 

2d  Clause.— Each  bouse  may  determine  the  rules  of  its 

proceedings,  punish  its  members  for  disorderly  behavior,    Rules  of  proceeding. 
and,  with  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds,  expel  a  member. 

3d  Clause.— Each  house  shall  keep  a  journal  of  its  proceedings,  and  from  time  to 
time  publish  the  same,  excepting  such  parts  as  may  in 

their  judgment  require  secrecy,  and  the  yeas  and  nays  of  Journal  of  Congress, 
the  members  of  either  house  on  any  question  shall,  at  the 
desire  of  one-fifth  of  those  present,  be  entered  on  the  journal. 

4tk  Clause.  -Neither  house,  during  the  session  of  Con- 
gress, shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  other,  adjourn  for      Adjournment  of 
more  than  three  days,  nor  to  any  other  place  than  that  in  Congress, 

which  the  two  houses  shall  be  sitting. 

SECTION  VI. 

1st  Clause. — The  senators  and  representatives  shall  receive  a  compensation  for 
their  services,  to  be  ascertained  by  law,  and  paid  out  of  the 
treasury  of  the  United  States.    They  shall  in  all  cases,        Compensation 
except  treason,  felony;  and  breach  of  the  peace,  be  priv-    and  privileges  of 
ileged  from  arrest  during  their  attendance  at  the  session  of  members, 

their  respective  houses,  and  in  going  to  and  returning  from 

the  same ;  and  for  any  speech  or  debate  in  either  house,  they  shall  not  be  questioned 
in  any  other  place. 

2d  Clause.— No  senator  or  representative  shall,  during  the  time  for  which  he  was 
elected,  be  appointed  to  any  civil  office  under  the  authority 

of  the  United  States,  which  shall  have  been  created,  or   Plurality  of  offices 
the  emoluments  whereof  shall  have  been  increased  during  prohibited, 

such  time;  and  no  person  holding  any  office  under  the 
United  States,  shall  be  a  member  of  either  house  during  his  continuance  in  office. 

SECTION  VH. 

1st  Clause.— All  bills  for  raising  revenue  ehall  originate 

in  the  House  of  Representatives  ;  but  the  Senate  may  pro-  Bills,  how  originated. 
pose  or  concur  with  amendments  as  on  other  bills. 


QUESTIONS.— SBC.  V.  Recite  the  2rf  Clause.  What  powers  are  given  each  House 
over  its  rules  of  proceedings  ?  What  power  is  given  to  each  for  enforcing  its  own 
rules?  Recite  the  '3d  Clause.  What  is  required  of  each  House  concerning  its  pro- 
ceedings ?  What  discretionary  power  is  given  to  each  House  concerning  its  journals  ? 
When  shall  the  yeas  and  nays  in  each  House  be  entered  on  the  journal  ?  Recite  the 
Wi  Clause.  What  requkement  is  made  concerning  the  adjournment  of  either  House  ? 
How  are  they  restricted  as  to  the  place  to  which  either  may  adjourn  ? 

SEC.  VI.  Recite  the  1st  Clause.  What  provision  is  made  for  the  compensation  of 
the  members  of  Congress?  What  privileges  are  members  of  Congress  entitled  to? 
What  are  the  exceptions  ?  How  is  freedom  in  speech  and  debate  secured  to  mem- 
bers of  Congress  ?  Recite  the  %d  Clause.  How  are  members  of  Congress  restricted 
concerning  the  holding  of  civil  offices  ?  What  will  prevent  a  person  being  a  member 
of  Congress  ? 

SEC.  VII.  Recite  the  1st  Clause.  In  which  House  of  Congress  shall  revenue  bills 
originate  ?  What  may  the  Senate  do  ? 


364  THE  NATIONAL   CONSTITUTION. 

Ifon>  bills  become  tatfg.  Powers  rested  in  Congress. 

2d  Clause.— Every  bill  which  shall  have  passed  the  House  of  Representatives  and 
the  Senate,  shall,  before  it  becomes  a  law,  be  presented  to 

How  bills  become    the  President  of  the  United  Suites.    Jf  he  approve  he  shall 

laws.  sign  it,  but  if  not  he  shall  return  it,  with  his  objections,  to 

that  house  in  which  it  shall  have  originated,  who  shall 

enter  the  objections  at  large  on  their  journal,  and  proceed  to  reconsider  it.  If,  after 
such  reconsideration,  two-thirds  of  that  house  shall  agree  to  pass  the  bill,  it  shall  be 
sent,  together  with  the  objections,  to  the  other  house,  by  which  it  shall  likewise  be 
reconsidered,  and  if  approved  by  two-thirds  of  that  house,  it  shall  become  a  law. 
But  in  all  such  cases  the  votes  of  both  houses  shall  be  determined  by  yeas  and  nays ; 
and  the  names  of  the  persons  voting  for  and  against  the  bill  shall  be  entered  on  the 
journal  of  each  house  respectively.  If  any  bill  shall  not  be  returned  by  the  President 
within  ten  days  (Sundays  excepted)  after  it  shall  have  been  presented  to  him,  the 
same  shall  be  a  law,  in  like  manner  as  if  he  had  signed  it,  unless  the  Congress  by 
their  adjournment  prevent  its  return,  in  which  case  it  shall  not  be  a  law. 

3d  Clause.— Every  order,  resolution,  or  vote  to  which  the  concurrence  of  the  Sen- 
ate and  House  of  Representatives  may  be  necessary  (except 

Approval  and  veto    on  a  question  of  adjournment)  shall  be  presented  to  the 
powers  of  the        President  of  the   United  States;  and  before  the  same 
President.  shall  take  effect  shall  be  approved  by  him,  or  being  disap- 

proved by  him,  shall   be  repassed  by  two-thirds  of  the 

Senate  and  House  of  Representatives,  according  to  the  rules  and  limitations  pre- 
scribed in  the  case  of  a  bill. 

SECTION  vm. 

1st  Clause.— The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  lay  and  collect  taxes,  duties,  im- 
posts and  excises,  to  pay  the  debts  and  provide   for  the 

Powers  vested  in     common    defence   and   general  welfare   of  the    United 
Congress.  States ;  but  all  duties,  imposts  and  excises  shall  be  uni- 

f jrm  throughout  the  United  States ; 

2d  Clause. — To  borrow  money  on  the  credit  of  the  United  States ; 
3d  Clause. — To  regulate  commerce  with  foreign  nations,  and  among  the  several 
States,  and  with  the  Indian  tribes ; 

4th  Clause. — To  establish  an  uniform  rule  of  naturalization,  and  uniform  laws  on 
the  subject  of  bankruptcies  throughout  the  United  States  ; 

5th  Clause. — To  coin  money,  regulate  the  value  thereof,  and  of  foreign  coin,  and 
fix  the  standard  of  weights  and  measures ; 

QUESTIONS.— SEC.  VH.  Recite  the  2<?  Clause.  Whaf  shall  be  done  with  a  bill 
after  it  has  passed  both  Houses  of  Congress  ?  What  must  the  President  do  with  it? 
What  shall  the  House  to  which  the  bill  may  be  returned  with  the  President's  objec- 
tions or  veto  do  ?  When  shall  the  bill  be  sent  to  the  other  House  ?  What  shall  accom- 
pany the  bill  ?  What  shall  the  other  House  do  ?  If  the  bill  shall  be  approved  by  two- 
thirds  of  both  Houses,  what  then  ?  How  shall  the  votes  of  the  Houses  be  determined, 
in  such  cases  ?  What  shall  be  entered  in  the  journals  ?  Under  what  other  conditions 
may  a  bill  become  a  law  ?  What  is  the  exception  ?  Recite  the  3d  Clause.  What  must 
be  done  with  every  order,  resolution,  and  vote,  requiring  the  concurrence  of  both 
Houses,  before  they  shall  take  effect  ?  What  is  the  exception  ?  How  may  such  orders, 
resolutions,  and  votes  be  made  effective,  notwithstanding  the  President's  veto? 

SEC.  VIII.  Recite  the  1st  Clause.  What  powers  are  given  to  the  Congress  con- 
cerning taxes,  duties,  imposts,  excises,  debts,  and  the  common  defence  of  the  United 
States ?  What  is  said  about  the  uniformity  of  duties,  imposts,  and  excises  ?  What 
power  is  given  to  Congress  by  the  2d  Clause?  What  power  is  given  to  Congress  by 
the  3d  Clause  ?  What  power  is  given  to  Congress  by  the  4th  Clause?  What  power 
is  given  to  Congress  by  thp  5th  Clause? 


THE  NATIONAL   CONSTITUTION.  365 


flower*  of  Conyress*  Emission  of  Jntmiffrants. 

6th  Clause.— To  provide  for  the  punishment  of  counterfeiting  the  securities  and 
current  coin  of  the  United  Mutes  y 

It/I  Clause.— To  establish  post-offices  and  post-roads ; 

Bth  Clause. — To  promote  the  progress  of  science  and  useful  arts,  by  securing  for 
limited  times,  to  authors  and  inventors,  the  exclusive  right  to  their  respective 
writings  and  discoveries; 

9th  Clause.— To  constitute  tribunals  inferior  to  the  Supreme  Court ; 

IQtA  Clause.— To  define  and  punish  piracies  and  felonies  committed  on  the  high 
seas,  and  offences  against  the  law  of  nations ; 

llth  Clause.— To  declare  war,  grant  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal,  and  make  rules 
concerning  captures  on  land  and  water ; 

IWi  Clause.— To  raise  and  support  armies,  but  no  appropriation  of  money  to  that 
use  shall  be  for  a  longer  term  than  two  years ; 

13th  Clause.— To  provide  and  maintain  a  navy ; 

14th  Clause.— To  make  rules  for  the  government  and  regulation  of  the  land  and 
naval  forces ; 

15th  Clause.— To  provide  for  calling  forth  the  militia  to  execute  the  laws  of  the 
Union,  suppress  insurrections  and  repel  invasions ; 

16th  Clause.— To  provide  for  organizing,  arming,  and  disciplining  the  militia,  and 
for  governing  such  part  of  them  as  may  be  employed  in  the  service  of  the  United 
tftafet,  reserving  to  the  States  respectively,  the  appointment  of  the  officers,  and  the 
authority  of  training  the  militia  according  to  the  discipline  prescribed  by  Congress ; 

lllh  Clause.— To  exercise  exclusive  legislation  in  all  cases  whatsoever,  over  such 
district  (not  exceeding  ten  miles  square)  as  may,  by  cession  of  particular  States,  and 
the  acceptance  of  Congress,  become  the  seat  of  the  government  of  the  United  States, 
and  to  exercise  like  authority  over  all  places  purchased  by  the  consent  of  the  legishr- 
ture  of  the  State  in  which  the  same  shall  be,  for  the  erection  of  forts,  magazines, 
arsenals,  dockyards,  and  other  needful  buildings; — And 

iSth  Clause.— To  make  all  laws  which  shall  be  necessary  and  proper  for  carrying 
into  execution  the  foregoing  powers,  and  all  other  powers  vested  by  this  constitution 
in  the  government  of  the  United  Staleg,  or  in  any  department  or  officer  thereof. 

SECTION  IX. 

1st  Clause.— The  migration  or  importation  of  such  persons  as  any  of  the  States 
now  existing  shall  think  proper  to  admit,  shall  not  be  pro- 
hibited by  the  Congress  prior  to  the  year  one  thousand    Immigrants,  how 
eight  hundred  and  eight,  but  a  tax  or  duty  may  be  imposed  admitted, 

on  such  importation,  not  exceeding  ten  dollars  for  each 
person. 

QUESTION?.  — SEC.  VIII.  What  power  is  given  to  Congress  by  the  6th  Clause? 
What  power  is  given  to  Congress  by  the  1th  Clause?  What  power  is  given  to  Con- 
gress by  the  8th  Clause?  What  power  is  given  to  Congress  by  the  9th  Clause?  What 
power  is  given  to  Congress  by  the  IQth  Clause  f  What  power  is  given  to  Congress 
by  the  11  th  Clause  f  What  power  is  given  to  Congress  by  the  12ih  Clause?  What 
power  is  ariven  to  Congress  by  the  IWi  Clause?  What  power  is  given  to  Congress 
by  the  Uth  Clause?  What  power  is  given  to  Congress  by  the  15th  Clause?  What 
power  is  given  to  Congress  by  the  16th  Clause?  What  is  reserved  to  the  States 
respectively  'i  What  power  is  given  to  Congress  by  the  llth  Clause?  What  power  is 
given  to  Congress  by  the  18th  Clause  ? 

SEC.  IX.  Recite  the  1st  Clause.  What  restrictions  were  imposed  upon  Congress 
concerning  the  migration  or  importation  of  certain  persons,  meaning  slaves,  from 
Africa  or  elsewhere  ?  What  was  the  limit  of  that  restriction  ?  What  tax  or  duty 
might  be  laid? 


366  THE  NATIONAL    CONSTITUTION. 


-Habeas  Corjms.  lowers  of  Slates  defined. 

2d  Clause.— The  privilege  of  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus 

Habeas  Corpus,      shall  not  be  suspended,  unless  when  in  cases  of  rebellion  or 
invasion  the  public  safety  may  require  it. 

3d  Clause.— No  bill  of  attainder  or  ex  post  facto  law 
Attainder.  ehall  be  pasged 

4th  Clause.— No  capitation,  or  other  direct  tax  shall  be 
Taxes.  laid,  unless  in  proportion  to  the  census  or  enumeration 

hereinbefore  directed  to  be  taken. 
5th  Clause.— No  tax  or  duty  shall  be  laid  on  articles  exported  from  any  State. 

fit/i  Clause. — No  preference  shall  be  given  by  any  regula- 

Regrulations  regard-  tion  of  commerce  or  revenue  to  the  ports  of  one  State  over 
ing  duties.  those  of  another;  nor  shall  vessels  bound  to,  or  from,  one 

State,  be  obliged  to  enter,  clear,  or  pay  duties  in  another. 

1th  Clause.— No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  treasury,  but  in  consequence  o* 

appropriations  made  by  law  ;  and  a  regular  statement  and 

Money,  how  drawn,  account   of  the  receipts  and  expenditures  of  all  publ.c 

money  shall  be  published  from  time  to  time. 

8th  Clause— No  title  of  nobility  shall  be  granted  by  the  United  States :  And 
no  person  holding  any  office  of  profit  or  trust  under  them 

Titles  of  nobility     shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  Congress,  accept  of  any 
prohibited.          present,  emolument,  office,  or  title,  of  any  kind  whatever, 
from  any  king,  prince,  or  foreign  state. 

SECTION  X. 

'  \st  Clause.— "No  State  Rhall  enter  into  any  treaty,  alliance,  or  confederation ;  grant 
letters  of  marque  and  reprisal ;  coin  money  ;  emit  bills  of 

Powers  of  States  credit ;  make  anything  but  gold  and  silver  coin  a  tender  in 
denned.  payments  of  debts  ;  pass  any  bill  of  attainder,  ex  post  facto 

law,  or  law  impairing  the  obligation  of  contracts,  or  grant 
any  title  of  nobility. 

2cf  Clause.— No  State  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  Congress,  lay  any  impost  or 
duties  on  imports  or  export-,  except  what  may  be  absolutely  necessary  for  executing 
its  inspection  laws ;  and  the  net  produce  of  all  duties  and  imposts,  laid  by  any  State 
on  imports  or  exports,  shall  be  for  the  use  of  the  treasury  of  the  United  Slates  / 
and  all  such  laws  shall  be  subject  to  the  revision  and  control  of  the  Congress. 

3d  Clause. — No  State  shall,  without  the  consent  of  Congress,  lay  any  duty  of  ton- 
nage, keep  troops  or  ships-of-war  in  time  of  peace,  enter  into  any  agreement  or  com- 
pact with  another  State,  or  with  a  foreign  powor,  or  engage  in  war,  unless  actually 
invaded,  or  in  such  imminent  danger  as  will  not  admit  of  delay. 


QUESTIONS.— SEC.  IX.  Recite  the  Zd  Clause.  What  is  said  concerning  the  sus- 
pension of  the  privilege  of  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  ?  What  does  the  3d  Clause  pro- 
hibit? What  is  said  in  the  4th  Clause  about  taxation?  What  does  the  5th  Clause 
prohibit  concerning  exportations  from  any  State  ?  What  does  the  £th  Clause  provide 
concerning  the  commerce  between  the  States  ?  What  is  provided  in  the  7//t  Clause 
in  relation  to  the  drawing  of  money  from  the  Treasury,  and  a  statement  and  account 
of  receipts  and  expenditures?  Recite  the  8th  Clause.  What  is  said  concerning  titles 
of  nobility  ?  What  restrictions  concerning  favors  from  foreigners  are  laid  upon 
National  officers  ? 

SEC.  X.  What  restrictions  are  laid  upon  each  State  by  the  1*2  Clause?  What 
restrictions  are  laid  upon  each  State  by  the  2c?  Clause?  What  restrictions  are  laid 
upon  each  State  by  the  3d  Clause? 


THE    NATIONAL     CONSTITUTION.  36  7 


Executive  powerf  in  whom  vested.  Qualifications  for  'President. 

ARTICLE      II. 
SECTION  L 

1st  Clawe.— The  executive  power  shall  be  vested  in  a 

President  of  the  United  Stales  of  America.     He  shall    Executive  power, 
hold  his  office  during  the  term  of  lour  years,  and,  together      in  whom  vested, 
with   the  Vice-President   chosen  for  the  same  term,  be 
elected  as  follows : 

2d  Clause.— Each  State  shall  appoint,  in  such  manner  as  the  legislature  theivof 
may  direct,  a  number  of  electors,  equal  to  the  whole  num- 
ber  of  senators  and  representatives  to  which  the   State          Presidential 
may  be  entitled  in  the  Congress :  but  no  senator  or  repre-  electors, 

seutative,  or -person  holding  an  office  of  trust  or  profit 
under  the  United  States,  shall  be  appointed  an  elector. 

3d  Clause.— The  Congress  may  determine  the  time  of 

choosing  the  electors,  and  the  day  on  which  they  shall  give     Time  of  choosing 
their  votes ;  which  day  shall  be  the  same  throughout  the  electors. 

Untied  States. 

4th  Clause.— No  person  except  a  natural  born  citizen,  or  a  citizen  of  the  United 
States  at  the  time  of  the  adoption  of  this  Constitution, 

shall  be  eligible  to  the  ollice  of  President;  neither  shall      Qualifications  of 
any  person  be  eligible  to  that  office  who  shall  not  have        the  President, 
attained  to  the  age  of  thirty-five  years,  and  been  fourteen 
years  resident  within  the  United  States. 

5th  Clause.— In  the  case  of  the  removal  of  the  President  from  office,  or  of  his  death, 
resignation,  or  inability  to  discharge  the  powers  and  duties 

of  the  said  office,  the  same  shall  devolve  on  the  Vice-Presi-     Resort  in  case  of 
dent,  and  the  Congress  may  by  law  provide  for  the  case  of        his  disability, 
removal,  death,  resignation,  or  inability,  both  of  the  Presi- 


.— AKT.  II.  Executive  Department.  SEC.  I.  Recite  the  1st  Clause.  In 
whom  is  the  executive  power  of  the  Republic  vested?  What  is  the  term  of  office  of 
the  President  and  Vice-President  ?  Recite  the  M  Clause.  What  shall  each  State  do  ? 
What  shall  be  the  number  of  electors  ?  Who  may  not  be  an  elector  ? 

Now  turn  to  the  Twelfth  Amendment  of  the  Constitution,  on  page  374.  Where 
shall  the  electors  meet  ?  How  shall  they  vote  ?  What  restriction  is  made  ?  How 
shall  their  ballots  be  made  cut  ?  What  lists  shall  they  make  ?  What  shall  they  do 
with  them  ?  What  shall  the  President  of  the  Senate  do?  Who  shall  be  declared  the 
President  under  certain  conditions  ?  What  are  those  conditions  ?  When  no  choice 
shall  be  made  by  the  electors,  by  whom  is  the  President  chosen  ?  From  how  many 
and  what  candidates  must  the  House  of  Representatives  choose  a  President?  How 
shall  the  votes  be  taken  ?  What  shall  constitute  a  quorum  ?  What  is  necessary  to  a 
choice  ?  In  the  event  of  the  House  not  choosing  a  President  before  the  4th  of  March 
following,  who  shall  act  as  President?  How  shall  the  Vice-Presiderit  be  chosen? 
In  the  event  of  no  choice  by  the  electors,  how  shall  he  be  chosen  ?  Under  what  con- 
ditions may  the  Senate  make  the  choice  ?  What  is  said  about  the  eligibility  of  a 
person  for  Vice-President?  Recite  the  3d  Clause  of  Section  I.,  Article  II.  What 
may  Congress  determine  concerning  electors?  What  is  said  about  the  day  on  which 
electors  shall  vote  ?  Recite  the  4th  Clause.  What  is  said  about  the  birthplace  of  a 
person  being  eligible  for  the  office  of  President?  What  shall  be  his  age,  at  least,  and 
the  time  of  his  residence  in  the  United  States?  Recite  the  5th  Clause.  On  whom 
shall  the  office  of  President  devolve,  in  the  event  of  the  death  or  disability  of  that 
officer?  What  power  is  given  to  Congress  for  filling  the  places  of  President  and 
Vice-President? 


366  THE  NATIONAL    CONSTITUTION. 


Salary  of  the  ^President.  tPower  to  convene  Congress. 

dent  and  Vice-President,  declaring  what  officer  shall  then  act  as  President,  and  such 
officer  shall  act  accordingly,  until  the  disability  be  removed,  or  a  President  shall  be 
elected. 

Mh  Clause. — The  President  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive  for  his  servk3s,  a  com- 
pensation, which  shall  neither  be  increased  nordiminiehea 

Salary  of  the  Pres-    during  the  period  for  which  he  shall  have  been  elected,  and 
ideiit,  he  shall  not  receive  within  that  period  any  other  emolu- 

ment from  the  United  States,  or  any  of  them. 

1th  Clause.— Before  he  enter  on  the  execution  of  his  office,  he  shall  take  the  fol- 
lowing oath  or  affirmation: — "I  do  solemnly  swear  (or 
Oath  of  office.        affirm)  that  I  will  faithfully  execute  the  office  of  President 
of  the  United  States,  and  will,  to  the  best  of  my  ability, 
preserve,  protect,  and  defend  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States" 

SECTION  II. 

1st  Clause.— The  President  shall  be  commander-in-chief  of  the  army  and  navy  of 
the  United  States,  and  of  the  militia  of  the  several 

Duties  of  the  Pres-   States,  when  called  into  the  actual  service  of  the  United 

ident.  States;    he  may  require  the  opinion,  in  writing,  of  the 

principal  officer  in  each  of  the  executive  departments,  upon 

any  subject  relating  to  the  duties  of  their  respective  offices,  and  he  shall  have  power 
to  grant  reprieves  and  pardons  for  offences  against  the  United  States,  except  in 
cases  of  impeachment. 

2d  Clause.—  He  shall  have  power,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Sen- 
ate, to  make  treaties,  provided  two-thirds  of  the  senators 

His  power  to  make    present  concur;  and  he  shall  nominate,  and  by  and  with 

treaties,  appoint    the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate,  shall  appoint  ambas- 

ambassaclors,  sadors,  other  public  ministers  and  consuls,  judges  of  the 

judges,  etc.  Supreme  Court,  and   all    other   officers    of  the    United 

Slates,  whose  appointments  are  not  herein  otherwise  pro. 

vided  for,  and  which  shall  be  established  by  law :  but  the  Congress  may  by  law  vest 
the  appointment  of  such  inferior  officers  as  they  think  proper,  in  the  President 
alone,  in  the  courts  of  law,  or  in  the  heads  of  departments. 

3d  Clause.— The  President  shall  have  power  to  fill  up  all 

May  fill  vacancies,   vacancies  that  may  happen  during  the  recess  of  the  Senate, 
by  granting  commissions  which  shall  expire  at  the  end  of 
their  next  session. 

SECTION  III. 

He  shall  from  time  to  time  give  to  the  Congress  information  of  the  state  of  the 
Union,  and  recommend  to  their  consideration  such  meas- 

Power  to  convene    ures  as  he  shall  judge  necessary  and  expedient ;  he  may,  on 

Congress.  extraordinary  occasions,  convene  both  houses,  or  either  of 

them,  and  in  casa  of  disagreement  between  them,  with 

QUESTIONS.— SEC.  I.  Recite  the  Wi  Clause.  What  is  said  concerning  the  Presi- 
dent's compensation?  What  restrictions  are  laid  upon  him?  What  does  the  1th 
Clause  declare  that  the  President  shall  do  ? 

SEC.  n.  Recite  the  1st  Clause.  Of  what,  and  under  what  circumstances,  shall  1he 
President  be  a  commander-in-chief?  What  may  he  require  of  the  officers  of  the  ex- 
ecutive departments  ?  What  powers  are  given  him  concerning  reprieves  and  pardons  ? 
What  is  the  exception?  What  power  is  given  to  the  President  by  the  2rf  Clause? 
What  proviso  is  made  ?  What  officers  of  the  government  shall  he  nominate,  and,  by 
and  with  the  advice  of  the  Senate,  appoint?  What  may  the  Congress  do  concerning 
appointments?  Recite  the  3d  Clause.  What  power  is  given  to  the  President  for 
filling  vacancies  ?  What  is  the  duration  of  such  commission  ? 


THE   NATIONAL    CONSTITUTION.  369 

How  officers  may  be  remored.  Supreme  Court  jurisdiction. 

respect  to  the  time  of  adjournment,  he  may  adjourn  them  to  such  time  as  he  shall 
think  proper ;  he  shall  receive  ambassadors  and  other  public  ministers ;  he  shall  take 
care  that  the  laws  be  faithfully  executed,  and  shall  commission  all  the  officers  of  the 
United  States. 

SECTION  IV. 

The  President,  Vice-President  and  all  civil  officers  of 

the  United  States,  shall  be  removed  from  office  on  im-     How  officers  may 
p^ichment  for,  and  conviction  of,  treason,  bribery,  or  other         be  removed. 
high  crimes  and  misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE   III. 
SECTION  I. 

The  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  be  vested  in  one  supreme  court, 
and  in  such  inferior  courts  as  the  Congress  may  from  time 
to  time  ordain  and  establish.     The  judges,  both  of  the       Judicial  power, 
supreme  and  inferior  courts,  shall  hold  their  offices  during          how  vested, 
good  behavior,  and  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive  for  their 

services  a  compensation,  which  shall  not  be  diminished  during  their  continuance  in 
office. 

SECTION  H. 

1st  Clause.— The  judicial  power  shall  extend  to  all  cases,  in  law  and  equity,  arising 
under  this  Constitution,  the  laws  of  the  United  States,  and  treaties  made,  or  which 
shall  be  made,  under  their  authority ; — to  all  cases  affecting 

ambassadors,  other  public  ministers,  and  consuls  ;— to  all      To  what  cases  it 
cases  of  admiralty  and  maritime  jurisdiction  ;— to  contro-  extends. 

versies  to  which  the  United  States  shall  be  a  party ;— to 

controversies  between  two  or  more  States  ;— between  a  State  and  citizens  of  another 
State ;— between  citizens  of  different  States ;— between  citizens  of  the  same  State 
claiming  lands  under  grants  of  different  States,  and  between  a  State,  or  the  citizens 
thereof,  and  foreign  states,  citizens  or  subjects. 

2tf  Clause.— In  all  cases  affecting  ambassadors,  other  public  ministers  and  consuls, 
and  those  in  which  a  State  shall  be  party,  the  supreme 

court  shall  have  original  jurisdiction.     In  all  the  other    Jurisdiction  of  the 
cases  before  mentioned,  the  supreme  court  shall  have  ap-       Supreme  Court, 
pellate  jurisdiction,  both  as  to  law  and  fact,  with  such 
exceptions  and  under  such  regulations  as  the  Congress  shall  make. 

QUESTION?.— SEC.  III.  What  information  is  the  President  required  to  give  to  the 
Congress  ?  What  recommendations  shall  he  make  ?  What  may  he  do  on  extraordi- 
nary occasions  ?  When  may  the  President  adjourn  the  Congress  ?  What  is  his  duty 
respecting  ambassadors  ?  What  i*  his  duty  concerning  the  execution  of  the  laws, 
and  the  commissioning  of  government  officers  ? 

SEC.  IV.  For  what  crimes  may  all  civil  officers  of  the  Government  be  removed, 
and  by  what  method  ? 

ART.  III.  Judicial  Department.  SEC.  I.  In  what  body  or  bodies  is  the  judicial 
power  of  the  Republic  vested  ?  By  what  tenure  do  the  judges  hold  their  offices  ? 
What  is  said  about  compensation  for  their  services  ? 

SEC.  II.  Recite  the  1st  Clause.  How  many  subjects  are  named  in  which  the 
United  States  courts  have  jurisdiction  ?  Name  the  1st.  Name  the  2d.  Name  the  3d. 
Name  the  4th.  Name  the  5th,  Name  the  6th.  Name  the  7th.  Name  the  8th.  Name 
the  9th.  Recite  the  2d  Clause.  In  what  cases  shall  the  Supreme  Court  have  original 
jurisdiction  ?  What  is  its  jurisdiction,  both  as  to  law  and  fact,  in  all  the  other  cases 
mentioned  ?  What  may  be  exceptions  ? 


370  THE  NATIONAL    CONSTITUTION. 

Treason  defined.  ^rivilege  of  citizens, 

3d  Clause.— The  trial  of  all  crimes,  except  in  cases  of  impeachment,  shall  be  by 
jury ;  and  such  trial  shall  be  held  in  the  State  where  the 

Rules  respecting1  said  crimes  shall  have  been  committed ;  but  when  not 
trials.  committed  within  any  State,  the  trial  shall  be  at  such 

place  or  places  as  the  Congress  may  by  law  have  directed. 

SECTION  III. 

1st  Clause.— Treason  against  the  United  States  shall 
Treason  defined,     consist  only  in  levying  war  against  them,  or  in  adhering  to 

their  enemies,  giving  them  aid  and  comfort. 

2d  Clause. — No  person  shall  be  convicted  of  treason  unless  on  the  testimony  of 
two  witnesses  to  the  same  overt  act,  or  on  confession  in  open  court. 

3d  Clause. — The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  declare 

How  punished.      the  punishment  of  treason,  but  no  attainder  of  treason 
shall  work  corruption  of  blood,  or  forfeiture,  except  during 
the  life  of  the  person  attainted. 

ARTICLE   IV. 

SECTION  I. 

Full  faith  and  credit  shall  be  given  in  each  State  to  the 

Rights  of  States       public  acts,  records,  and  judicial  proceedings    of   every 
to  public  faith.       other  State.    And  the  Congress  may  by  general  laws  pre- 
defined, scribe  the  manner  in  which  such  acts,  records  and  proceed- 
ings shall  be  proved,  and  the  effect  thereof. 

SECTION  II. 

1st  Clause.    The  citizens  of  each  State  shall  be  entitled 
Privileg-es  of  citi-    to  a]1  privileges  an(j  immunities  of  citizens  in  the  several 

States 

2d  Clause. — A  person  charged  in  any  State  with  treason,  felony,  or  other  crime, 
who  shall  flee  from  justice,  and  be  found  in  another  State, 

Executive  requi-  shall  on  demand  of  the  executive  authority  of  the  State 
si tion.  from  which  he  fled ,  be  delivered  up,  to  be  removed  to  the 

State  having  jurisdiction  of  the  crime. 

3d  Clause.—  No  person  held  to  service  or  labor  in  one  State,  under  the  laws  there- 

*  of,  escaping  into  another,  shall,  in  consequence  of  any  law 

Law  reg-ulatingr  ser-  or  regulation  therein,  be  discharged  from  such  service  or 

vice  or  labor.      •  labor,  but  shall  be  delivered  up  on  claim  of  the  party  to 

whom  such  service  or  labor  may  be  due. 

QUESTIONS.— SEC.  II.  Recite  the  3d  Clause.  By  whom  shall  all  crimes  be  tried  ? 
What  is  the  exception  ?  Where  shall  such  trials  be  held  ?  What  mav  the  Congress 
direct? 

SEC.  III.— Recite  the  1st  C7.ause.  In  what  does  treason  consist?  Recite  the  M 
Clause.  What  is  required  to  convict  a  person  of  treason  ?  Recite  the  3d  Clause. 
What  power  is  given  to  Congress  in  the  matter  of  treason  ?  How  are  the  conse- 
quences of  attainder  of  treason  limited? 

ART.  IV.  SEC.  I.  Recite  this  section.  How  are  the  public  acts  of  the  several 
States  to  be  treated  in  each  State  ?  What  may  Congress  do  in  relation  to  them  ? 

SEC.  II.  What  does  the  1st  Clause  declare  concerning  the  privileges  and  immuni- 
ties of  citizens?  Recite  the  2c?  Clause.  Who  shall  be  delivered  up  for  removal  from 
one  State  to  another,  on  the  demand  of  the  executive  authority  of  the  State  from 
which  he  fled?  Where  shall  he  be  removed  to?  What  does  the  3d  Clause  declare 
about  fugitives  from  service  or  labor,  meaning  slaves,  and  apprentices  bound  by  in- 
dentures ? 


THE  NATIONAL    CONSTITUTION.  371 

States,  how  admitted.  Constitution,  how  amended. 

SECTION  III. 

'  1st  Clause.  -New  States  may  be  admitted  by  the  Con- 
gress into  this  Union ;  but  no  new  State  shall  be  formed     New  States,  how 
or  erected  within  the  jurisdiction  of  any  other  State  ;  ncr        formed  and  ad- 
any  State  be  formed  by  the  junction  of  two  or  more  States,         mitted. 
or  parts  of  States,  without  the  consent  of  the  legislatures  of 
the  States  concerned  as  well  as  of  the  Congress. 

2d  Clause.— The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  dispose  of  and  make  all  needful 
rules  and  regulations  respecting  the  territory  or  other  prop- 
erty belonging  to  the  United  Mates;  and  nothing  in    Power  of  Congress 
this  Constitution  shall  be  so  construed  as  to  prejudice  any     over  public  lands, 
claims  of  the  United  States,  or  of  any  particular  State. 

SECTION  IV. 

The  United  States  shall  guarantee  to  every  State  in  this  Union  a  republican  form 
of  government,  and  shall  protect  each  of  them  against  in- 
vasion, and  on  application  of  the  legislature,  or  of  the  ex-  Republican  govern- 
ecutive  (when  the  legislature  cannot  be  convened),  against     ment  guaranteed, 
domestic  violence. 

ARTICLE    V. 

The  Congress,  whenever  two-thirds  of  both  houses  shall  deem  it  necessary,  shall 
propose  amendments  to  this  Constitution,  or,  on  the  appli- 
cation of  the  legislatures  of  two-thirds  of  the  several  States,    Constitution,  how 
shall  call  a  convention  for  proposing  amendments,  which,       to  be  amended, 
in  either  case,  shall  be  valid  to  all  intents  and  purposes,  as 

part  of  this  Constitution,  when  ratified  by  the  legislatures  of  three-fourtha  of  the 
several  States,  or  by  conventions  in  three-fourths  thereof,  as  the  one  or  the  other 
mode  of  ratification  may  be  proposed  by  the  Congress,  provided  that  no  amendment 
which  may  be  made  prior  to  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eight  shall  in 
any  manner  affect  the  first  and  fourth  clauses  in  the  ninth  section  of  the  first  article ; 
and  that  no  State,  without  its  consent,  shall  be  deprived  of  its  equal  suffrage  in  the 
Senate. 

ARTICLE    VI. 

\st  Clause.— All  debts  contracted  and  engagements  en- 
tered into,  before  the  adoption  of  this  Constitution,  shall     Validity  of  debts 
be  as  valid  against  the  United  States  under  this  Constitu-  recognized. 

tion,  as  under  the  Confederation. 

QUESTIONS.— SEC.  m.— Recite  the  1st  Clause.  By  whom  may  new  States  be  ad- 
mitted into  the  Union?  What  restrictions  are  applied  in  the  formal  ion to •new 
States?  Recite  the  Id  Clause.  What  power  is  given  to  Congress  by  this  clause  ? 
What  construction,  as  to  claims,  is  not  to  be  put  upon  any  part  of  the  Cons  itiition  ? 

SEC.  IV.  Recite  this  section.  What  shall  the  United  S tates.  or  National  Gove.n- 
ment,  guarantee  to  every  State?  In  what  two  ways  is  the  National  Government 

bBKSff^StfiS8«  tM*  article  treat?    In  what  ways  may  amendments  to 
the  Constitution  be  proposed  ?    How  shall  amendments  be  made  a jwrt of  the s  Con- 
stitution ?    What  restrictions  were  imposed  concerning  the  1st  and  2tf  Clauses  c 
ninth  section  of  the  first  article  ?    Recite  those  clauses.    Have  those  restrictions  any 
force  i  ow  ?    Why  not  ?    What  is  said  of  the  equality  of  the  States  in  the  Senate  ? 

AKTICLE  VI.  Recite  the  Irf  Clause.  What  is  said  of  the  validity  of  former  pub- 
lic debts? 


372  THE  NATIONAL    CONSTITUTION. 


Supreme  Law  defined.  freedom  in  Religion,  Speech y  &c. 


2d  Clause.— This  Constitution,  and  the  laws  of  the  United  States  which  shall 
be  made  in  pursuance  thereof;  and  all  treaties  made,  or 

Supreme  law  of  the  which  shall  be  made,  under  the  authority  of  the  United 
land  denned.         States^  shall  be  the  supreme  law  of  the  land ;  and  the 
judges  in  every  State  shall  be  bound  thereby,  anything  in 
the  Constitution  or  laws  of  any  State  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding. 

3tf  Clause.— The  senators  and  representatives  before  mentioned,  and  the  members 
of  the  several  State  legislatures,  and  all  executive  and 

Oath,  of  whom  re-    judicial  officers,  both  of  the   United  States  and  of  the 

quired,  and   for    several  States,  shall  be  bound  by  oath  or  affirmation  to 

•what.  support  this  Constitution ;  but  no  religious  test  shall  ever 

be  required  as  a  qualification  to  any  office  or  public  trust 

under  the  Untied  States. 

ARTICLE    VII. 

The  ratification  of  the  conventions  of  nine  States  shall 

Ratification.         be  sufficient  for  the  establishment  of  this  Constitution  be- 
tween the  States  so  ratifying  the  same. 

Done  in  convention  by  the  unanimous  consent  of  the  States  present,  the  seventeenth 
day  of  September,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and 
eighty-seven,  and  of  the  independence  of  the  United  States  of  America  the 
twelfth.  In  witness  whereof  we  have  hereunto  subscribed  our  names.  [Signed 
by  the  members  of  the  convention.] 

AMENDMENTS. 

At  the  first  session  of  the  First  Congress,  begun  and  held  in  the  city  of  JVew 
Tork,  on  Wednesday,  the  4th  of  March,  1789,  many  amendments  to  the  National 
Constitution  were  offered  for  consideration.  The  Congress  proposed  ten  of  them  to 
the  legislatures  of  the  several  States.  These  were  ratified  by  the  Constitutional  num- 
ber of  State  legislatures  by  the  middle  of  December,  1791,  Five  other  amendments 
have  since  been  proposed  and  duly  ratified,  and  have  become  with  the  other  ten  a 
part  of  the  National  Constitution.  The  following  are  the  amendments : 

ARTICLE     I. 

Congress  shall  make  no  law  respecting  an  establish- 

Preedom  in  religion  ment  of  religion,  or  prohibiting  the  free  exercise  thereof; 
and  speech,  and  or  abridging  the  freedom  of  speech,  or  of  the  press ;  or  the 
of  the  press.  right  of  the  people  peaceably  to  assemble,  and  to  petition 

the  government  for  redress  of  grievances. 

ARTICLE     II. 

A  well-regulated  militia,  being  necessary  to  the  security 
Militia.  of  a  free  state,  the  right  of  the  people  to  keep  and  bear 

arms  shall  not  be  infringed. 

QUESTIONS.— ART.  VI.  Recite  the  2tf  Clause.  What  is  declared  to  be  the  supreme 
law  of  the  land?  By  what  are  the  judges  in  every  State  bound?  Recite  the  3d 
Clause.  Who  shall  be  bound  by  oath  or  affirmation  to  support  the  National  Consti- 
tution ?  What  is  said  concerning  religious  tests  ? 

ARTICLE  VII.  What  does  this  article  declare?  Where,  and  by  whose  consent, 
and  when  was  the  National  Constitution  formed  ?  Who  were  the  witnesses  to  it  ? 

AMENDMENTS.  When  and  where  were  amendments  to  the  Constitution  offered  to 
the  Congress  ?  What  did  the  Congress  do  ?  How  many  amendments  were  ratified  ? 
What  others  were  proposed,  and  when  were  they  ratified  ?  What  can  you  tell  about 
a  thirteenth  amendment  ? 

ARTICLE  I.  Recite  the  first  amendment  to  the  Constitution.  What  subjects  are 
the  Congress  prohibited  from  making  laws  upon  ? 


THE    NATIONAL     CONSTITUTION.  373 


M ii 'ii '/«.  Search   Warrants.  Trial  by  Jury. 

ARTICLE    I  II. 

No  soldier  shall,  in  time  of  peace,  be  quartered  in  any 
house,  without  the  consent  of  the  owner,  nor  in  time  of  Soldiers, 

war,  but  in  a  manner  to  be  prescribed  by  law. 

ARTICLE     IV. 

The  right  of  the  people  to  be  secure  in  their  persons,  houses,  papers,  and  effects, 
against  unreasonable  searches  and  seizures,  shall  not  be 

violated,  and  no  warrants  shall  issue,  but  upon  probable     Cearch-warrants. 
cause,  supported  by  oath  or  affirmation,  and  particularly 
describing  the  place  to  be  searched,  and  the  persons  or  things  to  be  seized. 

ARTICLE    V. 

No  person  shall  be  held  to  answer  for  a  capital,  or  otherwise  infamous  crime, 
unless  on  a  presentment  or  indictment  of  a  grand  jury,  ex- 
cept in  cases  arising  in  the  land  or  naval  forces,  or  in  the       Capital  crimes. 
militia,  when  in  actual  service  in  the  time  of  war  and  pub- 
lic danger ;  nor  shall  any  person  be  subject  for  the  same  offence  to  be  twice  put  in 
jeopardy  of  life  or  limb ;  nor  shall  be  compelled  in  any  criminal  case  to  be  a  witness 
against  himself,  nor  to  be  deprived  of  Ijfe,  liberty,  or  property,  without  due  process 
of  law ;  nor  shall  private  property  be  taken  for  public  use,  without  just  compen- 
sation. 

ARTI  CLE    VI. 

In  all  criminal  prosecutions,  the  accused  shall  enjoy  the  right  to  a  speedy  and 
public  trial,  by  an  impartial  jury  of  the  State  and  district 
wherein  the  crime  shall  have  been  committed,  which  dis-        Trial  by  jury, 
trict  shall  have  been  previously  ascertained  by  law,  and  to 

be  informed  of  the  nature  and  cause  of  the  accusation ;  to  be  confronted  with  the 
witnesses  against  him;  to  have  compulsory  process  for  obtaining  witnesses  in 
his  favor,  and  to  have  the  assistance  of  counsel  for  his  defence. 

ARTICLE    VII. 

In  suits  at  common  law,  where  the  value  in  controversy 

shall  exceed  twenty  dollars,  the  right  of  trial  by  jury  shall     Suits  at  common 
be  preserved,  and  no  fact  tried  by  a  jury  shall  be  otherwise  law. 

re-examined  in  any  court  of  the  United  Slates,  than  ac- 
cording to  the  rules  of  common  lav/. 


QUESTIONS.— ARTICLE  II.  Recite  this  article.  What  is  declared  concerning  the 
milit'a,  and  rights  of  the  people? 

ARTICLE  III.    Recite  this  article. 

ARTICLE  IV.  Recite  this  article.  What  right  are  the  people  to  be  secure  in? 
What  is  declared  concerning  warrants  ? 

ARTICLE  V.  What  is  declared  concerning  the  holding  of  persons  to  answer  for 
alleged  offences?  What  is  said  about  a  second  trial  for  the  same  offence?  In  what 
case  shall  a  person  not  be  compelled  to  testify  in  court  ?  What  guarantee  of  protec- 
tion is  promised?  When  only  can  private  property  be  taken  for  the  public  use? 

ARTICLE  VI.  What  right  shall  a  person  accused  of  crime  enjoy?  What  right  as 
to  the  witnesses  that  may  appear  against  him  ?  What  method  is  secured  to  him  for 
obtaining  witnesses  in  his  favor,  and  the  obtaining  of  counsel  ? 

ARTICLE  VII.  In  what  civil  cases  shall  the  right  of  trial  by  jury  be  preserved  ? 
In  what  way  shall  the  re-examination  of  facts  tried  by  a  jury  be  made  ? 


374  THE  NATIONAL    CONSTITUTION. 

Suits  at  Common  Law.  Hail. 


Judicial  power  limited. 


ARTICLE    VI  I  I. 

T>    -i  Excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required,  nor  excessive  fines 

imposed,  nor  cruel  and  unusual  punishments  inflicted. 

ARTICLE    IX. 

r     t    'n    •    V«t    H  The  enumeration  in  the  Constitution  of  certain  rights 

Certain  rims  ae-    ghall  not  be  congtrued  to  dcny  or  disparage  others  retained 

by  the  people. 


Rights  reserved. 


ARTICLE    X. 

The  powers  not  delegated  to  the  United  States  by  the 
Constitution,  nor  prohibited  by  it  to  the  States,  are  re- 
served to  the  States  respectively,  or  to  the  people. 


Judicial  power 
limited. 

any  foreign  State. 


ARTICLE    XI. 

The  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  not  be 
construed  to  extend  to  any  suit  in  law  or  equity,  com- 
menced or  prosecuted  against  one  of  the  United  States 
by  citizens  of  another  State,  or  by  citizens  or  subjects  of 

ARTICLE    XII. 

The  electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  States,  and  vote  by  ballot  for  President 
and  Vice-President,  one  of  whom,  at  least,  shall  not  be  an 

Amendment  respect-  inhabitant  of  the  same  State  with  themselves ;  they  shall 
ing    the    election    name  in  their  ballots  the  person  voted  for  as  President, 
of  President  and    and  in  distinct   ballots   the   person  voted   for  as  Vice- 
Vice-President.        President,  and  they  shall  make  distinct  lists  of  all  persons 
voted  for  as  President,  and  of  all  persons  voted  for  as  Vice- 
President,  and  of  the  number  of  votes  for  each,  which  lists  they  shall  sign  and  cer- 
tify, and  transmit  sealed  to  the  seat  of  Government  of  the  United  States,  directed 
to  the  President  of  the  Senate ; — the  President  of  the  Senate  shall,  in  the  presence 
of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives,  open  all  the  certificates,  and  the  votes 
shall  then  be  counted  ; — the  person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  for  Pres- 
ident, shall  be  the  President,  if  such  number  be  a  majority  of  the  whole  number  of 
electors  appointed ;  and  if  no  person  have  such  majority,  then  from  the  persons 
having  the  highest  numbers  not  exceeding  three  on  the  list  of  those  voted  for  as 
President,  the  House  of  Representatives  shall  choose  immediately,  by  ballot,  the 
President.    But  in  choosing  the  President  the  votes  shall  be  taken  by  States,  the 
representation  from  each  State  having  one  vote ;  a  quorum  for  this  purpose  shall 
consist  of  a  member  or  members  from  two-thirds  of  the  States,  and  a  majority  of  all 


QUESTIONS.— ARTICLE  VIIT.    What  does  this  article  declare  ?. 

ARTICLE  IX.    What  does  this  article  declare  ? 

ARTICLE  X.    What  does  this  article  declare? 

ARTICLE  XI.    What  does  this  article  declare? 

ARTICLE  XII.  What  does  this  article  declare?  In  what  connection  have  we 
considered  the  Twelfth  Article  of  the  Constitution,  which  relates  to  the  election 
of  President  and  Vice-President  of  the  United  States  ? 


THE  NATIONAL    CONSTITUTION.  375 


Election  of  President  and  Yice- President. 


the  States  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice.  And  if  the  House  of  Representatives  shall 
not  choose  a  President  whenever  the  right  of  choice  shall  devolve  upon  ihem,  before 
the  fourth  day  of  March  next  following,  then  the  Vice-President  shall  act  as  Pres- 
ident, as  in  the  case  of  the  death  or  other  constitutional  disability  of  the  President. 
The  person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  as  Vice-President,  shall  be  the  Vice- 
President,  if  such  number  be  a  majority  of  the  whole  number  of  electors  appointed, 
and  if  no  person  have  a  majority,  then,  from  the  two  highest  numbers  on  the  list, 
the  Senate  shall  choose  the  Vice-President ;  a  quorum  for  the  purpose  shall  consist 
of  two-thirds  of  the  whole  number  of  senators,  and  a  majority  of  the  whole  number 
shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice.  But  no  person  constitutionally  ineligible  to  the  office 
of  President  shall  be  eligible  to  that  of  Vice-President  of  the  (7nited  States. 

ARTICLE    XIII. 

SECTION   I. 

Neither  slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude,  except  as  a 

punishment  for  crime,  whereof  the  party  shall  have  been   Slavery  prohibited. 
duly  convicted,  shall  exist  within  the   United  Slates, 
or  any  place  subject  to  their  jurisdiction. 

SECTION  II. 
Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this  article  by  appropriate  legislation. 

ARTICLE    XIV. 

SECTION  I. 

All  persons  born  or  naturalized  in  the  United  States,  and  Fubject  to  the  jurisdic- 
tion thereof,  are  citizens  of  the  United  States  and  of  the 

State  wherein  they  reside.    No  State  shall  make  or  enforce    Citizens  and  their 
any  law  which  shall  abridge  the  privileges  or  immunities  of  rights, 

citizens  of  the  United  States;  nor  shall  any  State  de- 
prive any  person  of  life,  liberty,  or  property,  without  due  process  of  law,  nor  deny  to 
any  person  within  its  jurisdiction  the  equal  protection  of  the  laws. 

SECTION  II. 

Representatives  shall  be  appointed  among  the  several  States  according  to  their 
respective  numbers,  counting  the  whole  number  of  persons  in  each  State,  excluding 
Indians  not  taxed.    But  when  the  right  to  vote  at  any  elec- 
tion for  the  choice  of  electors  for  President  and  Vice-Pres-    Adjustment    of  re- 
ident  of  the  United  States,  representatives  in  Congress,      presentation  to  the 
the  executive  or  judicial  officers  of  a  State,  or  the  members      elective  franchise, 
of  the  Legislature  thereof,  is  denied  to  any  of  the  male  in- 
habitants of  such  State,  being  twenty-one  years  of  age,  and  citizens  cf  the  United 
States,  or  in  any  way  abridged,  except  for  participation  in  rebellion  or  other  crime, 
the  basis  of  representation  therein  shall  be  reduced  in  the  proportion  which  the 
number  of  such  male  citizens  shall  bear  to  the  whole  number  of  male  citizens  twenty- 
one  years  of  age  in  such  State. 

SECTION  HI. 

No  person  shall  be  a  Senator  or  Representative  in  Congress,  or  elector  of  Pres- 
ident and  Vice-President,  or  hold  any  office,  civil  or  military,  under  the  United 

ARTICLH  XIII.    What  does  this  article  declare? 
ARTICTLB  XTV.    What  does  this  article  declare  ? 


376  THE  NATIONAL   CONSTITUTION. 


disabling  Conditions.  Treatment  of  Public  3)ebls. 

Stales,  or  under  any  State,  who,  having  previously  taken 
Disabling1  con-        an  oath  as  a  member  of  Congress,  or  as  an. officer  of  the 
ditions.  United  States,  or  as  a  member  of  any  State  Legislature, 

or  as  an  executive  or  judicial  officer  of  any  State,  to  sup- 
port the  Constitution  of  the  United  States^  shall  have  engaged  in  insurrection  or 
rebellion  against  the  same,  or  given  aid  or  comfort  to  the  enemies  thereof.  But 
Congress  may,  by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  each  House,  remove  such  disability. 

SECTION  IV. 

The  validity  of  the  public  debt  of  the  United  States,  authorized  by  law,  in- 
cluding debts  incurred  for  payment  of  pensions  and  bounties  for  services  in  sup- 
pressing insurrection  or  rebellion,  shall  not  be  questioned. 

Treatment  of  pub-    But  neither  the  United  States  nor  any  State  shall  assume 
lie  debts.  or  pay  any  debt  or  obligation  incurred  in  aid  of  insurrec- 

tion or  rebellion  against  the  United  Stales,  or  any  claim 

for  the  loss  or  emancipation  of  any  slave ;  but  all  such  debts,  obligations,  and  claims 
shall  be  held  illegal  and  void. 

SECTION  V. 

Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce,  by  eppropriate  legislation,  the  provisions 
of  this  article. 

ARTICLE   XV. 

SECTION  I. 

The  right  of  the  citizens  of  the  United  States  shall  not  be  denied  or  abridged 
by  the  United  States,  or  by  any  State,  on  account  of  race,  color,  or  previous  con- 
dition of  servitude. 

SECTION  II. 
The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this  article  by  appropriate  legislation. 


OUR    NATIONAL    PROGRESS. 

No  nation  ever  showed  such  marvellous  growth  as  ours  has 
done,  since  it  was  established  under  a  national  constitution,  in  1790.  In 
expansion  of  area,  increase  in  population,  development  of 
resources  of  every  kind,  growth  of  its  manufactures,  com- 
merce,  arts,  science  and  literature,  and  in  moral  K&&politi- 
cal  influence  among  the  family  of  nations,  its  progress  has  been  most 
remarkable. 

New  States  added  to  the  original  thirteen,  have  become  members  of 
the  Union  by  a  simple  process.  After  a  wild  region  has  acquired  a 
certain  number  of  permanent  inhabitants,  it  is  organized  into  a  Terri- 
tory. When  the  population  reaches  another  prescribed  number,  it  may 
be  admitted  into  the  Union  as  a  State,  by  an  act  of  Congress,  with  a 
State  constitution  for  its  local  government.  The  following  table  shows 
the  date  of  settlement  of  each  State  in  the  Union,  by  whom  settled, 
and  the  date  of  admission  of  each. 


QUESTION?.— ARTICLE  XV.    What  does  this  article  declare? 


OUR    NATIONAL    PROGRESS. 


377 


Order. 

Name. 

Date  of 

Settle- 
ment. 

Where  first 
Settled. 

By  whom 
Settled. 

Date  of 
admis- 
sion. 

I 

Virginia  

1607 

Jamestown  ..  . 

English  

2 

New  York 

161.1 

New  York 

Dutch  

Massachusetts  . 

1620 

Plymouth   .  .  . 

English  

4 

c 

New  Hampshire 
Connecticut  .... 

1623 
l6-?3 

Little  Harbor. 
Windsor  

« 

6 

Maryland  

16^4 

St   Mary's  .  .  . 

M 

8 

Rhode  Island  .  . 
Delaware    .      • 

1636 
1618* 

Providence..  . 
Wilmington   . 

u 

North  Carolina 

1650 

English  .... 

10 

ii 

12 
ja 

New  Jersey.  .  .  . 
South  Carolina. 
Pennsylvania.  .  . 
Georgia 

1664 
1670 

1682 
17-7  q 

Elizabeth  
Ashley  River. 
Philadelphia  . 
Savannah 

M 

14. 

Vermont       .  .    . 

172.1 

Fort  Dummer 

H 

I7QI 

I«r 

Kentucky  

1771; 

Boonesboro'.  . 

M 

I7Q2 

16 

Tennessee 

I7C.7 

Fort  Loudon  . 

«« 

I7q6 

17 

Ohio            

1788 

Marietta  

If 

I8O2 

18 

Louisiana 

1600 

Iberville      ... 

French  

1812 

IQ 

Indiana   

I71O 

Vincennes.  .  .  . 

t 

1816 

2O 

Mississippi 

I7l6 

Natchez          . 

i 

1817 

21 

Illinois 

I72O 

Kaskaskia  .  .  . 

i 

1818 

22 

Alabama  

I7II 

Mobile  

« 

1810 

2"! 

Maine 

1625 

Bristol 

< 

1820 

24. 

Missouri  

1764. 

St  Louis  

i 

1821 

25 

i68«; 

Arkansas  Post 

• 

1836 

26 

Michigan    

1670 

Detroit  

« 

1837 

27 

Florida  

ie.6e, 

St.  Augustine. 

Spanish  

1845 

28 

Texas       

1692 

San  Antonio.. 

v  « 

1841; 

2O 

IS1?  T, 

Burlington.  .  . 

English  

1846 

3O 

\Visconsin  ..... 

1669 

Green   Bay  .  .  . 

French  

1848 

•71 

California  

I76Q 

San  Diego  .  .  „ 

Spanish  

1850 

•lo 

Minnesota, 

1846 

St   Paul    .... 

Americans.. 

1858 

q-i 

Oregon  .... 

1811 

Astoria  

M 

iSsq 

•24 

U 

1861 

qe 

\Vest  Virginia   . 

English  

1863 

36 

Nevada    

Americans  .. 

1864 

07 

Nebraska  . 

a 

1867 

^8 

Colorado  . 

« 

1875 

QUESTIONS. — Name  the  original  thirteen  States  in  the  order  of  their  settlement. 

When  was  Virginia  first  settled  ?  Where  ?  By  whom  ?  When  was  New  York 
first  settled  ?  Where  ?  By  whom  ?  Ask  the  same  questions  about  all  of  the  thirty- 
eight  States. 

When  was  the  first  State  admitted,  into  the  Union  formed  by  the  original  thirteen 
States  ?  What  State  was  it  ? 

G'-  e  the  names  of  the  other  States  in  the  order  of  their  admission.  When  was 
Vermont  admitted  ?  When  Kentucky  ?  Ask  the  same  questions  about  all  the  other 
States.  Hov  many  States  are  there  now  in  the  Union  ? 


378 


OUR    NATIONAL    PROGRESS. 


THE  following  Table  shows  the  national  progress  in  population.    27tc 
Census,  or  enumeration  of  the  inhabitants,  is  taken  every  ten  years. 


Census. 

Date  of 
Census. 

Number  of 
States. 

Population  of 
the  States. 

Population  of 
the  Tritoerries. 

Total 
Population. 

x 

1790 

13 

3,894,136 

35,^91 

3,929,827 

2 

1800 

16 

5,231,992 

73,949 

3 

1810 

17 

7,036,474 

203,340 

7,239,814 

4 

1820 

23 

9,515,397 

122,794 

9,638,191 

I 

1830 
1840 

12,729,429 
16,897,207 

136,591 
172,246 

12,866,020 
17,069,453 

7 

1850 

31 

23,047,891 

143,985 

23,191,876 

8 

1860 

33 

31,040,842 

402,479 

3J,443,321 

9 

1870 

37 

38,113,253 

442,730 

38,555,983 

QUESTIONS.— When  was  the  first  Census  of  the  United  States  taken?  How  often 
is  the  Census  taken  ?  How  many  States  were  there  in  the  Union  when  the  first  Cen- 
sus was  taken  ?  How  many  States  were  admitted  before  the  next  Census  ?  Before 
the  next  ?  What  was  the  population  of  the  United  States  when  the  first  Census  was 
taken  in  1790?  *  In  1800?  In  1810?  And  so  on.  What  was  the  increase  in  popula- 
tion from  1790  to  1800?  From  1800  to  1810  ?  From  1810  to  1820  ? 

TABLE  OF  PRESIDENTS  AND  VICE-PRESIDENTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 


No. 

Presidents. 

Resi- 
dence 
when 
elected. 

Born. 

Died. 

When 
inaugu- 
rated. 

Vice-Presidents. 

I 

George  Washington. 
John  Adams  

Va  

Mass  .  . 

1732 
1735 

1799 
1826 

1789 
1797 

John  Adams. 
Thomas  Jefferson. 

( 

3 

Thomas  Jefferson  .  .  . 

Va  

1743 

1826 

1801  \ 

George  Clinton. 

4 

James  Madison  

Va..... 

i75i 

1836 

1809] 

George  Clinton. 
Elbridge  Gerry. 

I 

7 

James  Monroe  
John  Quincy  Adams. 

Andrew  Jackson  

Va  

Mass  .  . 

Tenn.. 

1758 
1767 

1767 

1831 
1848 

1845 

.1817 

1825 

1829  -j 

Daniel  D.  Tompkins. 
John  C.  Calhoun. 
John  C.  Calhoun. 
Martin  Van  Buren. 

8 

Martin  Van  Buren  .  . 

N.  Y.. 

1782 

1862 

1837 

Richard  M.  Johnson. 

9 

W.  H.  Harrison  

Ohio  .. 

*773 

1841 

1841 

John  Tyler. 

John  Tyler 

Va   . 

1862 

1841 

ii 

James  K.  Polk  

Tenn.. 

T795 

1849 

1845 

George  M.  Dallas. 

12 

Zachary  Taylor  .   ... 

La  

1784 

1850 

1849 

Millard  Fillmore. 

13 

Millard  Fillmore   .  .  . 

N.  Y.. 

1800 

1874 

1850 

14 

Franklin  Pierce.    ... 

N.  H.. 

1804 

1869 

1853 

Win.  R.  King. 

IS 

16 

James  Buchanan  ... 
Abraham  Lincoln  .  .  . 

Penn.. 
111.  .  .  . 

1791 
1809 

1868 
1865 

1857 
1861  1 

J.  C.  Breckinridge: 
Hannibal  Hamlin. 
Andrew  Johnson. 

17 
18 

Andrew  Johnson  
Ulysses  S   Grant 

Tenn.. 
Ill   - 

1808 
1822 

1865 
1869  -f 

Schuyler  Colfax. 

*  ( 

QUESTIONS.— Name  in  their  order  the  Presidents  of  the  United  States.  Name  those 
who  served  two  terms,  or  eight  years.  Name  those  who  served  but  one  term,  or  lour 
years.  Name  those  who  died  before  their  term  of  office  expired. 

*  It  probably  will  not  be  best  to  require  the  scholar  to  give  the  exact  population 
at  each  of  these  dates.  "  The  population  in  1790  was  nearly  four  million,  would  be  a 
sufficient  answer,  and  would  fix  an  important  fact  in  the  mind.  To  say  that  the 
increase  of  population  for  the  first  ten  years  was  about  1,300,000  would  be  a  good 
answer,  and  thus  fixing  these  figures  approximately  in  the  mind  will  give  some  idea 
as  to  onr  wonderful  growth  as  a  nation.  The  increase  in  population  may  be  stated 
at  about  thirty-three  per  cent,  every  ten  years. 


BIOGRAPHICAL    NOTES. 


AMONG  the  multitude  of  persons  mentioned  in  this  work,  who  bore 
a  part  in  the  discovery,  settlement,  planting  of  the  colonies,  or  assisted  in 
laying  the  foundations  of  our  Republic,  a  few  appear  conspicuous  be- 
cause of  their  more  palpable  achievements.  From  these  I  have  selected 
the  following  as  subjects  for  brief  biographical  notices,  and  placed 
their  names  in  alphabetical  order  for  convenient  reference.  Students 
are  recommended  to  read  more  extended  histories  of  their  lives  in  other 
books.  These  notes  indicate  only  the  most  conspicuous  services  of  each. 

Adams,  John.  Born  in  Quincy,  Massachusetts,  in  1735;  was  a  lawyer 
by  profession  ;  was  an  early  and  earnest  champion  of  the  rights 
of  the  people ;  a  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence ;  a 
representative  of  his  country  at  foreign  courts,  and  second  Pres- 
ident of  the  Republic.  Died  at  Quincy  in  1826. 

Adams,  Samuel.  Born  in  Boston  in  1722.  A  powerful  advocate  of 
the  rights  of  the  people.  A  legislator  without  blemish ;  firm 
in  resisting  British  oppression ;  a  signer  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence  :  a  member  of  the  convention  which  adopted  the 
National  Constitution,  and  Lieutenant-Governor  of  Massachu- 
setts. Died  in  Boston  in  1803. 

Baltimore,  Lord,  Cecil  Calvert,  son  and  heir  of  George  Lord  Balti- 
more. Sent  a  colony  to  settle  Maryland,  and  became  the  founder 
of  that  commonwealth.  Born  in  England  about  1613,  and  died 
there  in  1(576.  He  never  came  to  America. 

Bradford,  William.  Born  in  Yorkshire.  England,  in  1588.  Came  to 
America  in  the  May-Flower,  and  became  the  second  governor  of 
Plymouth.  He  ruled  wisely  and  well.  Died  in  1657. 

Cabot,  Sebastian.  Born  at  Bristol,  England,  about  1472.  Son  of  an 
Italian  merchant  and  navigator ;  he  made  a  voyage  westward, 
and  discovered  North  America  at  about  the  time  Columbus  dis- 
covered South  America.  Died  in  1557. 

Cartier,  Jacques.  Born  at  St.  Malo,  France,  in  1494.  An  eminent 
navigator ;  he  was  sent  out  by  the  king  of  France  to  the  coasts 


380  BIOGRAPHICAL   NOTES. 

of  North  America.  He  discovered  the  Gulf  and  River  St.  Law- 
rence, and  named  them.  He  ascended  the  St.  Lawrence  to 
Montreal.  Died  about  the  year  1555. 

Coligni,  Gaspard  de.  Born  in  1517.  Admiral  of  France,  and  a  leader 
of  the  French  Protestants.  He  attempted  to  form  a  colony  of 
these  people  in  Florida.  They  were  murdered  or  driven  away. 
He  was  killed  in  Paris  on  St.  Bartholomew's  Eve,  1572. 

Columbus,  Christopher.  Born  at  Genoa  about  1435.  A  navigator  of 
great  skill  and  engaged  in  scientific  research,  he  came  to  the  con- 
clusion that  the  earth  was  a  sphere,  and  that  India,  then  difficult 
to  reach  by  merchants  of  western  Europe,  might  be  found  by 
sailing  westward.  Whilst. seeking  a  westward  passage  to  that 
country,  he  discovered  America.  Died  at  Valladolid,  Spain,  in 
1506. 

De  Soto,  Fernando.  Born  in  Estramadura,  Spain,  about  1500.  An 
adventurer,  who  accompanied  Pizarro  in  the  conquest  of  Peru. 
Attempted  the  conquest  of  Florida,  and  failed ;  but  he  was  the 
first  European  discoverer  of  the  Mississippi  River.  Died  in  1542. 

Elizabeth,  Queen.  Born  in  the  palace  at  Greenwich,  in  1533.  Daugh- 
ter of  Henry  the  8th  and  Anne  Boleyn.  Ruled  England  with 
vigor  for  forty -five  years.  Encouraged  efforts  to  make  settle- 
ments in  America.  An  unmarried  sovereign.  Died  in  1603. 

Franklin,  Benjamin.  Born  in  Boston  in  1706.  By  trade  a  printer. 
Became  a  philosopher  and  statesman,  legislator  and  foreign  em- 
bassador.  Was  one  of  the  foremost  men  in  civil  life,  in  the  War 
of  the  Revolution,  and  was  a  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  In- 
dependence. Helped  negotiate  the  treaty  for  peace  and  inde- 
pendence. Died  in  Philadelphia  in  1790. 

George,  King.  The  Third  George  was  born  in  London  in  1738.  He 
ascended  the  English  throne  in  1760.  It  was  from  his  rule  that 
the  Americans  declared  themselves  to  be  independent ;  and 
against  him  the  charges  in  the  Declaration  of  Independence 
were  made.  He  reigned  fifty  years.  Died  at  Windsor  Castle 
in  1820. 

Greene,  Nathaniel.  Born  in  Warwick,  Rhode  Island,  in  1742.  A 
member  of  the  Society  of  Friends.  Became  one  of  the  foremost 
of  the  major  generals  of  the  Revolution.  President  of  the  court 
that  tried  and  condemned  Major  Andre.  Died  in  Georgia  in 
1786. 


BIOGRAPHICAL   NOTES.  381 

Hamilton,  Alexander.  Born  on  the  island  of  Nevis  in  1757.  Eminent 
for  oratory  and  logic.  A  good  soldier  and  acute  statesman. 
First  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  of  the  Republic  and  chief  author 
of  our  Financial  system.  Killed  in  a  duel  with  Aaron  Burr  in  1804. 

Henry,  Patrick.  Born  in  Hanover  Co.,  Virginia,  in  1736.  He  was  an 
idle  youth,  but  finally  became  a  lawyer,  when  it  was  discovered 
that  he  possessed  great  powers  of  oratory.  He  was  one  of  the 
most  powerful  of  the  patriots  who  stirred  the  Americans  to 
rebel  against  Great  Britain.  "Was  governor  of  Virginia.  Died 
in  1799. 

Hudson,  Henry.  Born  late  in  the  sixteenth  century  in  England,  and 
was  a  skillful  navigator.  Employed  by  the  Dutch  to  find  a 
sea  passage  around  northern  Europe ;  he  failed,  turned  west- 
ward, and  discovered  the  river  now  known  by  his  name,  in  the 
State  of  New  York.  He  sailed  to  the  head  of  its  tide-water. 
Set  adrift  in  an  open  boat  in  the  great  bay  that  bears  his  name, 
he  was  never  heard  of  afterwards. 

Isabella,  Queen.  Born  in  Madrigal  in  1451.  Monarch  of  Castile  and 
Leon.  She  assisted  Columbus  in  fitting  out  his  expedition  for 
seeking  India  by  sailing  westward,  and  shares  with  him  the 
honor  of  discovering  America.  Died  in  1504. 

James,  King.  The  first  King  James  of  England  was  a  son  of  Mary 
Queen  of  Scots.  The  first  English  settlements  in  America  were 
made  during  his  reign  of  more  than  twenty  years.  Our  trans- 
lation of  the  Bible  was  made  in  his  reign.  Born  in  Scotland  in 
1566.  Died  in  London  in  1625. 

Jefferson,  Thomas.  Born  at  Shadwell,  Va.,  in  1743.  Was  a  lawyer 
by  profession.  Served  in  the  Virginia  legislature.  Wrote  the 
Declaration  of  Independence ;  was  American  Minister  at  the 
French  court,  and  third  President  of  the  Republic.  He  was  a 
keen  politician,  an  able  statesman,  versed  in  the  sciences,  and 
an  elegant  writer.  Died  at  Monticello  in  1826. 

Jones,  John  Paul.  Born  in  Scotland  in  1747.  Was  a  mariner,  and 
settled  in  Virginia.  Appointed  commander  in  the  Continental 
Navy,  he  performed  the  most  signal  service  on  the  ocean  for  the 
patriots.  Afterward  in  the  service  of  Russia.  Died  in  Paris 
in  1792,  when  the  National  Assembly  decreed  him  a  publicf  uneral. 

Lafayette,  Marquis  de.  Born  in  Auvergne,  France,  in  1757.  Es- 
poused the  cause  of  the  American  patriots,  and  joined  them  in 
th^ir  war  for  independence.  He  was  the  most  useful  foreign 


382  BIOGRAPHICAL   NOTES. 

friend  the  Americans  had,  and  was  always  revered  by  them.  A 
leader  in  the  beginning  of  the  French  revolution.  Died  in  Paris 
in  1834. 

Liesler,  Jacob.  Born  in  Frankfort,  Germany.  A  merchant  in  New 
York.  Led  a  democratic  party  there  in  opposition  to  the  aris- 
tocracy, and  was  hanged  in  1691,  by  virtue  of  a  death-warrant 
issued  by  a  drunken  governor. 

Morris,  Robert.  Born  in  Liverpool,  England,  in  1733.  Was  a  mer- 
chant in  Philadelphia,  a  signer  of  the  Declaration  of  Independ- 
ence, and  leading  financier  during  the  Revolution.  His  personal 
credit  sustained  that  of  the  country  at  one  time.  Died  in  Phila- 
delphia in  1806. 

Oglethorpe,  James  Edward.  Born  in  London  in  1698.  A  soldier 
and  philanthropist.  He  founded  the  colony  of  Georgia,  by  pro- 
curing the  release  of  debtors  from  prisons,  and  sending  them  to 
settle  in  America.  Died  in  London  in  1785. 

Penn,  William.  Born  in  London  in  1644.  Became  a  leading  "Friend" 
or  "  Quaker,"  and  the  founder  of  Pennsylvania.  He  was  the 
first  of  the  English  proprietors  who  treated  the  Indians  justly. 
Laid  out  the  city  of  Philadelphia.  Died  at  Rushcourt,  England, 
in  1718. 

Pitt,  William.  Born  at  Westminster,  England,  in  1708.  Eminent  for 
oratory  and  statesmanship,  he  was  called  the  "  Great  Commoner 
of  England."  Created  Earl  of  Chatham.  The  constant  friend 
of  the  Americans  in  their  struggle  with  the  British  aristocracy. 
Died  at  Hayes,  England,  in  1778. 

Pocahontas.  Born  about  1595.  An  American  Indian  princess.  She 
saved  the  life  of  Captain  Smith,  and  also  those  of  the  settlers  at 
Jamestown.  Married  an  Englishman  named  Rolfe.  Died  in 
England  in  1617. 

Raleigh,  Walter.  Born  in  Devon,  England,  in  1552.  Was  a  soldier, 
statesman  and  courtier.  He  promoted  and  assisted  the  fitting 
out  of  expeditions  to  plant  colonies  in  America,  but  failed.  He 
was  a  favorite  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  but  King  James  caused  him 
to  be  beheaded  in  1618. 

Rochambeau,  Count  de.  Born  in  Vendome,  France,  in  1725.  A  mar- 
shal of  France,  he  led  the  French  army  in  America  which  assisted 
in  the  campaign  against  Lord  Cornwallis.  He  suffered  during 
the  French  Revolution,  but  escaped  with  his  life.  Bonaparte 
pensioned  him.  Died  in  1807. 


BIOGRAPHICAL  NOTES.  383 

Schuyler,  Philip.  Born  in  Albany  in  1733.  As  commander  of  the 
Northern  Army  and  Indian  Commissioner,  he  exercised  great 
influence,  and  did  more  than  any  other  man  to  save  the  cause 
of  the  patriots  from  ruin,  by  restraining  invasion  on  the 
northern  frontiers.  A  pure  patriot,  wise  legislator,  and  honest 
citizen.  Died  at  Albany  in  1804. 

Smith,  John.  Born  in  Lincolnshire,  England.  Chief  founder  of  Vir- 
ginia. He  had  fought  the  Turks  as  a  soldier  before  coming  to 
America.  He  explored  the  coasts  and  made  a  map  of  New  Eng- 
land. Died  in  London  in  1631. 

Steuben,  Baron  de.  Born  in  Magdeburg,  Prussia,  in  1730.  An 
officer  under  Frederick  the  Great.  Came  to  America  in  1777, 
and  became  Inspector-general  of  the  Continental  Army.  In  that 
position  he  rendered  important  service  to  the  cause.  Died  at 
Steubenville,  N.  Y.,  in  1794. 

Stuyvesant,  Peter.  Born  in.  Holland  in  1602.  He  was  a  good  soldier, 
brave  and  honest.  Made  governor  first  of  the  Island  of  Curac.oa, 
and  then  of  New  Netherland  (New  York).  He  ruled  with  vigor^ 
and  was  the  last  Dutch  governor  of  that  province.  Died  in 
New  York  in  1682. 

Washington,  George.  Born  in  Westmoreland,  Virginia,  in  1732 
Learning  the  military  art  in  the  Colonial  service  during  their 
wars  with  the  Indians,  he  became  commander-in-chief  of  the 
Continental  Army,  and  won  the  independence  of  the  United 
States.  First  President  of  the  Republic.  Died  at  Mount  Vernon 
in  1799. 

William,  King.  Born  at  the  Hague, Holland,  in  1650.  With  a  fleet  and 
army  he  entered  England  by  invitation  of  the  people  there,  and 
became  their  sovereign  jointly  with  Mary  his  wife.  His  reign 
had  much  influence  on  the  destinies  of  America.  Died  at  Ken- 
sington in  1702. 

Williams,  Roger.  Born  in  Wales  in  1599.  A  Puritan  clergyman. 
Settled  at  Salem,  in  Massachusetts.  Banished  from  that  colony, 
he  founded  Rhode  Island,  and  was  the  first  to  ordain  absolute 
religious  freedom  in  America.  Died  at  Providence  in  1683. 

Winthrop,  John.  Born  in  Suffolk,  England.  Bred  a  lawyer,  he  was 
one  of  the  most  useful  of  the  colonists  who  settled  Massachu- 
setts. Governor  of  that  colony,  he  ruled  with  prudence.  Died 
in  Boston  in  1649. 


384  FACTS   TO  BE  SPECIALLY  REMEMBERED. 


FACTS   TO    BE    SPECIALLY    REMEMBERED. 

IN  the  following  tables  are  noted  some  of  the  more  important  events 
in  our  history,  arranged  according  to  the  different  periods  into  which 
that  history  naturally  divides.  These  are  facts  which  the  pupil  should 
especially  endeavor  to  retain  in  memory. 

^         Columbus  discovers  American  Islands 1492     ^  s  -e  jg  « •*» 

fl  .     Columbus  discovers  South  America 1 1400      §*  ~i    *?» 

d  8     Sebastian  Cabot  discovers  North  America J  14c        c  | .«  §  |  -|  -|» 

\  %     Americus  Vespucciua  discovers  South  America 1499     $££•»*  ^  I 

>     Juan  Ponce  de  Leon  discovers  Florida 1512     <5>!;Kl  §  §3'$  £ 

Vasco  Nunez  de  Balboa  discovers  the  Pacific  Ocean 1513     g        1 1 1^ 

Cartier  discovers  Canada 1534     •«  ^  &>  a,  ^  §  |! 

De  Soto  discovers  the  Mississippi  River.  1541     -§  g  sg     -e  .^S 

Hudson  discovers  New  York  Bay  and  the  Hudson  River . .  1609     <<t  |  §&§'$.$ 

English  emigrants  land  in  Virginia 1607      ,  ^ 

English  Puritans  settle  on  the  coast  of  Massachusetts 1620      |,  |  ^  | 

,2        French  Protestants  from  Holland  settle  in  New  Netherland  i  «!§ 

(New  York) 1623     |  §S-| 

BQ         English  emigrants  settle  in  New  Hampshire 1629     S  |  ^  | 

^  5     Puritans  from  Massachusetts  settle  in  Connecticut 1633      §<^  £  ^ 

%  g     Roman  Catholics  and  Protestants  settle  in  Maryland 1634      |  .1  §  1 

Mg     Rhode  Island  settled 1636     •S's'e'g 

Swedes  settle  in  Delaware 1638      £  |.S-s 

3         English  from  Long  Island  settle  in  New  Jersey 1664     '£  gps  § 

«         The  Carolinas  settled  by  the  English 1650,  1670     *« IJ 

W         Penn  founds  Philadelphia  and  treats  with  the  Indians 1682     g  |  ^  ?• 

Georgia  settled  by  the  English 1733     bScc--s 

Representative  government  established  in  Virginia 1619  5  ^ 

Virginia  made  a  royal  province 1624  •§ ""  g 

Charter  of  Massachusetts  transferred  to  the  colony , 1629  «  §  '| 

First  legislature  of  Maryland  assemble )  ^  §  "S 

Roger  Williams  banished  from  Rhode  Island \ 1635  g  |® 

War  with  the  Pequods 1637  ^^1 

'New  England  Confederacy  formed 1643  !§"§  % 

,,5       Charter  for  Rhode  Island  given 1644  vl-3  -g 

.S       Silver  money  first  coined  in  the  United  States 1652  -^  ^  £ 

Q       Charter  for  Connecticut  given 1662  j|  i-S 

"o       Representative  assembly  in  New  Netherland  (New  York) 1663  1,  |  -2 

U       Surrender  of  New  Netherland  (New  York)  to  the  English 1664  -f> w  | 

*       King  Philip's  war 1675  |^"J 

H       First  legislative  assembly  in  New  Jersey 1681 

First  legislative  assembly  in  Pennsylvania 1682 

Attempt  to  seize  the  Connecticut  charter 1686 

King  William's  war 1689  ._ 

Queen  Anne's  war 1702 

King  George's  War 1744 

French  and  Indian  War 1755 

Canada  conquered  by  the  English 1760 


FACTS    TO    BE    SPECIALLY   REMEMBERED.  385 


Stamp  Act  passed  by  the  British  parliament >  V§  ts 

Stamp  Act  Congress  meets  in  New  York j 1765  g  §3; 

Tax-gatherers  and  troops  sent  to  Boston 1768  «'§'^ 

The  "  Boston  Massacre  " 1770  111 

A  British  cruiser  burned  in  Narraganset  Bay i  ||.«  | 

Cargoes  of  tea  destroyed  in  Boston  harbor ( 1773  '^^^ 

Port  of  Boston  closed  to  commerce i  J|  s^S* 

First  Continental  Congress  assembles  at  Philadelphia f 1774  T..-S  ts 

Skirmishes  at  Lexington  and  Concord "\  |?  i  1 

Capture  of  Ticonderoga , I  s'-e  ^> 

Battle  of  Bunker  Hill >.  1775 

Washington  appointed  Commander-in-chief 

§-     Canada  invaded  by  the  Republican  troops 

.„     British  troops  driven  from  Boston •.  fe  SMs 

"0     Declaration  of  Independence /  1^1 

o     New  York  taken  by  the  British.. f  1776  «-g§ 

v     Washington  made  Dictator  for  six  months J  |«< 

PJ     The  British  plan  measures  for  dividing  the  colonies J  1  ^"H 

®     Lafayette  joins  the  Americans v  1777  f:  ?-  "s 

EH     Surrender  of  Burgoyne  and  his  army  to  the  Americans } 

Treaty  of  alliance  between  the  U.  S.  and  France 1778  |  ^  s 

War  chiefly  in  the  Southern  States ...»  |< I'l 

Exploits  of  Paul  Jones  on  the  ocean (  * 77^  *  .^ 4JJ 

The  British  overrun  the  Carolinas. . . 


Treason  of  General  Arnold !".....'  1 1780 


Capture  and  execution  of  Major  Andre . .  *  ^  ^ 


Surrender  of  Cornwallis  and  his  army j  **§•§" 

A  national  league  formed f 17!  l  |^|,J 

Preliminary  treaty  of  peace  signed 1782  1^'|^ 

British  troops  leave  the  country )  §  <s  ^^ 

Washington  resigns  his  commission f  ^*  §  •!  * 

National  Constitution  framed 1787  .§  e  j 

A  National  Government  established }  J^ 

Washington  inaugurated  first  President  of  the  U.  S ) 17'  if  ^ 

National  Bank  established 1791  ^.2 << 

National  Mint  established. ....'. 1792  .8  g -j 

A  Navy  authorized 17»4  ^Sj 

Treaty  with  Great  Britain  negotiated  by  John  Jay 1795  «     ' 

Washington  retires  from  the  Presidency 1797  ^  g  < 

jj     Washington  dies 1799  |'-J  j 

.o     City  of  Washington  made  the  seat  of  the  National  Government 1800  J  I,  ] 

tj     Louisiana  purchased  from  France )  55  §  5 

%     War  with  the  Barbary  States f1**  l  ^ 

o     First  navigation  by  steam 1 1807 

^     First  Embargo  Act  passed  by  Congress J 

Fight  between  an  American  and  British  vessel. .  I  isii 

War  with  Indians  in  the  northwest ) 

The  United  States  declare  war  against  Great  Britain \ 

Americans  invade  Canada ) 

Americans  victorious  on  Lake  Erie 1813  g-J'® 

Americans  victorious  on  Lake  Champlain }  l^'l 

Washington  City  captured  and  burnt  by  the  British >•  1314  *jjb4| 

Treaty  of  peace  tjigned  at  Ghent )  S  S, 


386 


FACTS    TO    BE    SPECIALLY   REMEMBERED. 


Battle  of  New  Orleans i  £•§• 

Warwith  Algiers f1     '  t^S 

Lafayette  visits  the  U.  S.  as  the  nation's  guest 1824  -tt  | « 

Erie  canal  completed 1825  |gv 

^     Death  of  John  Adams  and  Thomas  Jefferson  on  the  same  day . .  1826  CQ     . 

Trouble  with  South  Carolinians  settled  by  compromise Liasta  "§  -S 

4=      Government  funds  withdrawn  from  U.  S.  Banks )    8 

§     War  with  Indians  in  Florida 1835  I& 

Y     Electro-magnetic  telegraph  established 1844  jg  ^ 

pj     Texas  annexed  to  the  United  States 1845  c  § 

.2     War  with  Mexico 1846  §<£J 

\     Battle  of  Bueua  Vista i  §<£.. 

ft     Scott's  battles  and  triumphant  march  to  Mexico j  184'  g  g . 

«     Treaty  of  peace  with  Mexico » 

g     Gold  found  in  California f1&  Vg. 

Fugitive  Slave  law  passed 1850  e  |: 

Civil  war  in  Kansas 1855  §>« 

John  Brown's  raid  into  Virginia 1859  g|- 

Abraham  Lincoln  elected  President 1860        £: 

South  Carolinians  pass  an  ordinance  of  secession 1860     ' 

South  Carolinians  fire  on  the  Star  of  the  West 

Other  slave-labor  States  pass  ordinances  of  secession 

Coufederate  States  Government  formed 

Lincoln  inaugurated  President 

Fort  Sumter  attacked  and  evacuated 

The  President  calls  for  75,000  volunteers lggj 

National  troops  invade  Virginia 

S     Richmond  made  the  Confederate  Capital 

§     Nationals  defeated  at  Bull  Run 

?j     Congress  makes  provision  of  men  and  money  for  war 

$     Confederate  ambassadors  taken  from  a  British  ship 

g     Roanoke  Island  and  Fort  Donelson  captured  by  the  Nationals — v  £ji 

o     The   Confederate  "ram"    Merrimack   destroys   National   war-\ 

55  vessels /  s4 

S     The  Merrimack  defeated  by  the  Monitor (  Ig62     |-2 

•g     Nationals  victorious  at  Shiloh /        '     fe^ 

4     New  Orleans  captured  by  Nationals V 

g     Seven  days  battles  near  Richmond }  \ 

K     Confederates  defeated  at  Antietam /  «  ? 

The  President  proclaims  the  freedom  of  the  slaves 

'j>     Charleston  besieged 

U     Confederate  victory  at  Chancellorsville 

o     West  Virginia  admitted  into  the  Union Ig63 

^     Nationals  victorious  at  Gettysburgh 

Vicksburg  surrendered  to  the  Nationals 

Draft  riots  in  New  York 

Confederate  ports  thoroughly  blockaded . 

General  Grant  placed  in  chief  command "\ 

The  great  National  armies  ordered  to  move  simultaneously —    I 

Army  of  the  Potomac  moves  on  Richmond >  1864 

Sherman  penetrates  Georgia  to  Atlanta \ 

The  Alabama  sunk  by  the  Kearsarge ) 


FACTS    TO    BE    SPECIALLY    REMEMBERED. 


387 


Petersburg  besieged 

Atlanta  surrendered  to  the  Nationals 

•«      Sherman  marches  to  the  sea jgg^     - 

|      Confederates  invade  Tennessee 

=s     Nationals  victorious  at  Nashville 

§      National  land  and  naval  forces  attack  Fort  Fisher 

T     National  troops  capture  Columbia,  S.  C 

g     Charleston  occupied  by  colored  troops 

fl      Sherman  marches  through  the  Carolinas 

2     Lee  surrenders  the  Confederate  army  to  Grant 

$     Jefferson  Davis  and  associates  flee  from  Richmond .. 

%     President  Lincoln  assassinated 

0  General  Johnson  surrenders  his  army 
National  forces  capture  Mobile 

£     Last  conflict  of  the  civil  war  occurs  in  Texas ;£•• 

TJ     Thirteenth  Amendment  to  the  Constitution,  forbidding  slavery, 

1  adopted . 

p  Fourteenth  Amendment  guaranteeing  civil  rights  to  the  freed-  \  |.J 

K  men  adopted M866  §5 

Atlantic  Telegraph  cable  permanently  laid )  tr'-i 

^  Alaska  purchased  from  Russia 1867  |-§ 

g  President  Johnson  impeached  and  acquitted 1808  w  | 

c  Fifteenth  Amendment,  guaranteeing  the  right  of  suffrage  to  the  ^^- 

.3  freedmen,  adopted 1870  ts  ^ 

Treaty  with  England  concerning  the  depredations  of  English-Con-  J8  ^ 

federate  cruisers 1871  ^  ^ 

The  dispute  with  England  settled  by  arbitration 1872        "S- 


388  TOPICAL    REVIEW. 


TOPICAL    REVIEW. 


PAGE 

1.  Give  an  account  of  the  extent  of  our  country  and  its  govern- 

ment   7 

2.  Tell  about  the  visits  of  Northmen 8 

3.  Map. — Give  the  relative  positions  of  Great  Britain,  Norway, 

Iceland,  Greenland,  Labrador,  and  New  England 9 

4.  Give  an  account  of  the  discovery  of  America  by  Columbus 9 

5.  lUap. — In  what  direction  are  the  Canary  Islands  from  Spain  ; 

Madeira  from  the  Canaries ;  the  Bermudas  from  Cuba 

and  Florida  ? 12 

6.  Give  an  account  of  the  American  Indians 15 

7.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Americus  Vespucci  us  and  the 

name  of  America  ? 21 

8.  Give  an  account  of  the  discovery  of  Florida  and  the  Pacific 

Ocean 23 

9.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  Spaniards  in  Mexico  ? 23 

10.  What  did  the  conquest  of  Mexico  lead  to  ? 25 

11.  What  can  you  tell  about  Spaniards  in  South  Carolina  and 

Florida  ? 25 

12.  Tell  about  De  Soto's  expedition 25 

13.  Map.— Trace  the  march  of  De  Soto  from  Tampa  Bay  to  the 

Mississippi  and  beyond  ;  the  place  of  his  death,  and  fur- 
ther march  of  his  followers, 24 

14.  Tell  about  the  Cabots  and  the  voyages  of  Sebastian 28 

15.  Tell  about  the  voyages  of  Verazzani 29 

16.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Cartier  and  his  voyages  ? 30 

17.  Tell  about  Coligni  and  the  Huguenots  in  America 31 

18.  Tell  about  the  voyage  of  Drake 33 

19.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Raleigh  and  expeditions  to  America?  33 

20.  Map.* — Draw  an  outline  of  the  map  showing  the  relative  sit- 

uation of  Roanoke  Island 34 

*  This  and  the  smaller  maps  may  not  only  be  need  for  references,  but  any  pupil  or 

pupils  in  a  class,  may  make  an  outline  on  the  blackboard  or  on  paper.    Such  an  ex- 
ercise, even  though  very  rudely  performed,  will  greatly  assist  the  memory. 


TOPICAL    REVIEW.  389 


PAGE 

21.  Give  an  account  of  the  voyages  of  Gosnold,  Pring  and  Wey- 

mouth 37 

22.  Map. — Draw  this  map,  and  show  Gosnold's  track 36 

23.  Tell  about  the  voyages  and  discoveries  of  Champlain 87 

24.  Give  an  account  of  Hudson's  voyages  and  discoveries 38 

25.  Colored   Map. — Give  the  names  of  Discoverers  found  on 

this  map.  Between  what  degrees  of  latitude  were  these 
discoveries  made  ?  Give  the  positions  of  the  Indian  na- 
tions in  relation  to  each  other 38 

"SFTTLERS  AND   SETTLEMENTS. 

1.  Map. — Make  an  outline  of  this  map 41 

2.  How  was  Virginia  divided  ? 42 

3.  Tell  about  English  emigrants  and  emigration  to  Virginia 43 

4.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  settlement  of  Jamestown  ? 43 

5.  What  can  you  tell  about  Captain  Smith  and  his  doings? 44 

6.  What  have  you  to  say  about  new  emigrants  to  Virginia  ? 45 

7.  Give  an  account  of  Lord  Delaware  and  the  voyage  of  Com- 

missioners   47 

8.  Tell  about  the  starving  time 49 

9.  Tell  about  the  abandoning  of  Jamestown,  and  the  occurrence 

of  happy  events 49 

10.  Give  an  account  of  the  founding  and  settlement  of  New  Nether- 

land 51 

11.  Tell  about  Capt.  Smith's  explorations  of  New  England 53 

12.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  Puritans  ? 53 

13.  Give  an  account  of  the  Puritans  in  Holland  and  their  emigra- 

tion to  America 53 

14.  What  have  you  to  say  about  their  government  and  sufferings. .  55 

15.  Map. — Make  an  outline  map  of  Cape  Cod  Bay  in  which  the 

Mayflower  anchored,  and  its  surroundings 58 

16.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  settlement  of  New  Hampshire.  57 

17.  Give  an  account  of  the  settlement  of  Maryland 60 

18.  Give  an  account  of  settlements  in  Connecticut 62 

19.  Tell  about  war  with  the  Pequods 63 

20.  Map. — Make  an  outline  map  of   the  scene  of  the  Pequod 

War 64 

21.  Tell  about  the  founding  of  New  Haven 65 

22.  Give  an  account  of  Roger  Williams  and  the  founding  of  Rhode 

Island 65 

23.  Give  an  account  of  settlements  on  the  Delaware 67 

24.  Tell  about  settlements  in  and  founding  of  New  Jersey. . , 68 


390  TOPICAL    REVIEW. 


PAGE 

25.  Give  an  account  of  the  founding  of  Pennsylvania. 69 

28.  Give  an  account  of  settlements  in  the  Carolinas 71 

27.  31  sip. — Make  an  outline  map  of  places  first  settled  in  South 

Carolina 72 

28.  Give  an  account  of  settlements  in  Georgia 73 

THE   COLONIES. 

1.  In  what  order  do  we  consider  the  history  of  the  Colonies? 77 

2.  What  have  you  to  say  about  women  and  slaves  in  Virginia  ?  . .  78 

3.  Tell  about  a  massacre  by  Indians  in  Virginia 78 

4.  What  can  you  tell  about  a  change  in  government  in  Virginia  ?  .  79 

5.  Give  an  account  of  a  civil  war  in  Virginia 80 

•3.  Tell  about  the  settlement  at  Plymouth  and  the  Indians 81 

7.  What  have  you  to  say  about  new  settlers  at  Plymouth  ? 82 

8.  What  can  you  tell  about  a  change  in  government  there? 82 

9.  Give  an  account  of  the  founding  of  the  colony  of  Massachusetts 

Bay 83 

10.  Give  an  account  of  the  government  in  Massachusetts,  and  the 

effects  of  persecutions  there 84 

11.  Give  an  account  of  the  New  England  Confederacy 84 

12.  What  can  you  tell  about  commerce  and  coinage  in  Massachu- 

setts ? 85 

13.  Tell  about  "  Friends  "  or  "  Quakers  "  in  Massachusetts 86 

14.  Give  an  account  of  King  Philip's  war 87 

15.  31ap. — Make  an  outline  map  of  the  chief  theatre  of  King 

Philip's  war 88 

16.  Give  an  account  of  King  William's  war 91 

17.  What  have  you  to  say  about  a  change  in  government  in  Mas- 

sachusetts?    91 

18.  What  can  you  tell  about  witchcraft  In  Massachusetts  ? 92 

19.  Give  an  account  of  Queen  Anne's  war  ? 92 

20.  Give  an  account  of  King  George's  war 94 

21  Tell  about  settlements  in  New  Netherland 96 

22.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Governors  Van  Twiller  and  Keiffc?  97 

23.  What  trouble  did  Keift  create,  and  how  ? 98 

24.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Peter  Stuy  vesant  ? 98 

25.  Give  an  account  of  trouble  between  the  Dutch  and  Swedes 99 

26.  Tell  about  a  Representative  Assembly 99 

27.  Give  an  account  of  the  surrender  of  New  Netherland  to  the 

English,  and  the  retaking  and  resurrender  by  the  Dutch.  100 

28.  Give  an  account  of  republican  movements  in  New  York 101 

29.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  liberty  of  the  press  ? 102 


TOPICAL    REVIEW.  391 


PAGE 

30.  Give  an  account  of  government  in  Maryland 103 

31  What  have  you  to  say  about  civil  war  and  toleration  in  Mary- 
land?  104 

32.  Tell  about  a  second  civil  war  in  Maryland 105 

33.  Give  an  account  of  the  Connecticut  colonies  and  a  charter 107 

34  Tell  about  an  attempt  to  take  away  the  charter 100 

35.  Tell  about  Governor  Fletcher  at  Hartford 110 

36.  What  can  you  tell  about  the  charter  of  Rhode  Island  ? Ill 

37.  What  have  you  to  say  about  discontents  in  New  Jersey  ? 113 

38.  Tell  about  a  division  of  New  Jersey 114 

39.  Give  an  account  of  government  in  the  Jerseys 114 

40.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Penn  and  Pennsylvania  ? 115 

41.  How  was  Penn  treated  ?  and  what  was  done  ? 110 

42.  What  can  you  tell  about  a  form  of  government  for  the  Caro- 

linas? 117 

43.  What  did  the  people  do? 117 

44.  Tell  about  settlements  in  North  Carolina 118 

45.  Tell  about  a  massacre  by  Indians 119 

46.  What  troubles  had  South  Carolinians  ? 119 

47.  What  can  you  tell  about  an  invasion 120 

48.  Tell  about  an  Indian  confederacy 120 

49.  What  have  you  to  say  about  discontents  in  the  Carolinas,  and 

the  result 121 

50.  What  have  you  to  say  about  settlers  in  Georgia  ? 122 

51.  Give  an  account  of  troubles  between  Spaniards  and  Georgians. .  123 

52.  Tell  about  a  war  between  them 123 

53.  Map. — Make  an  outline  map  of  the  coast  of  Florida,  and  mark 

the  historic  points 124 

54.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  nationalities  of  the  colonists?.  126 

55.  What  have  you  to  say  of  the  character  of  the  people  ? 127 

56.  What  about  their  pursuits  ? 128 

57.  What  have  you  to  say  about  education  and  books? 128 

58.  I?Iap. — Make  an  outline  of  the  map.    Name  places  in  the 

different  States  mentioned  in  the  text  in  connection  with 
the  French  and  Indian  War 130 

59.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  French,  and  the  Ohio  Company?  131 

60.  Tell  about  the  mission  of  young  Washington 131 

61.  Give  an  account  of  hostilities  between  the  French  and  English 

in  the  region  of  the  Ohio  River 132 

62.  Give  an  account  of  a  Convention  at  Albany 132 

63.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Braddock,  and  plan  of  a  campaign  ?  133 

64.  Tell  about  an  expedition  in  the  East 133 


392  TOPICAL    REVIE\Y. 


PAGE 

65.  Give  an  account  of  Braddock's  expedition 134 

66.  Map. — Make  an  outline  of  Braddock's  expedition 134 

67.  Give  an  account  of  the  expeditions  of  Shirley  and  Johnson 136 

68.  What  have  you  to  say  about  British  commanders 137 

69.  Tell  about  an  expedition  against  Oswego 137 

70.  Tell  about  an  affair  at  Kittanning 138 

71.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Lord  Loudon  ? 138 

72.  Tell  about  the  capture  of  Fort  William  Henry 139 

73.  Give  an  account  of  the  capture  of  Louisburg 140 

74.  Tell  about  an  expedition  against  Ticonderoga 140 

75.  Give  an  account  of  an  expedition  against  Fort  Du  Quesne 141 

76.  What  preparations  were  made  for  conquering  Canada  ? 142 

77.  Give  an  account  of  Amherst's  expedition  on  Lake  Champlain. .  142 

78.  ITIap. — Make  an  outline  of  the  map 142 

79.  Tell  about  an  expedition  against  Niagara 143 

80.  Give  an  account  of  Wolfe's  expedition  against  Quebec 143 

81.  Tell  about  the  attempt  of  the  French  to  retake  Quebec 146 

82.  Give  an  account  of  Amherst's  movements 146 

83.  Tell  the  story  of  the  final  conquest  of  Canada 146 

84.  Give  an  account  of  troubles  with  Indians  south  and  west 147 

85.  What  have  you  to  say  about  a  treaty  ? 147 

THE  STRIFE  FOR  FREEDOM,  OR  THE  REVOLUTION. 

1.  What  were  the  chief  causes  for  the  strife  ? 151 

2.  Define  immediate  occasions '. 152 

3.  Give  an  account  of  the  stamp-tax  and  its  results 152 

4.  Tell  about  Patrick  Henry  in  the  Virginia  Assembly 153 

5.  What  causes  for  irritation  existed  ? 154 

6.  Give  an  account  of  the  "  Boston  Massacre." 155 

7.  Tell  about  discontent  elsewhere 156 

8.  Give  an  account  of  a  tax  on  tea,  and  a  riot  in  Boston 158 

9.  How  was  Boston  punished  ? 158 

10.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Union  and  a  Congress  ? 159 

11.  What  did  the  Congress  do? 159 

12.  How  did  the  Americans  prepare  for  resistance  ? 161 

13.  Give  an  account  of  the  affair  at  Lexington  and  Concord 162 

14.  What  was  done  on  Lake  Champlain,  and  near  Boston  ? 163 

15.  What  occurred  elsewhere? 165 

16.  What  did  the  Congress  do  ? 165 

17.  What  can  you  tell  about  expeditions  into  Canada? 165 

18.  Tell  about  events  in  Lower  Virginia • .......  168 


TOPICAL    REVIEW.  <393 


Bancroft  LibnS* 

19.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Continental  money  ? 169 

20.  .TIap. — Give  the  distance  from  Boston  of  places  mentioned  in 

the  text 170 

21.  What  did  the  British  government  do? 171 

23.  Tell  about  the  British  leaving  Boston 173 

23.  Tell  about  expected  movements  on  New  York 174 

24.  Give  an  account  of  events  near  Charleston 175 

25.  Tell  about  the  Declaration  of  Independence 176 

26.  Give  an  account  of  hostile  events  near  New  York 177 

27.  Give  an  account  of  events  near  Harlem 178 

28.  What  occurred  in  Westchester  and  at  Fort  Washington? 178 

29.  IVap. — Give  the  names  of  places  designated  by  a  flag,  where 

battles  were  fought,  and  the  distances  from  Boston 179 

30.  Give  an  account  of  the  flight  of  the  Americans  across  New 

Jersey 180 

81.  Tell  about  the  victory  at  Trenton,  and  its  effects 181 

32.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Parliament  and  Congress? 182 

33.  Tell  about  a  plan  for  a  national  government 183 

34.  What  occurred  at  Trenton  and  Princeton  ? 183 

35.  What  can  you  tell  about  marauding  expeditions  ? 184 

36.  What  can  you  tell  about  a  plan  of  the  British  ministry  ? 185 

37.  Tell  about  movements  of  British  troops 186 

38.  Tell  about  Lafayette 186 

39.  Give  an  account  of  a  battle  and  its  results 187 

40.  What  can  you  tell  about  Congress  and  forts  on  the  Delaware?.  188 

41.  Give  an  account  of  the  invasion  by  Burgoyne 189 

42.  Tell  about  St.  Leger's  invasion "190 

43.  Give  an  account  of  an  expedition  up  the  Hudson 192 

44.  Tell  about  the  fate  of  Burgoyne  and  his  army 192 

45.  Map. — Make  an  outline  of  the  map 193 

46.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Valley  Forge  and  the  army 194 

47.  What  news  came,  and  what  did  the  two  armies  do? 195 

48.  Give  an  account  of  a  battle  in  New  Jersey 195 

49.  What  can  you  tell  about  events  in  Rhode  Island  ? 196 

50.  Give  an  account  of  forays  by  Indians 197 

51.  What  have  you  to  say  about  a  change  in  the  seat  of  war?  ....  198 

52.  What  can  you  tell  about  war  in  Georgia  ? 199 

53.  Tell  about  an  invasion  of  South  Carolina 200 

54.  What  can  you  tell  about  marauding  parties  ? 201 

55.  What  can  you  tell  about  victories  on  the  Hudson  ? 201 

56.  Give  an  account  of  events  in  the  west 202 

57.  Tell  about  the  chastisement  of  Indians.. .  .  203 


394  TOPICAL    REVIEW. 


PAGE 

58.  Give  an  account  of  the  siege  of  Savannah 203 

59.  Tell  about  the  naval  operations  of  the  Americans 205 

GO.  Tell  about  the  movement  of  British  troops 207 

61.  Map. — Give  the  names  of  places  designated  by  a  flag,  where 

battles  occurred,  and  the  distances  from  Charleston 208 

62.  Give  an  account  of  the  siege  of  Charleston 209 

63.  Give  an  account  of  military  events  in  South  Carolina 210 

64.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  patriots  in  the  scuth? 212 

65.  Give  an  account  of  military  movements  in  New  Jersey 213 

66.  What  have  you  to  say  about  French  troops  ? 213 

67.  Give  an  account  of  the  treason  of  Arnold 214 

68.  Give  an  account  of  mutiny  and  patriotism 216 

69.  Colored  Map. — In  what  States  did  the  war  for  Indepen- 

dence occur?      Name  places  in  each,  of  the  States  where 
battles  were  fought.     (Facing  216) 216 

70.  Tell  about  Arnold  in  Virginia 218 

71 .  Give  an  account  of  the  Southern  army 218 

72.  Give  an  account  of  a  battle  and  chase 219 

73.  Tell  about  events  in  North  Carolina 220 

74  Map. — Make  an  outline  of  the  maps 220 

75.  Give  an  account  of  events  near  Camden 221 

76.  Tell  about  other  military  events  in  South  Carolina 221 

77.  Map* — Make  an  outline  of  the  maps.    221 

78.  Tell  about  the  battle  of  Eutaw  Springs 222 

79.  Give  an  account  of  Marion 223 

80.  Tell  about  Cornwallis  in  Virginia 224 

81.  Tell  about  the  villanies  of  Arnold 224 

82.  Give  an  account  of  the  siege  of  Yorktown 225 

83.  Tell  about  the  surrender  of  Cornwallis  and  its  effects 226 

84.  Map. — Make  an  outline  of  the  map 227 

85.  Give  an  account  of  military  events  after  the  surrender  of  Corn- 

wallis    228 

86.  Tell  about  negotiations  for  peace 229 

87.  Give  an  account  of  events  in  the  city  of  New  York 229 

88.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Washington  ? 230 

89.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  government? 231 

90.  Tell  about  the  National  Constitution  and  first  President 231 

THE  NATION,  OR   UNION   OF  STATES. 

1.  Tell  about  the  inauguration  of  Washington 239 

2.  Give  an  account  of  the  structure  of  the  government 240 

3.  Tell  about  the  various  operations  of  government 241 


TOPICAL    REVIEW.  395 


PAGE 

4.  What  can  you  tell  about  a  new  territory 242 

5.  Give  an  account  of  trouble  with  Indians 242 

6.  Tell  about  political  parties  and  their  relations  to  the  French . . .  243 

7.  Give  an  account  of  the  "  Whiskey  Insurrection." 243 

8.  Give  an  account  of  a  treaty,  and  of  African  sea-robbers 244 

9.  What  have  you  to  say  about  President  Washington  ? 244 

10.  Tell  about  President  Adams  and  trouble  with  France 245 

11.  Toll  about  the  National  Capital 247 

1 2.  What  have  you  to  say  about  President  Jefferson  and  his  admin- 

istration ? 247 

13.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Louisiana  ? 248 

14.  Give  an  account  of  war  with  the  sea-robbers 248 

15.  Tell  about  Hamilton  and  Burr 250 

16.  Give  an  account  of  steam  navigation 251 

17.  What  have  you  to  say  about  events  in  Europe  ? 251 

18.  Tell  about  the  conduct  of  the  British 252 

19.  What  did  the  American  government  do  ? 252 

20.  What  have  you  to  say  about  an  embargo  ? 253 

21.  What  have  you  to  say  about  President  Madison  ? 253 

22.  Tell  about  troubles  with  the  British 254 

23.  What  have  you  to  say  about  British  and  Indians  ? 255 

24.  Tell  about  the  declaration  of  war  against  Great  Britain 255 

25.  IHap. — In  this  map  are  Northern  and  Middle  States.     Which 

are  Northern,  and  which  are  Middle  States  ? 256 

23.  What  preparations  for  war  were  made  ? 257 

27.  Give  an  account  of  the  surrender  of  Detroit 258 

28.  Tell  about  events  on  the  Niagara  river — 258 

29.  Give  an  account  of  events  on  the  ocean 259 

30  How  were  the  armies  disposed  ? 260 

31.  Give  an  account  of  events  in  the  northwest 281 

32.  map. — Make  an  outline  of  the  map 281 

33.  Tell  about  events  at  Fort  Stephenson 282 

34.  Give  an  account  of  a  battle  on  Lake  Erie 263 

35.  Tell  about  events  near  Detroit  arid  in  Canada 263 

36.  Tell  about  events  on  the  borders  of  Lake  Ontario  and  the  St. 

Lawrence 264 

37.  What  occurred  at  the  mouth  of  the  Niagara  River  ? 265 

33.  What  occurred  at  Sacketts  Harbor,  Stoney  Creek,  and  on  the  St. 

Lawrence  ? 265 

39.  Give  an  account  of  a  battle  near  the  St.  Lawrence 266 

40.  Tell  about  events  on  the  Niagara  frontier 266 

41.  Give  an  account  of  war  with  southern  Indians 266 


396  TOPICAL    REVIEW. 


PAGE 

42.  Tell  about  the  war  on  the  ocean 267 

43.  Tell  about  a  British  marauder 268 

44.  Tell  about  Porter's  cruise 269 

45.  Give  an  account  of  events  in  Europe  and  northern  New  York. .  270 

46.  What  occurred  on  the  Niagara  frontier  ? 270 

4?.  Map. — Make  an  outline  of  the  map 271 

48.  Give  an  account  of  battles  at  Platteburgh 271 

49.  Give  an  account  of  war  in  Maryland,  and  capture  of  Washington.  272 

50.  Tell  about  the  repulse  of  the  British  near  Baltimore 273 

51.  What  was  done  on  the  New  England  coasts  ? %^ 

52.  Tell  about  events  in  the  south 273 

53.  Map. — Make  an  outline,  and  give  general  directions  and  dis- 

tances from  New  Orleans  of  places  mentioned  in  the  text.  274 

54.  Tell  about  events  on  the  ocean 275 

55.  Give  an  account  of  a  war  with  Algiers 276 

56.  What  have  you  to  say  about  manufactures 279 

57.  Tell  about  events  in  Florida 280 

58.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  slavery  question  ? 281 

59.  Tell  about  pirates 281 

60.  Tell  about  Lafayette 282 

61.  What  have  you  to  say  about  J.  Q.  Adams'  administration  ? 283 

62.  What  about  internal  improvements  ? 283 

63.  Tell  about  the  "  American  System." 284 

64.  What  have  you  to  say  about  President  Jackson  ? 285 

65.  What  can  you  tell  about  troubles  in  Georgia  ? 286 

68.  Tell  about  troubles  with  Indians,  and  in  South  Carolina 287 

67.  Give  an  account  of  war  with  Indians 288 

68.  Map.— Make  an  outline  of  the  map 289 

69.  What  have  you  to  say  about  business  and  its  troubles? 290 

70.  Tell  about  war  with  the  Seminoles 291 

71.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the   United  States  and  Great 

Britain  ? 291 

72.  What  have  you  to  say  about  President  Harrison  ? 293 

73.  What  about  the.  action  of  President  Tyler  ? 294 

74.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Texas  ? 295 

75.  Tell  about  the  telegraph 295 

76.  What  have  you  to  say  about  President  Polk  ? 296 

77.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  annexation  of  Texas  ? 296 

78.  What  followed  in  Texas? 297 

79.  Tell  about  the  beginning  of  war  with  Mexico 297 

80.  Give  an  account  of  battles  in  Texas 298 

81.  Tell  about  a  magnificent  plan  of  campaign 298 


TOPICAL    REVIEW.  397 


PAGE 

82.  Tell  about  the  invasion  of  Mexico 299 

83.  What  was  done  on  the  coast  ? .' 300 

84.  Give  an  account  of  the  movements  of  Gen.  Taylor 300 

83.  Tell  about  events  in  New  Mexico  and  California 301 

86.  Give  an  account  of  Scott's  invasion  of  Mexico 302 

87.  Tell  about  his  victorious  march 303 

88.  Map. — Make  an  outline  of  the  map  303 

89.  Tell  about  battles  near  the  city,  and  its  capture 304 

90.  What  have  you  to  say  about  gold  in  California  ? 305 

91.  Tell  about  the  formation  of  the  State  of  California 306 

92.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  admission  of  California?  ....  307 

93.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  Mormons  ? 308 

94.  Colored  Map. — Give  the  names  of  the  original  thirteen 

States.  Give  the  names  of  the  States  east  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi River.  Give  the  names  of  the  States  and  Terri- 
tories west  of  the  Mississippi  at  the  close  of  the  war  with 
Mexico.  (Facing  page  308) 308 

95.  Tell  about  expected  troubles  with  Spain  and  Great  Britain 309 

96.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Japan  ? 309 

97.  Tell  about  a  northern  expedition 310 

98.  What  have  you  to  say  about  President  Pierce  and  explorations  ?  31 1 

99.  What  about  slavery,  and  strife  in  Kansas  ? 312 

100.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  "  Ostend  Manifesto  ?  " 313 

THE  CIVIL  WAR   AND  THE  SOCIAL    REVOLUTION. 

1.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Buchanan  and  his  administration?  318 

2.  Tell  about  a  revival  of  the  agitation  of  the  slavery  question 319 

3.  Give  an  account  of  movements  toward  civil  war 320 

4.  Tell  about  ordinances  of  secession 320 

5.  What  have  you  to  say  about  a  Confederate  government? 321 

6.  What  did  the  Confederates  do ?. .    . . 321 

7.  What  have  you  to  say  about  President  Lincoln  ? 321 

8.  Give  an  account  of  events  at  Fort  Sumter 322 

9.  What  followed? 322 

10.  Give  an  account  of  hostile  movements  in  Virginia 323 

11.  Give  an  account  of  the  doings  of  Congress 324 

12.  Tell  about  military  movements  in  Virginia,  Missouri,  and  South 

.  Carolina 325 

13.  Tell  about  the  capture  of  embassadors,  and  England's  temper. .  325 

14.  Tell  about  events  in  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  Tennessee,  and 

Arkansas 326 

15.  Give  an  account  of  the  Merrimack  and  Monitor. . .  327 


398  TOPICAL   REVIEW. 


PAGE 

16.  Tell  about  a  general  movement  of  troops 328 

17.  Tell  about  the  battle  at  Shiloh,  Island  No.  10,  and  Fort  Pulaski.  328 

18.  Give  an  account  of  operations  in  Mississippi  and  Louisiana. . . .  329 

19.  Tell  about  movements  in  Kentucky 329 

20.  Give  an  account  of  a  general  movement  against  Richmond 330 

21.  iVJ  up.  — Make  a  drawing  of  the  map 331 

22.  Tell  about  aggressive  movements  of  the  Confederates 332 

23.  Give  an  account  of  Lee's  invasion  of  Maryland 332 

24.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Harper's  Ferry  and  Antietam  ?  . . .  333 

25.  WhatdidBurnsidedo? 333 

2G.  What  occurred  at  Murfreesboro  ? 333 

27.  What  did  President  Lincoln  do  ? 334 

28.  Tell  about  a  fight  at  Chancellorville,  and  invasion  of  Maryland.  334 

29.  JI«i|». — Make  drawings  of  the  maps 335 

30.  Tell  about  events  in  Pennsylvania  and  North  Carolina 336 

31.  What  have  you  to  say  about  events  at  Charleston,  and  on  the 

Mississippi  ? 336 

32.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Grant  and  the  Mississippi  ? 336 

33.  What  can  you  tell  about  events  in  Northern  Georgia  ? 337 

34.  Tell  about  events  in  East  Tennessee  and  Arkansas 338 

35.  Tell  about  a  raid  through  Ohio ...  338 

36.  Tell  about  the  draft  and  riots • 338 

37.  Give  an  account  of  movements  in  Mississippi  and  Louisiana 339 

38.  Tell  about  Fort  Pillow 340 

39.  What  have  you  to  say  about  movements  of  the  great  armies  ?. .  340 

40.  Tell  about  battles  in  Virginia  and  Georgia. 341 

41.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Petersburg? 342 

42.  What  have  you  to  say  about  events  in  the  Shenandoah  Valley 

and  in  Maryland  ? 342 

43.  JJIap. — Make  drawings  of  the  maps 343 

44.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Farragut  and  Mobile  ? 344 

45.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Sheridan  ? 344 

46.  Tell  about  English-Confederate  ships 344 

47.  Give  an  account  of  military  events  in  Virginia,  Tennessee,  and 

North  Carolina 345 

48.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Sherman  in  the  Carolinas? 346 

49.  What  have  you  to  say  about  General  Lee 346 

50.  Give  an  account  of  the  closing  events  of  the  Civil  War. .......  347 

61.  Colored  Map. — Name  all  the  States  and  Territories  over 

which  the  Civil  War  extended 347 

52.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Andrew  Johnson  and  Jefferson 

Davis  ? . .  ...  348 


TOPICAL    REVIEW. 


PAGE 

53.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  reorganization  of  the  Govern- 

ment ? 349 

54.  What  have  you  to  say  about  Amendments  of  the  Constitution  ?  351 
05.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  President  and  Congress  ?  . . . .  351 

56.  Tell  about  the  impeachment  of  the  President 351 

57.  What  new  territory  was  acquired  by  purchase  ? 352 

58.  What  have  you  to  say  about  President  Grant  ? 353 

59.  What  have  you  to  say  about  a  treaty  and  arbitration  ? 354 

60.  What  have  you  to  say  about  the  Indians  ? 355 

THE   CONSTITUTION. 

1.  Of  what  powers  of  the  Government  does  Article  I  treat  ? 360 

2.  State  the  contents  of  the  several  sections 360-366 

3.  Of  what  powers  does  Article  II  treat  ? 367 

4.  State  the  contents  of  the  several  sections 367-369 

5.  Of  what  powers  does  Article  III  treat  ? 369 

6.  State  the  contents  of  the  several  sections 369-370 

7.  Of  what  does  Article  IV  treat  ? 370 

8.  State  the  contents  of  the  several  sections 370-371 

9.  Of  what  does  Article  V  treat? 371 

10.  Of  what  does  Article  VI  treat  ? 371 

11.  Of  what  does  Article  VII  treat? 372 

12.  How  many  Amendments  have  been  made  to  the  Constitution  ? .  372 

13.  Of  what  do  the  several  Amendments  consist  ? 372-376 


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M.D ,  Yale  College.    Price  $1.75. 

A  few  of  the  excellencies  of  these  books,  of  which  teachers  and  others  have 
Bpoken,  are :  1st.  Their  clearness,  both  in  statement  and  description.  2d.  The 
skill  with  which  the  interesting  points  of  the  subject  are  brought  out.  3d.  The 
exclusion  of  all  useless  matter;  other  books  on  this  subject  having  much  in 
them  which  is  useful  only  to  medical  students.  4th.  The  exclusion,  so  far  as 
is  possible,  of  strictly  technical  terms.  5th.  The  adaptation  of  each  book  to 
Us  particular  purpose,  the  smaller  work  preparing  the  scholar  to  understand 
the  full  development  of  the  subject  ix  the  larger  one.  6th.  In  the  larger  work 
the  science  of  Physiology  is  brought  out  as  it  now  is,  with  its  recent  important 
discoveries.  7th.  Some  exceedingly  interesting  and  important  subjects  are 
tully  treated,  which,  in  other  books  of  a  similar  character,  are  either  barely 
hinted  at  or  are  entirely  omitted.  8th.  These  works  are  not  mere  compilations, 
but  have  the  stamp  of  oriyinality,  differing  in  some  essential  points  from  all 
other  works  of  their  class.  9th.  in  beauty  and  clearness  of  style,  which  are 
qualities  of  no  small  importance  in  books  for  instruction,  they  will  rank  as 
models.  10th.  The  subject  is  so  presented  that  there  is  nothing  to  offend  the 
most  refined  taste  or  the  most  scrupulous  delicacy. 

"Elements  of  Anatomy,  Physiology,  and  Hygiene. 

By  Prof.  J.  R.  LOOMIS,  President  of  Louisburgh  University, 
Penn.  Beautifully  illustrated  with  original  drawings.  Re- 
vised Edition.  Price  §1.25. 

"  I  have  examined  with  some  care  the  Physiology  of  President  Loomis.  It 
pecms  to  me.  clear,  concise,  well-arranged,  and  in  all  respects  admirably 
adapted  for  the  purposes  of  a  text-book  in  schools  and  colleges.  It  has  been 
used  by  the  classes  in  this  University  with  entire  satisfaction."— J2«?.  M.  B. 
ANDERSON,  D.D.,  President  of  Roclmter  University. 

PALMER'S  BOOK-KEEPING. 

Palmer's    Practical   Book-Keeping.     By   JOSEPH    H. 

PALMER,  A.M.,  Instructor  in  New  York  Free  Academy.    12mo. 

1G7  pages.    Price  $1. 

Blanks  to  do.  (Journal  and  Ledger),  each  50  cents. 
Key  to  do.    Price  10  cents. 

Any  of  the  above  sent  by  mail,  post-paid,  on  receipt  of  price. 


Sheldon  &  Company's   (2'ext-!Books. 


SHAW'S   NEW   SERIES 

ON 

ENGLISH  AND  AMERICAN  LITERATURE, 


Shaw's  New  History  of  EttglisJi  and  American  Lit- 
erature. Price  $1.50.  This  book  lias  been  prepared  with  tho 
greatest  care  by  Prof.  TRUMAN  J.  BACKUS,  of  Vassar  College, 
using  as  a  basis  Shaw's  Manual,  edited  by  Dr.  WILLIAM  SMITH. 
The  following  are  tho  leading  ieatures  of  the  book  : 

1.  It  has  been  put  into  the  modern  text-book  form. 
!f.  It  is  prinieJ  in  larr/e,  clear  ti/pc. 

3.  Many  par.  a  cf  the  book,  which  were  not  very  clear,  have  been  entirely 
rewritten,. 

4.  The  history  of  r/reai  Author  it  is  marked  by  the  use  of  larger-sized 
type,  which  indicates  to  the  scholar  at  once  the  important  names  in  English 
and  American  literature. 

5.  It  also  contains  diagrams,  showing  the  easiest  way  to  classify  and 
remember  the  eras  in  English  literature.     M  e  believe  that  thin  is  the  best 
text  -book  on  this  important  subject  ever  offered  to  the  American 
public. 

II. 

Shaw's  Specimens  of  American  Literature,  and 
Literari/  Reader.  GREATLY  ENLARGED.  By  Prof.  BENJ. 
N.  MARTIN,  D.D.,  L.H.D.,  Professor  in  the  University  of  tho  City 
of  New  York.  1  vol.  12mo.  Price  $1.50. 

This  book  contains  specimens  from  all  the  chief  American  writers.    Espe- 
cially those  authors  who  have  given  tone  and  character  to  American 


literature  are  so  represented  that  scholars  may  obtain  a  just  idea  cf  their 
style. 

As  a  LITERARY  READER  for  use  in  our  Higher  Seminaries,  it  ij 
believed  that  no  superior  book  can  be  found. 

III. 

Shaiv9s    Choice   Specimens   of   Enalish   Literature. 

A  Companion  Volume  to  the  New  History  of  Literature.  Selected 
from  the  chief  English  writers,  and  arranged  chronologically  by 
Tiioa.  B.  SHAW  and  WM.  SMITH,  LL.D.  Arranged  and  enlarged 
for  American  students  by  BENJ.  N.  MARTIN,  D.D.,  L.H.D.,  Prof. 
of  Philosophy  and  Logic  in  the  University  of  the  City  of  New 
York.  1  vol.  large  12mo.  Price  $2.00. 

We  shall  still  continue  to  publish 

Shaw9  s  Complete  Manual  of  Enalish  and  American 
Literature.  By  THOS.  B.  SHAW,  M.A.,  WM.  SMITH,  LL.D., 
author  of  Smith's  Bible  nnd  Classical  Dictionaries,  and  Prof. 
HENRY  T.  TUCKERMAN.  With  copious  notes  and  illustrations. 
1  vol.  large  12mo,  540  pp.  Price  $2.00. 


